UniProtKB - Q9R0R3 (APEL_RAT)
Protein
Apelin
Gene
Apln
Organism
Rattus norvegicus (Rat)
Status
Functioni
Endogenous ligand for the apelin receptor (APLNR) (PubMed:11336787, PubMed:11359874, PubMed:26611206). Drives internalization of the apelin receptor (PubMed:11359874). Apelin-36 dissociates more hardly than (pyroglu)apelin-13 from APLNR (PubMed:11336787). Hormone involved in the regulation of cardiac precursor cell movements during gastrulation and heart morphogenesis (By similarity). Has an inhibitory effect on cytokine production in response to T-cell receptor/CD3 cross-linking; the oral intake of apelin in the colostrum and the milk might therefore modulate immune responses in neonates (By similarity). Plays a role in early coronary blood vessels formation (By similarity). Mediates myocardial contractility in an ERK1/2-dependent manner (PubMed:26611206). May also have a role in the central control of body fluid homeostasis by influencing vasopressin release and drinking behavior (PubMed:10617103, PubMed:11359874).By similarity4 Publications
GO - Molecular functioni
- apelin receptor binding Source: UniProtKB
- hormone activity Source: UniProtKB
- identical protein binding Source: RGD
GO - Biological processi
- angiogenesis Source: UniProtKB-KW
- apelin receptor signaling pathway Source: UniProtKB
- coronary vasculature development Source: UniProtKB
- drinking behavior Source: UniProtKB
- feeding behavior Source: RGD
- gastrulation Source: UniProtKB-KW
- negative regulation of blood pressure Source: RGD
- negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway Source: RGD
- negative regulation of gene expression Source: RGD
- negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation Source: RGD
- negative regulation of vasoconstriction Source: RGD
- positive regulation of blood vessel diameter Source: RGD
- positive regulation of cell population proliferation Source: RGD
- positive regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion Source: RGD
- positive regulation of corticotropin secretion Source: RGD
- positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor internalization Source: UniProtKB
- positive regulation of heart contraction Source: UniProtKB
- positive regulation of heat generation Source: RGD
- positive regulation of phosphorylation Source: RGD
- positive regulation of pri-miRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II Source: RGD
- positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation Source: RGD
- regulation of body fluid levels Source: RGD
- regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange Source: RGD
- regulation of the force of heart contraction Source: RGD
Keywordsi
Molecular function | Developmental protein, Hormone |
Biological process | Angiogenesis, Gastrulation |
Enzyme and pathway databases
Reactomei | R-RNO-375276, Peptide ligand-binding receptors R-RNO-418594, G alpha (i) signalling events |
Names & Taxonomyi
Protein namesi | |
Gene namesi | Name:Apln Synonyms:Apel |
Organismi | Rattus norvegicus (Rat) |
Taxonomic identifieri | 10116 [NCBI] |
Taxonomic lineagei | Eukaryota › Metazoa › Chordata › Craniata › Vertebrata › Euteleostomi › Mammalia › Eutheria › Euarchontoglires › Glires › Rodentia › Myomorpha › Muroidea › Muridae › Murinae › Rattus |
Proteomesi |
|
Organism-specific databases
RGDi | 620672, Apln |
Subcellular locationi
Extracellular region or secreted
- Secreted 1 Publication
- extracellular space 1 Publication
Note: Abundantly secreted in the colostrum (By similarity). Lower level in milk (PubMed:10525157). Decreases rapidly within several days after parturition in milk, but is still detectable even in commercial milk (By similarity).By similarity
Extracellular region or secreted
- extracellular region Source: RGD
- extracellular space Source: RGD
Other locations
- perinuclear region of cytoplasm Source: RGD
Keywords - Cellular componenti
SecretedPTM / Processingi
Molecule processing
Feature key | Position(s) | DescriptionActions | Graphical view | Length |
---|---|---|---|---|
Signal peptidei | 1 – 22 | Sequence analysisAdd BLAST | 22 | |
PropeptideiPRO_0000001769 | 23 – 41 | By similarityAdd BLAST | 19 | |
PeptideiPRO_0000001770 | 42 – 77 | Apelin-36Add BLAST | 36 | |
PeptideiPRO_0000001771 | 47 – 77 | Apelin-31By similarityAdd BLAST | 31 | |
PeptideiPRO_0000001772 | 50 – 77 | Apelin-28By similarityAdd BLAST | 28 | |
PeptideiPRO_0000001773 | 65 – 77 | Apelin-13Add BLAST | 13 |
Post-translational modificationi
Several active peptides may be produced by proteolytic processing of the peptide precursor.By similarity
Keywords - PTMi
Cleavage on pair of basic residuesProteomic databases
PaxDbi | Q9R0R3 |
Expressioni
Tissue specificityi
Expressed in the lung, testis, ovary, uterus and mammary gland (PubMed:11336787). Expressed in neurons in the thalamic paraventricular and hypothalamic supraoptic nuclei (PubMed:11359874). The lung, testis and uterus mainly contain a large form that looks like apelin-36, whereas the mammary gland seems to contain 2 forms of apelin, a large form close to apelin-36 and a small form close to apelin-13 (at protein level) (PubMed:11336787). Widely expressed in the adult, with highest levels in the mammary gland of lactating animals, very high levels in the lung, intermediate levels in the spinal cord, ovary, adipose tissue, brain (neuronal cell bodies and fibers in the supraoptic and the paraventricular nuclei), heart and testis, and lowest levels in the pituitary gland, kidney, stomach, uterus and pancreas (PubMed:10525157, PubMed:10617103, PubMed:11336787).4 Publications
Developmental stagei
Highly expressed in neonatal tissues. In the adult, reaches a maximal level around parturition.
Inductioni
During pregnancy and lactation (PubMed:10525157).1 Publication
Gene expression databases
Bgeei | ENSRNOG00000003984, Expressed in brain and 21 other tissues |
Genevisiblei | Q9R0R3, RN |
Interactioni
GO - Molecular functioni
- apelin receptor binding Source: UniProtKB
- hormone activity Source: UniProtKB
- identical protein binding Source: RGD
Protein-protein interaction databases
STRINGi | 10116.ENSRNOP00000005331 |
Chemistry databases
BindingDBi | Q9R0R3 |
Family & Domainsi
Sequence similaritiesi
Belongs to the apelin family.Curated
Keywords - Domaini
SignalPhylogenomic databases
eggNOGi | ENOG502S9TY, Eukaryota |
GeneTreei | ENSGT00390000014020 |
HOGENOMi | CLU_198461_0_0_1 |
InParanoidi | Q9R0R3 |
OMAi | CGVPLMQ |
OrthoDBi | 1632257at2759 |
PhylomeDBi | Q9R0R3 |
TreeFami | TF339660 |
Family and domain databases
InterProi | View protein in InterPro IPR026155, Apelin |
PANTHERi | PTHR15953, PTHR15953, 1 hit |
Pfami | View protein in Pfam PF15360, Apelin, 1 hit |
i Sequence
Sequence statusi: Complete.
: The displayed sequence is further processed into a mature form. Sequence processingi
Q9R0R3-1 [UniParc]FASTAAdd to basket
10 20 30 40 50
MNLSFCVQAL LLLWLSLTAV CGVPLMLPPD GKGLEEGNMR YLVKPRTSRT
60 70
GPGAWQGGRR KFRRQRPRLS HKGPMPF
Sequence databases
Select the link destinations: EMBLi GenBanki DDBJi Links Updated | AB023495 mRNA Translation: BAA84977.1 AF179679 mRNA Translation: AAF25814.1 BC080843 mRNA Translation: AAH80843.1 |
RefSeqi | NP_113800.1, NM_031612.3 |
Genome annotation databases
Ensembli | ENSRNOT00000005331; ENSRNOP00000005331; ENSRNOG00000003984 |
GeneIDi | 58812 |
KEGGi | rno:58812 |
UCSCi | RGD:620672, rat |
Similar proteinsi
Cross-referencesi
Sequence databases
Select the link destinations: EMBLi GenBanki DDBJi Links Updated | AB023495 mRNA Translation: BAA84977.1 AF179679 mRNA Translation: AAF25814.1 BC080843 mRNA Translation: AAH80843.1 |
RefSeqi | NP_113800.1, NM_031612.3 |
3D structure databases
BMRBi | Q9R0R3 |
SMRi | Q9R0R3 |
ModBasei | Search... |
Protein-protein interaction databases
STRINGi | 10116.ENSRNOP00000005331 |
Chemistry databases
BindingDBi | Q9R0R3 |
ChEMBLi | CHEMBL3232686 |
Proteomic databases
PaxDbi | Q9R0R3 |
Genome annotation databases
Ensembli | ENSRNOT00000005331; ENSRNOP00000005331; ENSRNOG00000003984 |
GeneIDi | 58812 |
KEGGi | rno:58812 |
UCSCi | RGD:620672, rat |
Organism-specific databases
CTDi | 8862 |
RGDi | 620672, Apln |
Phylogenomic databases
eggNOGi | ENOG502S9TY, Eukaryota |
GeneTreei | ENSGT00390000014020 |
HOGENOMi | CLU_198461_0_0_1 |
InParanoidi | Q9R0R3 |
OMAi | CGVPLMQ |
OrthoDBi | 1632257at2759 |
PhylomeDBi | Q9R0R3 |
TreeFami | TF339660 |
Enzyme and pathway databases
Reactomei | R-RNO-375276, Peptide ligand-binding receptors R-RNO-418594, G alpha (i) signalling events |
Miscellaneous databases
PROi | PR:Q9R0R3 |
Gene expression databases
Bgeei | ENSRNOG00000003984, Expressed in brain and 21 other tissues |
Genevisiblei | Q9R0R3, RN |
Family and domain databases
InterProi | View protein in InterPro IPR026155, Apelin |
PANTHERi | PTHR15953, PTHR15953, 1 hit |
Pfami | View protein in Pfam PF15360, Apelin, 1 hit |
ProtoNeti | Search... |
MobiDBi | Search... |
Entry informationi
Entry namei | APEL_RAT | |
Accessioni | Q9R0R3Primary (citable) accession number: Q9R0R3 | |
Entry historyi | Integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: | January 23, 2002 |
Last sequence update: | May 1, 2000 | |
Last modified: | December 2, 2020 | |
This is version 112 of the entry and version 1 of the sequence. See complete history. | ||
Entry statusi | Reviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot) | |
Annotation program | Chordata Protein Annotation Program |
Miscellaneousi
Keywords - Technical termi
Reference proteomeDocuments
- SIMILARITY comments
Index of protein domains and families