Retinoic acid receptor, alpha

<p>This section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge.<p><a href='/help/function_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Functionⁱ

<p>The <a href="http://www.geneontology.org/">Gene Ontology (GO)</a> project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories:<p><a href='/help/gene_ontology' target='_top'>More...</a></p>GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• alpha-actinin binding Source: RGD
• chromatin binding Source: RGD
• chromatin DNA binding Source: RGD
• DNA binding Source: RGD
• DNA-binding transcription factor activity Source: RGD
• enzyme binding Source: RGD
• heterocyclic compound binding Source: RGD <p>Inferred from Direct Assay</p> <p>Used to indicate a direct assay for the function, process or component indicated by the GO term.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#ida">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Sequential RARbeta and alpha signalling in vivo can induce adult forebrain neural progenitor cells to differentiate into neurons through Shh and FGF signalling pathways."
    Goncalves M.B., Agudo M., Connor S., McMahon S., Minger S.L., Maden M., Corcoran J.P.
    Dev Biol 326:305-313(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• histone deacetylase binding Source: RGD <p>Inferred from Physical Interaction</p> <p>Covers physical interactions between the gene product of interest and another molecule (or ion, or complex).</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#ipi">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from physical interactionⁱ
  • "HDAC2 phosphorylation-dependent Klf5 deacetylation and RARalpha acetylation induced by RAR agonist switch the transcription regulatory programs of p21 in VSMCs."
    Zheng B., Han M., Shu Y.N., Li Y.J., Miao S.B., Zhang X.H., Shi H.J., Zhang T., Wen J.K.
    Cell Res 21:1487-1508(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• mRNA 5'-UTR binding Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Retinoic acid-gated sequence-specific translational control by RARalpha."
    Poon M.M., Chen L.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:20303-20308(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• nuclear receptor activity Source: RGD
• phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulator activity Source: UniProtKB <p>Inferred from Mutant Phenotype</p> <p>Describes annotations that are concluded from looking at variations or changes in a gene product such as mutations or abnormal levels and includes techniques such as knockouts, overexpression, anti-sense experiments and use of specific protein inhibitors.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#imp">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Kruppel-like factor 4 inhibits proliferation by platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta-mediated, not by retinoic acid receptor alpha-mediated, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and ERK signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells."
    Zheng B., Han M., Bernier M., Zhang X.H., Meng F., Miao S.B., He M., Zhao X.M., Wen J.K.
    J Biol Chem 284:22773-22785(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• protein domain specific binding Source: RGD
• protein kinase A binding Source: RGD
• protein kinase B binding Source: RGD
• retinoic acid binding Source: RGD
• retinoic acid-responsive element binding Source: RGD
• RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding Source: RGD
• RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding Source: RGD
• sequence-specific DNA binding Source: RGD
• sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding Source: RGD
• signaling receptor binding Source: RGD
• transcription cis-regulatory region binding Source: RGD
• translation repressor activity, mRNA regulatory element binding Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Retinoic acid-gated sequence-specific translational control by RARalpha."
    Poon M.M., Chen L.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:20303-20308(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• zinc ion binding Source: InterPro

GO - Biological processⁱ

• apoptotic cell clearance Source: RGD
• bone development Source: RGD
• cell differentiation Source: GO_Central <p>Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor</p> <p>A type of phylogenetic evidence whereby an aspect of a descendent is inferred through the characterization of an aspect of a ancestral gene.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#iba">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief Bioinform 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• cellular response to estrogen stimulus Source: RGD
• cellular response to lipopolysaccharide Source: RGD
• chondroblast differentiation Source: RGD
• embryonic camera-type eye development Source: RGD
• face development Source: RGD
• female pregnancy Source: RGD <p>Inferred from Expression Pattern</p> <p>Covers cases where the annotation is inferred from the timing or location of expression of a gene.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#iep">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Changes in maternal liver Cyp2c and Cyp2d expression and activity during rat pregnancy."
    Dickmann L.J., Tay S., Senn T.D., Zhang H., Visone A., Unadkat J.D., Hebert M.F., Isoherranen N.
    Biochem Pharmacol 75:1677-1687(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• germ cell development Source: RGD
• glandular epithelial cell development Source: RGD
• growth plate cartilage development Source: RGD
• hippocampus development Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Changes in the expression and subcellular localization of RARalpha in the rat hippocampus during postnatal development."
    Huang H., Wei H., Zhang X., Chen K., Li Y., Qu P., Zhang X., Chen J., Liu Y., Yang L., Li T.
    Brain Res 1227:26-33(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• hormone-mediated signaling pathway Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief Bioinform 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• limb development Source: RGD
• liver development Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Multiple mechanisms of ontogenic regulation of nuclear receptors during rat liver development."
    Balasubramaniyan N., Shahid M., Suchy F.J., Ananthanarayanan M.
    Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 288:G251-60(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• male gonad development Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Retinoic acid inhibits rat XY gonad development by blocking mesonephric cell migration and decreasing the number of gonocytes."
    Li H., Kim K.H.
    Biol Reprod 70:687-693(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• multicellular organism growth Source: RGD
• negative regulation of cartilage development Source: RGD
• negative regulation of cell differentiation Source: RGD
• negative regulation of cell population proliferation Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Regulation of the proliferation of cocultured gonocytes and Sertoli cells by retinoids, triiodothyronine, and intracellular signaling factors: differences between fetal and neonatal cells."
    Boulogne B., Habert R., Levacher C.
    Mol Reprod Dev 65:194-203(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of gene expression Source: RGD
• negative regulation of granulocyte differentiation Source: RGD
• negative regulation of interferon-gamma production Source: RGD
• negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated Source: RGD
• negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II Source: RGD
• negative regulation of translation Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Retinoic acid-gated sequence-specific translational control by RARalpha."
    Poon M.M., Chen L.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:20303-20308(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production Source: RGD
• neural tube closure Source: RGD
• positive regulation of binding Source: RGD
• positive regulation of cell cycle Source: RGD
• positive regulation of cell population proliferation Source: RGD
• positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade Source: UniProtKBInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Kruppel-like factor 4 inhibits proliferation by platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta-mediated, not by retinoic acid receptor alpha-mediated, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and ERK signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells."
    Zheng B., Han M., Bernier M., Zhang X.H., Meng F., Miao S.B., He M., Zhao X.M., Wen J.K.
    J Biol Chem 284:22773-22785(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of gene expression Source: RGD
• positive regulation of interleukin-13 production Source: RGD
• positive regulation of interleukin-4 production Source: RGD
• positive regulation of interleukin-5 production Source: RGD
• positive regulation of neuron differentiation Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Sequential RARbeta and alpha signalling in vivo can induce adult forebrain neural progenitor cells to differentiate into neurons through Shh and FGF signalling pathways."
    Goncalves M.B., Agudo M., Connor S., McMahon S., Minger S.L., Maden M., Corcoran J.P.
    Dev Biol 326:305-313(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling Source: UniProtKBInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Kruppel-like factor 4 inhibits proliferation by platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta-mediated, not by retinoic acid receptor alpha-mediated, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and ERK signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells."
    Zheng B., Han M., Bernier M., Zhang X.H., Meng F., Miao S.B., He M., Zhao X.M., Wen J.K.
    J Biol Chem 284:22773-22785(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling Source: UniProtKBInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Kruppel-like factor 4 inhibits proliferation by platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta-mediated, not by retinoic acid receptor alpha-mediated, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and ERK signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells."
    Zheng B., Han M., Bernier M., Zhang X.H., Meng F., Miao S.B., He M., Zhao X.M., Wen J.K.
    J Biol Chem 284:22773-22785(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation Source: RGD
• positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated Source: RGD
• positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II Source: RGD
• prostate gland development Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Retinoic acid receptors and retinoids are up-regulated in the developing and adult rat prostate by neonatal estrogen exposure."
    Prins G.S., Chang W.Y., Wang Y., van Breemen R.B.
    Endocrinology 143:3628-3640(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• protein phosphorylation Source: RGD
• regulation of apoptotic process Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Transcriptional induction of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 by retinoids. Selective roles of nuclear receptors and contribution to the antiapoptotic effect."
    Xu Q., Konta T., Furusu A., Nakayama K., Lucio-Cazana J., Fine L.G., Kitamura M.
    J Biol Chem 277:41693-41700(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of granulocyte differentiation Source: RGD
• regulation of myelination Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Retinoic acid regulates myelin formation in the peripheral nervous system."
    Latasa M.J., Ituero M., Moran-Gonzalez A., Aranda A., Cosgaya J.M.
    Glia 58:1451-1464(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of synaptic plasticity Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Synaptic signaling by all-trans retinoic acid in homeostatic synaptic plasticity."
    Aoto J., Nam C.I., Poon M.M., Ting P., Chen L.
    Neuron 60:308-320(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of transcription, DNA-templated Source: RGD
• response to cytokine Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Effects of inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNFalpha on the intracellular localization of retinoid receptors in Schwann cells."
    Mey J., Schrage K., Wessels I., Vollpracht-Crijns I.
    Glia 55:152-164(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to estradiol Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Retinoic acid receptors and retinoids are up-regulated in the developing and adult rat prostate by neonatal estrogen exposure."
    Prins G.S., Chang W.Y., Wang Y., van Breemen R.B.
    Endocrinology 143:3628-3640(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to ethanol Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Effects of ethanol on embryonic and neonatal rat testes in organ cultures."
    Li H., Kim K.H.
    J Androl 24:653-660(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to retinoic acid Source: RGD
• response to vitamin A Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Synergic effect of vitamin A and high-fat diet in adipose tissue development and nuclear receptor expression in young rats."
    Redonnet A., Ferrand C., Bairras C., Higueret P., Noel-Suberville C., Cassand P., Atgie C.
    Br J Nutr 100:722-730(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway Source: RGD
• Sertoli cell fate commitment Source: RGD
• signal transduction Source: RGD
• trachea cartilage development Source: RGD
• ureteric bud development Source: RGD
• ventricular cardiac muscle cell differentiation Source: RGD

<p>UniProtKB Keywords constitute a <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/keywords">controlled vocabulary</a> with a hierarchical structure. Keywords summarise the content of a UniProtKB entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest.<p><a href='/help/keywords' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Keywordsⁱ

<p>This section provides information about the protein and gene name(s) and synonym(s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/names_and_taxonomy_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Names & Taxonomyⁱ

Organism-specific databases

<p>This section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell.<p><a href='/help/subcellular_location_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subcellular locationⁱ

• UniProt annotation
• GO - Cellular component

Keywords - Cellular componentⁱ

<p>This section provides information on the disease(s) and phenotype(s) associated with a protein.<p><a href='/help/pathology_and_biotech_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Pathology & Biotechⁱ

Chemistry databases

<p>This section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms.<p><a href='/help/expression_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Expressionⁱ

Gene expression databases

<p>This section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes.<p><a href='/help/interaction_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Interactionⁱ

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• alpha-actinin binding Source: RGD
• enzyme binding Source: RGD
• histone deacetylase binding Source: RGDInferred from physical interactionⁱ
  • "HDAC2 phosphorylation-dependent Klf5 deacetylation and RARalpha acetylation induced by RAR agonist switch the transcription regulatory programs of p21 in VSMCs."
    Zheng B., Han M., Shu Y.N., Li Y.J., Miao S.B., Zhang X.H., Shi H.J., Zhang T., Wen J.K.
    Cell Res 21:1487-1508(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• protein domain specific binding Source: RGD
• protein kinase A binding Source: RGD
• protein kinase B binding Source: RGD
• signaling receptor binding Source: RGD

Protein-protein interaction databases

<p>This section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein.<p><a href='/help/structure_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Structureⁱ

<p>This section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain(s) present in a protein.<p><a href='/help/family_and_domains_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Family & Domainsⁱ

Domains and Repeats

Region

Compositional bias

<p>This subsection of the 'Family and domains' section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins.<p><a href='/help/sequence_similarities' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence similaritiesⁱ

Keywords - Domainⁱ

Phylogenomic databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. It also includes information pertinent to the sequence(s), including <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequence%5Flength">length</a> and <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences">molecular weight</a>. The information is filed in different subsections. The current subsections and their content are listed below:<p><a href='/help/sequences_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence (1+)ⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences%5Fsection">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical%5Fand%5Fisoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is complete or not.<p><a href='/help/sequence_status' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence statusⁱ: Complete.

This entry has 1 described isoform and 1 potential isoform that is computationally mapped.Show allAlign All

        10         20         30         40         50
MYESVEVGGL APAPNPFLVV DFYNQNRACL LQEKGLPAPG PYSTPLRTPL 
        60         70         80         90        100
WNGSNHSIET QSSSSEEIVP SPPSPPPLPR IYKPCFVCQD KSSGYHYGVS 
       110        120        130        140        150
ACEGCKGFFR RSIQKNMVYT CHRDKNCIIN KVTRNRCQYC RLQKCFEVGM 
       160        170        180        190        200
SKESVRNDRN KKKKETPKPE CSESYTLTPE VGELIEKVRK AHQETFPALC 
       210        220        230        240        250
QLGKYTTNNS SEQRVSLDID LWDKFSELST KCIIKTVEFA KQLPGFTTLT 
       260        270        280        290        300
IADQITLLKA ACLDILILRI CTRYTPEQDT MTFSDGLTLN RTQMHNAGFG 
       310        320        330        340        350
PLTDLVFAFA NQLLPLEMDD AETGLLSAIC LICGDRQDLE QPDKVDMLQE 
       360        370        380        390        400
PLLEALKVYV RKRRPSRPHM FPKMLMKITD LRSISAKGAE RVITLKMEIP 
       410        420        430        440        450
GSMPPLIQEM LENSEGLDTL SGQSGGGTRD GGGLAPPPGS CSPSLSPSSH 

RSSPATQSP                                              

Sequence databases

Genome annotation databases

<p>This section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence(s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100%, 90% and 50%) based on their membership in UniProt Reference Clusters (<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/uniref">UniRef</a>).<p><a href='/help/similar_proteins_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Similar proteinsⁱ

• 50% Identity

<p>This section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than UniProtKB.<p><a href='/help/cross_references_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Cross-referencesⁱ

Sequence databases

3D structure databases

Protein-protein interaction databases

Chemistry databases

Genome annotation databases

Organism-specific databases

Phylogenomic databases

Gene expression databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section provides general information on the entry.<p><a href='/help/entry_information_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry informationⁱ

<p>This section contains any relevant information that doesn't fit in any other defined sections<p><a href='/help/miscellaneous_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Miscellaneousⁱ

Keywords - Technical termⁱ