Retinoic acid receptor, alpha

<p>This section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge.<p><a href='/help/function_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Functionⁱ

<p>The <a href="http://www.geneontology.org/">Gene Ontology (GO)</a> project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories:<p><a href='/help/gene_ontology' target='_top'>More...</a></p>GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• alpha-actinin binding Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Familial focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)-linked alpha-actinin 4 (ACTN4) protein mutants lose ability to activate transcription by nuclear hormone receptors."
    Khurana S., Chakraborty S., Lam M., Liu Y., Su Y.T., Zhao X., Saleem M.A., Mathieson P.W., Bruggeman L.A., Kao H.Y.
    J. Biol. Chem. 287:12027-12035(2012) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• chromatin DNA binding Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Loss of CAK phosphorylation of RAR{alpha} mediates transcriptional control of retinoid-induced cancer cell differentiation."
    Wang A., Alimova I.N., Luo P., Jong A., Triche T.J., Wu L.
    FASEB J. 24:833-843(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• DNA binding Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "A corepressor/coactivator exchange complex required for transcriptional activation by nuclear receptors and other regulated transcription factors."
    Perissi V., Aggarwal A., Glass C.K., Rose D.W., Rosenfeld M.G.
    Cell 116:511-526(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Dominant-negative retinoic acid receptors elicit epidermal defects through a non-canonical pathway."
    Chen C.F., Lohnes D.
    J. Biol. Chem. 280:3012-3021(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• DNA-binding transcription factor activity Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Dominant-negative retinoic acid receptors elicit epidermal defects through a non-canonical pathway."
    Chen C.F., Lohnes D.
    J. Biol. Chem. 280:3012-3021(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Retinoic acid-dependent activation of the polycystic kidney disease-1 (PKD1) promoter."
    Islam M.R., Puri S., Rodova M., Magenheimer B.S., Maser R.L., Calvet J.P.
    Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 295:F1845-54(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Human ADA3 regulates RARalpha transcriptional activity through direct contact between LxxLL motifs and the receptor coactivator pocket."
    Li C.W., Ai N., Dinh G.K., Welsh W.J., Chen J.D.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 38:5291-5303(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Regulation of the Oct-4 gene by nuclear receptors."
    Sylvester I., Scholer H.R.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 22:901-911(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific Source: GO_Central <p>Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor</p> <p>A type of phylogenetic evidence whereby an aspect of a descendent is inferred through the characterization of an aspect of a ancestral gene.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide%2Dgo%2Devidence%2Dcodes#iba">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief. Bioinformatics 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• drug binding Source: RGD <p>Inferred from Direct Assay</p> <p>Used to indicate a direct assay for the function, process or component indicated by the GO term.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide%2Dgo%2Devidence%2Dcodes#ida">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Sequential RARbeta and alpha signalling in vivo can induce adult forebrain neural progenitor cells to differentiate into neurons through Shh and FGF signalling pathways."
    Goncalves M.B., Agudo M., Connor S., McMahon S., Minger S.L., Maden M., Corcoran J.P.
    Dev. Biol. 326:305-313(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• enzyme binding Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Identification of protein arginine methyltransferase 2 as a coactivator for estrogen receptor alpha."
    Qi C., Chang J., Zhu Y., Yeldandi A.V., Rao S.M., Zhu Y.-J.
    J. Biol. Chem. 277:28624-28630(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Two distinct nuclear receptor interaction domains in NSD1, a novel SET protein that exhibits characteristics of both corepressors and coactivators."
    Huang N., vom Baur E., Garnier J.-M., Lerouge T., Vonesch J.-L., Lutz Y., Chambon P., Losson R.
    EMBO J. 17:3398-3412(1998) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• histone deacetylase binding Source: RGD <p>Inferred from Physical Interaction</p> <p>Covers physical interactions between the gene product of interest and another molecule (or ion, or complex).</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide%2Dgo%2Devidence%2Dcodes#ipi">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from physical interactionⁱ
  • "HDAC2 phosphorylation-dependent Klf5 deacetylation and RARalpha acetylation induced by RAR agonist switch the transcription regulatory programs of p21 in VSMCs."
    Zheng B., Han M., Shu Y.N., Li Y.J., Miao S.B., Zhang X.H., Shi H.J., Zhang T., Wen J.K.
    Cell Res. 21:1487-1508(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• ligand-activated transcription factor activity Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief. Bioinformatics 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• mRNA 5'-UTR binding Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Retinoic acid-gated sequence-specific translational control by RARalpha."
    Poon M.M., Chen L.
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105:20303-20308(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• nuclear receptor activity Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Sequential RARbeta and alpha signalling in vivo can induce adult forebrain neural progenitor cells to differentiate into neurons through Shh and FGF signalling pathways."
    Goncalves M.B., Agudo M., Connor S., McMahon S., Minger S.L., Maden M., Corcoran J.P.
    Dev. Biol. 326:305-313(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• nuclear receptor transcription coactivator activity Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief. Bioinformatics 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulator activity Source: UniProtKB <p>Inferred from Mutant Phenotype</p> <p>Describes annotations that are concluded from looking at variations or changes in a gene product such as mutations or abnormal levels and includes techniques such as knockouts, overexpression, anti-sense experiments and use of specific protein inhibitors.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide%2Dgo%2Devidence%2Dcodes#imp">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Kruppel-like factor 4 inhibits proliferation by platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta-mediated, not by retinoic acid receptor alpha-mediated, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and ERK signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells."
    Zheng B., Han M., Bernier M., Zhang X.H., Meng F., Miao S.B., He M., Zhao X.M., Wen J.K.
    J. Biol. Chem. 284:22773-22785(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• protein domain specific binding Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Human ADA3 regulates RARalpha transcriptional activity through direct contact between LxxLL motifs and the receptor coactivator pocket."
    Li C.W., Ai N., Dinh G.K., Welsh W.J., Chen J.D.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 38:5291-5303(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• protein heterodimerization activity Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Loss of CAK phosphorylation of RAR{alpha} mediates transcriptional control of retinoid-induced cancer cell differentiation."
    Wang A., Alimova I.N., Luo P., Jong A., Triche T.J., Wu L.
    FASEB J. 24:833-843(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• protein kinase A binding Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Activity of retinoic acid receptor-alpha is directly regulated at its protein kinase A sites in response to follicle-stimulating hormone signaling."
    Santos N.C., Kim K.H.
    Endocrinology 151:2361-2372(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• protein kinase B binding Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Akt phosphorylates and suppresses the transactivation of retinoic acid receptor alpha."
    Srinivas H., Xia D., Moore N.L., Uray I.P., Kim H., Ma L., Weigel N.L., Brown P.H., Kurie J.M.
    Biochem. J. 395:653-662(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• retinoic acid binding Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "A human retinoic acid receptor which belongs to the family of nuclear receptors."
    Petkovich M., Brand N.J., Krust A., Chambon P.
    Nature 330:444-450(1987) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• retinoic acid-responsive element binding Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Loss of CAK phosphorylation of RAR{alpha} mediates transcriptional control of retinoid-induced cancer cell differentiation."
    Wang A., Alimova I.N., Luo P., Jong A., Triche T.J., Wu L.
    FASEB J. 24:833-843(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• RNA polymerase II regulatory region DNA binding Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Csn3 gene is regulated by all-trans retinoic acid during neural differentiation in mouse P19 cells."
    Komori R., Kobayashi T., Matsuo H., Kino K., Miyazawa H.
    PLoS ONE 8:e61938-e61938(2013) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Retinoic acid receptor gamma: specific immunodetection and phosphorylation."
    Rochette-Egly C., Lutz Y., Saunders M., Scheuer I., Gaub M.P., Chambon P.
    J. Cell Biol. 115:535-545(1991) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• sequence-specific DNA binding Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "SMRT-mediated repression of an H3K27 demethylase in progression from neural stem cell to neuron."
    Jepsen K., Solum D., Zhou T., McEvilly R.J., Kim H.J., Glass C.K., Hermanson O., Rosenfeld M.G.
    Nature 450:415-419(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "A dynamic balance between ARP-1/COUP-TFII, EAR-3/COUP-TFI, and retinoic acid receptor:retinoid X receptor heterodimers regulates Oct-3/4 expression in embryonal carcinoma cells."
    Ben-Shushan E., Sharir H., Pikarsky E., Bergman Y.
    Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:1034-1048(1995) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• signaling receptor activity Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "A human retinoic acid receptor which belongs to the family of nuclear receptors."
    Petkovich M., Brand N.J., Krust A., Chambon P.
    Nature 330:444-450(1987) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• signaling receptor binding Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Induction of transglutaminase 2 by a liver X receptor/retinoic acid receptor alpha pathway increases the clearance of apoptotic cells by human macrophages."
    Rebe C., Raveneau M., Chevriaux A., Lakomy D., Sberna A.L., Costa A., Bessede G., Athias A., Steinmetz E., Lobaccaro J.M., Alves G., Menicacci A., Vachenc S., Solary E., Gambert P., Masson D.
    Circ. Res. 105:393-401(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• steroid hormone receptor activity Source: InterPro
• transcription coactivator activity Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Loss of CAK phosphorylation of RAR{alpha} mediates transcriptional control of retinoid-induced cancer cell differentiation."
    Wang A., Alimova I.N., Luo P., Jong A., Triche T.J., Wu L.
    FASEB J. 24:833-843(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Cooperative interaction between retinoic acid receptor-alpha and estrogen receptor in breast cancer."
    Ross-Innes C.S., Stark R., Holmes K.A., Schmidt D., Spyrou C., Russell R., Massie C.E., Vowler S.L., Eldridge M., Carroll J.S.
    Genes Dev. 24:171-182(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• transcription corepressor activity Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Cooperative interaction between retinoic acid receptor-alpha and estrogen receptor in breast cancer."
    Ross-Innes C.S., Stark R., Holmes K.A., Schmidt D., Spyrou C., Russell R., Massie C.E., Vowler S.L., Eldridge M., Carroll J.S.
    Genes Dev. 24:171-182(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• transcription factor binding Source: RGDInferred from physical interactionⁱ
  • "Synthetic retinoid Am80 inhibits interaction of KLF5 with RAR alpha through inducing KLF5 dephosphorylation mediated by the PI3K/Akt signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells."
    Zhang X.H., Zheng B., Han M., Miao S.B., Wen J.K.
    FEBS Lett. 583:1231-1236(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "HDAC2 phosphorylation-dependent Klf5 deacetylation and RARalpha acetylation induced by RAR agonist switch the transcription regulatory programs of p21 in VSMCs."
    Zheng B., Han M., Shu Y.N., Li Y.J., Miao S.B., Zhang X.H., Shi H.J., Zhang T., Wen J.K.
    Cell Res. 21:1487-1508(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• transcription regulatory region DNA binding Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "An innate immunity signaling process suppresses macrophage ABCA1 expression through IRAK-1-mediated downregulation of retinoic acid receptor alpha and NFATc2."
    Maitra U., Parks J.S., Li L.
    Mol. Cell. Biol. 29:5989-5997(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "A regulatory network controls nephrocan expression and midgut patterning."
    Hou J., Wei W., Saund R.S., Xiang P., Cunningham T.J., Yi Y., Alder O., Lu D.Y., Savory J.G., Krentz N.A., Montpetit R., Cullum R., Hofs N., Lohnes D., Humphries R.K., Yamanaka Y., Duester G., Saijoh Y., Hoodless P.A.
    Development 141:3772-3781(2014) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief. Bioinformatics 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• translation repressor activity, mRNA regulatory element binding Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Retinoic acid-gated sequence-specific translational control by RARalpha."
    Poon M.M., Chen L.
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105:20303-20308(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• zinc ion binding Source: InterPro

GO - Biological processⁱ

• apoptotic cell clearance Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Induction of transglutaminase 2 by a liver X receptor/retinoic acid receptor alpha pathway increases the clearance of apoptotic cells by human macrophages."
    Rebe C., Raveneau M., Chevriaux A., Lakomy D., Sberna A.L., Costa A., Bessede G., Athias A., Steinmetz E., Lobaccaro J.M., Alves G., Menicacci A., Vachenc S., Solary E., Gambert P., Masson D.
    Circ. Res. 105:393-401(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• bone development Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Function of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) during development (I). Craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities in RAR double mutants."
    Lohnes D., Mark M., Mendelsohn C., Dolle P., Dierich A., Gorry P., Gansmuller A., Chambon P.
    Development 120:2723-2748(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Limited specificity and large overlap of the functions of the mouse RAR gamma 1 and RAR gamma 2 isoforms."
    Subbarayan V., Kastner P., Mark M., Dierich A., Gorry P., Chambon P.
    Mech. Dev. 66:131-142(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• bone morphogenesis Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief. Bioinformatics 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• cell differentiation Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief. Bioinformatics 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• cellular response to estrogen stimulus Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Cooperative interaction between retinoic acid receptor-alpha and estrogen receptor in breast cancer."
    Ross-Innes C.S., Stark R., Holmes K.A., Schmidt D., Spyrou C., Russell R., Massie C.E., Vowler S.L., Eldridge M., Carroll J.S.
    Genes Dev. 24:171-182(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• cellular response to lipopolysaccharide Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "An innate immunity signaling process suppresses macrophage ABCA1 expression through IRAK-1-mediated downregulation of retinoic acid receptor alpha and NFATc2."
    Maitra U., Parks J.S., Li L.
    Mol. Cell. Biol. 29:5989-5997(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• cellular response to retinoic acid Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Loss of CAK phosphorylation of RAR{alpha} mediates transcriptional control of retinoid-induced cancer cell differentiation."
    Wang A., Alimova I.N., Luo P., Jong A., Triche T.J., Wu L.
    FASEB J. 24:833-843(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• chondroblast differentiation Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Regulation of skeletal progenitor differentiation by the BMP and retinoid signaling pathways."
    Weston A.D., Rosen V., Chandraratna R.A., Underhill T.M.
    J. Cell Biol. 148:679-690(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• embryonic camera-type eye development Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Function of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) during development (I). Craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities in RAR double mutants."
    Lohnes D., Mark M., Mendelsohn C., Dolle P., Dierich A., Gorry P., Gansmuller A., Chambon P.
    Development 120:2723-2748(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• embryonic organ development Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief. Bioinformatics 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• epithelium development Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief. Bioinformatics 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• face development Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Function of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) during development (I). Craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities in RAR double mutants."
    Lohnes D., Mark M., Mendelsohn C., Dolle P., Dierich A., Gorry P., Gansmuller A., Chambon P.
    Development 120:2723-2748(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• female pregnancy Source: RGD <p>Inferred from Expression Pattern</p> <p>Covers cases where the annotation is inferred from the timing or location of expression of a gene.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide%2Dgo%2Devidence%2Dcodes#iep">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Changes in maternal liver Cyp2c and Cyp2d expression and activity during rat pregnancy."
    Dickmann L.J., Tay S., Senn T.D., Zhang H., Visone A., Unadkat J.D., Hebert M.F., Isoherranen N.
    Biochem. Pharmacol. 75:1677-1687(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• germ cell development Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Male sterility in mice lacking retinoic acid receptor alpha involves specific abnormalities in spermiogenesis."
    Chung S.S., Wang X., Wolgemuth D.J.
    Differentiation 73:188-198(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• gland development Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief. Bioinformatics 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• glandular epithelial cell development Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Function of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) during development (I). Craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities in RAR double mutants."
    Lohnes D., Mark M., Mendelsohn C., Dolle P., Dierich A., Gorry P., Gansmuller A., Chambon P.
    Development 120:2723-2748(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• growth plate cartilage development Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Retinoic acid receptors are required for skeletal growth, matrix homeostasis and growth plate function in postnatal mouse."
    Williams J.A., Kondo N., Okabe T., Takeshita N., Pilchak D.M., Koyama E., Ochiai T., Jensen D., Chu M.L., Kane M.A., Napoli J.L., Enomoto-Iwamoto M., Ghyselinck N., Chambon P., Pacifici M., Iwamoto M.
    Dev. Biol. 328:315-327(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• hippocampus development Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Changes in the expression and subcellular localization of RARalpha in the rat hippocampus during postnatal development."
    Huang H., Wei H., Zhang X., Chen K., Li Y., Qu P., Zhang X., Chen J., Liu Y., Yang L., Li T.
    Brain Res. 1227:26-33(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• hormone-mediated signaling pathway Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief. Bioinformatics 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• limb development Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Function of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) during development (I). Craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities in RAR double mutants."
    Lohnes D., Mark M., Mendelsohn C., Dolle P., Dierich A., Gorry P., Gansmuller A., Chambon P.
    Development 120:2723-2748(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• liver development Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Multiple mechanisms of ontogenic regulation of nuclear receptors during rat liver development."
    Balasubramaniyan N., Shahid M., Suchy F.J., Ananthanarayanan M.
    Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 288:G251-60(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• male gonad development Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Retinoic acid inhibits rat XY gonad development by blocking mesonephric cell migration and decreasing the number of gonocytes."
    Li H., Kim K.H.
    Biol. Reprod. 70:687-693(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• multicellular organism development Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief. Bioinformatics 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• multicellular organism growth Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Retinoic acid receptors are required for skeletal growth, matrix homeostasis and growth plate function in postnatal mouse."
    Williams J.A., Kondo N., Okabe T., Takeshita N., Pilchak D.M., Koyama E., Ochiai T., Jensen D., Chu M.L., Kane M.A., Napoli J.L., Enomoto-Iwamoto M., Ghyselinck N., Chambon P., Pacifici M., Iwamoto M.
    Dev. Biol. 328:315-327(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of apoptotic process Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Contribution of retinoic acid receptor beta isoforms to the formation of the conotruncal septum of the embryonic heart."
    Ghyselinck N.B., Wendling O., Messaddeq N., Dierich A., Lampron C., Decimo D., Viville S., Chambon P., Mark M.
    Dev. Biol. 198:303-318(1998) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of cartilage development Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Regulation of skeletal progenitor differentiation by the BMP and retinoid signaling pathways."
    Weston A.D., Rosen V., Chandraratna R.A., Underhill T.M.
    J. Cell Biol. 148:679-690(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of cell differentiation Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Regulation of skeletal progenitor differentiation by the BMP and retinoid signaling pathways."
    Weston A.D., Rosen V., Chandraratna R.A., Underhill T.M.
    J. Cell Biol. 148:679-690(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of cell population proliferation Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Regulation of the proliferation of cocultured gonocytes and Sertoli cells by retinoids, triiodothyronine, and intracellular signaling factors: differences between fetal and neonatal cells."
    Boulogne B., Habert R., Levacher C.
    Mol. Reprod. Dev. 65:194-203(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of gene expression Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Loss of Trim24 (Tif1alpha) gene function confers oncogenic activity to retinoic acid receptor alpha."
    Khetchoumian K., Teletin M., Tisserand J., Mark M., Herquel B., Ignat M., Zucman-Rossi J., Cammas F., Lerouge T., Thibault C., Metzger D., Chambon P., Losson R.
    Nat. Genet. 39:1500-1506(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of granulocyte differentiation Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Loss of CAK phosphorylation of RAR{alpha} mediates transcriptional control of retinoid-induced cancer cell differentiation."
    Wang A., Alimova I.N., Luo P., Jong A., Triche T.J., Wu L.
    FASEB J. 24:833-843(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of interferon-gamma production Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "The Retinoic Acid Receptor-alpha mediates human T-cell activation and Th2 cytokine and chemokine production."
    Dawson H.D., Collins G., Pyle R., Key M., Taub D.D.
    BMC Immunol. 9:16-16(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "The hairless gene mutated in congenital hair loss disorders encodes a novel nuclear receptor corepressor."
    Potter G.B., Beaudoin G.M., DeRenzo C.L., Zarach J.M., Chen S.H., Thompson C.C.
    Genes Dev. 15:2687-2701(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Cooperative interaction between retinoic acid receptor-alpha and estrogen receptor in breast cancer."
    Ross-Innes C.S., Stark R., Holmes K.A., Schmidt D., Spyrou C., Russell R., Massie C.E., Vowler S.L., Eldridge M., Carroll J.S.
    Genes Dev. 24:171-182(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Ligand-independent repression by the thyroid hormone receptor mediated by a nuclear receptor co-repressor."
    Hoerlein A.J., Naeaer A.M., Heinzel T., Torchia J., Gloss B., Kurokawa R., Ryan A., Kamei Y., Soederstroem M., Glass C.K., Rosenfeld M.G.
    Nature 377:397-404(1995) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Regulation of the Oct-4 gene by nuclear receptors."
    Sylvester I., Scholer H.R.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 22:901-911(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of translation Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Retinoic acid-gated sequence-specific translational control by RARalpha."
    Poon M.M., Chen L.
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105:20303-20308(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of translational initiation Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "The nuclear transcription factor RARalpha associates with neuronal RNA granules and suppresses translation."
    Chen N., Onisko B., Napoli J.L.
    J. Biol. Chem. 283:20841-20847(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "The Retinoic Acid Receptor-alpha mediates human T-cell activation and Th2 cytokine and chemokine production."
    Dawson H.D., Collins G., Pyle R., Key M., Taub D.D.
    BMC Immunol. 9:16-16(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• neural tube closure Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Function of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) during development (I). Craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities in RAR double mutants."
    Lohnes D., Mark M., Mendelsohn C., Dolle P., Dierich A., Gorry P., Gansmuller A., Chambon P.
    Development 120:2723-2748(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• outflow tract septum morphogenesis Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Contribution of retinoic acid receptor beta isoforms to the formation of the conotruncal septum of the embryonic heart."
    Ghyselinck N.B., Wendling O., Messaddeq N., Dierich A., Lampron C., Decimo D., Viville S., Chambon P., Mark M.
    Dev. Biol. 198:303-318(1998) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of binding Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Cooperative interaction between retinoic acid receptor-alpha and estrogen receptor in breast cancer."
    Ross-Innes C.S., Stark R., Holmes K.A., Schmidt D., Spyrou C., Russell R., Massie C.E., Vowler S.L., Eldridge M., Carroll J.S.
    Genes Dev. 24:171-182(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of cell cycle Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Cooperative interaction between retinoic acid receptor-alpha and estrogen receptor in breast cancer."
    Ross-Innes C.S., Stark R., Holmes K.A., Schmidt D., Spyrou C., Russell R., Massie C.E., Vowler S.L., Eldridge M., Carroll J.S.
    Genes Dev. 24:171-182(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of cell population proliferation Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Loss of Trim24 (Tif1alpha) gene function confers oncogenic activity to retinoic acid receptor alpha."
    Khetchoumian K., Teletin M., Tisserand J., Mark M., Herquel B., Ignat M., Zucman-Rossi J., Cammas F., Lerouge T., Thibault C., Metzger D., Chambon P., Losson R.
    Nat. Genet. 39:1500-1506(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Cooperative interaction between retinoic acid receptor-alpha and estrogen receptor in breast cancer."
    Ross-Innes C.S., Stark R., Holmes K.A., Schmidt D., Spyrou C., Russell R., Massie C.E., Vowler S.L., Eldridge M., Carroll J.S.
    Genes Dev. 24:171-182(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade Source: UniProtKBInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Kruppel-like factor 4 inhibits proliferation by platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta-mediated, not by retinoic acid receptor alpha-mediated, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and ERK signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells."
    Zheng B., Han M., Bernier M., Zhang X.H., Meng F., Miao S.B., He M., Zhao X.M., Wen J.K.
    J. Biol. Chem. 284:22773-22785(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of gene expression Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "An innate immunity signaling process suppresses macrophage ABCA1 expression through IRAK-1-mediated downregulation of retinoic acid receptor alpha and NFATc2."
    Maitra U., Parks J.S., Li L.
    Mol. Cell. Biol. 29:5989-5997(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of interleukin-13 production Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "The Retinoic Acid Receptor-alpha mediates human T-cell activation and Th2 cytokine and chemokine production."
    Dawson H.D., Collins G., Pyle R., Key M., Taub D.D.
    BMC Immunol. 9:16-16(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of interleukin-4 production Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "The Retinoic Acid Receptor-alpha mediates human T-cell activation and Th2 cytokine and chemokine production."
    Dawson H.D., Collins G., Pyle R., Key M., Taub D.D.
    BMC Immunol. 9:16-16(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of interleukin-5 production Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "The Retinoic Acid Receptor-alpha mediates human T-cell activation and Th2 cytokine and chemokine production."
    Dawson H.D., Collins G., Pyle R., Key M., Taub D.D.
    BMC Immunol. 9:16-16(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of neuron differentiation Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Sequential RARbeta and alpha signalling in vivo can induce adult forebrain neural progenitor cells to differentiate into neurons through Shh and FGF signalling pathways."
    Goncalves M.B., Agudo M., Connor S., McMahon S., Minger S.L., Maden M., Corcoran J.P.
    Dev. Biol. 326:305-313(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling Source: UniProtKBInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Kruppel-like factor 4 inhibits proliferation by platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta-mediated, not by retinoic acid receptor alpha-mediated, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and ERK signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells."
    Zheng B., Han M., Bernier M., Zhang X.H., Meng F., Miao S.B., He M., Zhao X.M., Wen J.K.
    J. Biol. Chem. 284:22773-22785(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling Source: UniProtKBInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Kruppel-like factor 4 inhibits proliferation by platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta-mediated, not by retinoic acid receptor alpha-mediated, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and ERK signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells."
    Zheng B., Han M., Bernier M., Zhang X.H., Meng F., Miao S.B., He M., Zhao X.M., Wen J.K.
    J. Biol. Chem. 284:22773-22785(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "The Retinoic Acid Receptor-alpha mediates human T-cell activation and Th2 cytokine and chemokine production."
    Dawson H.D., Collins G., Pyle R., Key M., Taub D.D.
    BMC Immunol. 9:16-16(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Retinoic acid regulates the human methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MSRA) gene via two distinct promoters."
    Pascual I., Larrayoz I.M., Rodriguez I.R.
    Genomics 93:62-71(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Induction of transglutaminase 2 by a liver X receptor/retinoic acid receptor alpha pathway increases the clearance of apoptotic cells by human macrophages."
    Rebe C., Raveneau M., Chevriaux A., Lakomy D., Sberna A.L., Costa A., Bessede G., Athias A., Steinmetz E., Lobaccaro J.M., Alves G., Menicacci A., Vachenc S., Solary E., Gambert P., Masson D.
    Circ. Res. 105:393-401(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Small ubiquitin-like modifier-2 modification of retinoic acid receptor-alpha regulates its subcellular localization and transcriptional activity."
    Zhu L., Santos N.C., Kim K.H.
    Endocrinology 150:5586-5595(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Cooperative interaction between retinoic acid receptor-alpha and estrogen receptor in breast cancer."
    Ross-Innes C.S., Stark R., Holmes K.A., Schmidt D., Spyrou C., Russell R., Massie C.E., Vowler S.L., Eldridge M., Carroll J.S.
    Genes Dev. 24:171-182(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Retinoic acid, hypoxia, and GATA factors cooperatively control the onset of fetal liver erythropoietin expression and erythropoietic differentiation."
    Makita T., Duncan S.A., Sucov H.M.
    Dev. Biol. 280:59-72(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Small ubiquitin-like modifier-2 modification of retinoic acid receptor-alpha regulates its subcellular localization and transcriptional activity."
    Zhu L., Santos N.C., Kim K.H.
    Endocrinology 150:5586-5595(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Cooperative interaction between retinoic acid receptor-alpha and estrogen receptor in breast cancer."
    Ross-Innes C.S., Stark R., Holmes K.A., Schmidt D., Spyrou C., Russell R., Massie C.E., Vowler S.L., Eldridge M., Carroll J.S.
    Genes Dev. 24:171-182(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Csn3 gene is regulated by all-trans retinoic acid during neural differentiation in mouse P19 cells."
    Komori R., Kobayashi T., Matsuo H., Kino K., Miyazawa H.
    PLoS ONE 8:e61938-e61938(2013) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "A dynamic balance between ARP-1/COUP-TFII, EAR-3/COUP-TFI, and retinoic acid receptor:retinoid X receptor heterodimers regulates Oct-3/4 expression in embryonal carcinoma cells."
    Ben-Shushan E., Sharir H., Pikarsky E., Bergman Y.
    Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:1034-1048(1995) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• prostate gland development Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Retinoic acid receptors and retinoids are up-regulated in the developing and adult rat prostate by neonatal estrogen exposure."
    Prins G.S., Chang W.Y., Wang Y., van Breemen R.B.
    Endocrinology 143:3628-3640(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• protein phosphorylation Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "P38MAPK-dependent phosphorylation and degradation of SRC-3/AIB1 and RARalpha-mediated transcription."
    Gianni M., Parrella E., Raska I. Jr., Gaillard E., Nigro E.A., Gaudon C., Garattini E., Rochette-Egly C.
    EMBO J. 25:739-751(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of apoptotic process Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Transcriptional induction of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 by retinoids. Selective roles of nuclear receptors and contribution to the antiapoptotic effect."
    Xu Q., Konta T., Furusu A., Nakayama K., Lucio-Cazana J., Fine L.G., Kitamura M.
    J. Biol. Chem. 277:41693-41700(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of granulocyte differentiation Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Positive and negative regulation of granulopoiesis by endogenous RARalpha."
    Kastner P., Lawrence H.J., Waltzinger C., Ghyselinck N.B., Chambon P., Chan S.
    Blood 97:1314-1320(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of myelination Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Retinoic acid regulates myelin formation in the peripheral nervous system."
    Latasa M.J., Ituero M., Moran-Gonzalez A., Aranda A., Cosgaya J.M.
    Glia 58:1451-1464(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of synaptic plasticity Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Synaptic signaling by all-trans retinoic acid in homeostatic synaptic plasticity."
    Aoto J., Nam C.I., Poon M.M., Ting P., Chen L.
    Neuron 60:308-320(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of transcription, DNA-templated Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Positive regulation of retinoic acid receptor alpha by protein kinase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase in sertoli cells."
    Braun K.W., Vo M.N., Kim K.H.
    Biol. Reprod. 67:29-37(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Kruppel-like zinc-finger transcription factor KLF5/BTEB2 is a target for angiotensin II signaling and an essential regulator of cardiovascular remodeling."
    Shindo T., Manabe I., Fukushima Y., Tobe K., Aizawa K., Miyamoto S., Kawai-Kowase K., Moriyama N., Imai Y., Kawakami H., Nishimatsu H., Ishikawa T., Suzuki T., Morita H., Maemura K., Sata M., Hirata Y., Komukai M.

    , Kagechika H., Kadowaki T., Kurabayashi M., Nagai R.
    Nat. Med. 8:856-863(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "TIF1delta, a novel HP1-interacting member of the transcriptional intermediary factor 1 (TIF1) family expressed by elongating spermatids."
    Khetchoumian K., Teletin M., Mark M., Lerouge T., Cervino M., Oulad-Abdelghani M., Chambon P., Losson R.
    J. Biol. Chem. 279:48329-48341(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to cytokine Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Effects of inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNFalpha on the intracellular localization of retinoid receptors in Schwann cells."
    Mey J., Schrage K., Wessels I., Vollpracht-Crijns I.
    Glia 55:152-164(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to estradiol Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Retinoic acid receptors and retinoids are up-regulated in the developing and adult rat prostate by neonatal estrogen exposure."
    Prins G.S., Chang W.Y., Wang Y., van Breemen R.B.
    Endocrinology 143:3628-3640(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to ethanol Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Effects of ethanol on embryonic and neonatal rat testes in organ cultures."
    Li H., Kim K.H.
    J. Androl. 24:653-660(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to lipid Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief. Bioinformatics 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to retinoic acid Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Positive and negative regulation of granulopoiesis by endogenous RARalpha."
    Kastner P., Lawrence H.J., Waltzinger C., Ghyselinck N.B., Chambon P., Chan S.
    Blood 97:1314-1320(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Regulation of 17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in human placental endothelial cells."
    Su E.J., Cheng Y.H., Chatterton R.T., Lin Z.H., Yin P., Reierstad S., Innes J., Bulun S.E.
    Biol. Reprod. 77:517-525(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to vitamin A Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Synergic effect of vitamin A and high-fat diet in adipose tissue development and nuclear receptor expression in young rats."
    Redonnet A., Ferrand C., Bairras C., Higueret P., Noel-Suberville C., Cassand P., Atgie C.
    Br. J. Nutr. 100:722-730(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Sequential RARbeta and alpha signalling in vivo can induce adult forebrain neural progenitor cells to differentiate into neurons through Shh and FGF signalling pathways."
    Goncalves M.B., Agudo M., Connor S., McMahon S., Minger S.L., Maden M., Corcoran J.P.
    Dev. Biol. 326:305-313(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• Sertoli cell fate commitment Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Potential functions of retinoic acid receptor A in Sertoli cells and germ cells during spermatogenesis."
    Doyle T.J., Braun K.W., McLean D.J., Wright R.W., Griswold M.D., Kim K.H.
    Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1120:114-130(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• signal transduction Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "A human retinoic acid receptor which belongs to the family of nuclear receptors."
    Petkovich M., Brand N.J., Krust A., Chambon P.
    Nature 330:444-450(1987) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• spermatogenesis Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "High postnatal lethality and testis degeneration in retinoic acid receptor alpha mutant mice."
    Lufkin T., Lohnes D., Mark M., Dierich A., Gorry P., Gaub M.P., LeMeur M., Chambon P.
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90:7225-7229(1993) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• trachea cartilage development Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Limited specificity and large overlap of the functions of the mouse RAR gamma 1 and RAR gamma 2 isoforms."
    Subbarayan V., Kastner P., Mark M., Dierich A., Gorry P., Chambon P.
    Mech. Dev. 66:131-142(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• ureteric bud development Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Distal ureter morphogenesis depends on epithelial cell remodeling mediated by vitamin A and Ret."
    Batourina E., Choi C., Paragas N., Bello N., Hensle T., Costantini F.D., Schuchardt A., Bacallao R.L., Mendelsohn C.L.
    Nat. Genet. 32:109-115(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• ventricular cardiac muscle cell differentiation Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Vitamin A deficiency and mutations of RXRalpha, RXRbeta and RARalpha lead to early differentiation of embryonic ventricular cardiomyocytes."
    Kastner P., Messaddeq N., Mark M., Wendling O., Grondona J.M., Ward S., Ghyselinck N., Chambon P.
    Development 124:4749-4758(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

<p>UniProtKB Keywords constitute a <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/keywords">controlled vocabulary</a> with a hierarchical structure. Keywords summarise the content of a UniProtKB entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest.<p><a href='/help/keywords' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Keywordsⁱ

<p>This section provides information about the protein and gene name(s) and synonym(s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/names_and_taxonomy_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Names & Taxonomyⁱ

Organism-specific databases

<p>This section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell.<p><a href='/help/subcellular_location_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subcellular locationⁱ

Keywords - Cellular componentⁱ

<p>This section provides information on the disease(s) and phenotype(s) associated with a protein.<p><a href='/help/pathology_and_biotech_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Pathology & Biotechⁱ

Chemistry databases

<p>This section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms.<p><a href='/help/expression_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Expressionⁱ

Gene expression databases

<p>This section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes.<p><a href='/help/interaction_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Interactionⁱ

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• alpha-actinin binding Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Familial focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)-linked alpha-actinin 4 (ACTN4) protein mutants lose ability to activate transcription by nuclear hormone receptors."
    Khurana S., Chakraborty S., Lam M., Liu Y., Su Y.T., Zhao X., Saleem M.A., Mathieson P.W., Bruggeman L.A., Kao H.Y.
    J. Biol. Chem. 287:12027-12035(2012) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• enzyme binding Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Identification of protein arginine methyltransferase 2 as a coactivator for estrogen receptor alpha."
    Qi C., Chang J., Zhu Y., Yeldandi A.V., Rao S.M., Zhu Y.-J.
    J. Biol. Chem. 277:28624-28630(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Two distinct nuclear receptor interaction domains in NSD1, a novel SET protein that exhibits characteristics of both corepressors and coactivators."
    Huang N., vom Baur E., Garnier J.-M., Lerouge T., Vonesch J.-L., Lutz Y., Chambon P., Losson R.
    EMBO J. 17:3398-3412(1998) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• histone deacetylase binding Source: RGDInferred from physical interactionⁱ
  • "HDAC2 phosphorylation-dependent Klf5 deacetylation and RARalpha acetylation induced by RAR agonist switch the transcription regulatory programs of p21 in VSMCs."
    Zheng B., Han M., Shu Y.N., Li Y.J., Miao S.B., Zhang X.H., Shi H.J., Zhang T., Wen J.K.
    Cell Res. 21:1487-1508(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• protein domain specific binding Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Human ADA3 regulates RARalpha transcriptional activity through direct contact between LxxLL motifs and the receptor coactivator pocket."
    Li C.W., Ai N., Dinh G.K., Welsh W.J., Chen J.D.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 38:5291-5303(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• protein heterodimerization activity Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Loss of CAK phosphorylation of RAR{alpha} mediates transcriptional control of retinoid-induced cancer cell differentiation."
    Wang A., Alimova I.N., Luo P., Jong A., Triche T.J., Wu L.
    FASEB J. 24:833-843(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• protein kinase A binding Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Activity of retinoic acid receptor-alpha is directly regulated at its protein kinase A sites in response to follicle-stimulating hormone signaling."
    Santos N.C., Kim K.H.
    Endocrinology 151:2361-2372(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• protein kinase B binding Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Akt phosphorylates and suppresses the transactivation of retinoic acid receptor alpha."
    Srinivas H., Xia D., Moore N.L., Uray I.P., Kim H., Ma L., Weigel N.L., Brown P.H., Kurie J.M.
    Biochem. J. 395:653-662(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• signaling receptor binding Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Induction of transglutaminase 2 by a liver X receptor/retinoic acid receptor alpha pathway increases the clearance of apoptotic cells by human macrophages."
    Rebe C., Raveneau M., Chevriaux A., Lakomy D., Sberna A.L., Costa A., Bessede G., Athias A., Steinmetz E., Lobaccaro J.M., Alves G., Menicacci A., Vachenc S., Solary E., Gambert P., Masson D.
    Circ. Res. 105:393-401(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• transcription factor binding Source: RGDInferred from physical interactionⁱ
  • "Synthetic retinoid Am80 inhibits interaction of KLF5 with RAR alpha through inducing KLF5 dephosphorylation mediated by the PI3K/Akt signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells."
    Zhang X.H., Zheng B., Han M., Miao S.B., Wen J.K.
    FEBS Lett. 583:1231-1236(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "HDAC2 phosphorylation-dependent Klf5 deacetylation and RARalpha acetylation induced by RAR agonist switch the transcription regulatory programs of p21 in VSMCs."
    Zheng B., Han M., Shu Y.N., Li Y.J., Miao S.B., Zhang X.H., Shi H.J., Zhang T., Wen J.K.
    Cell Res. 21:1487-1508(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

Protein-protein interaction databases

<p>This section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain(s) present in a protein.<p><a href='/help/family_and_domains_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Family & Domainsⁱ

Domains and Repeats

Region

Compositional bias

<p>This subsection of the 'Family and domains' section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins.<p><a href='/help/sequence_similarities' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence similaritiesⁱ

Keywords - Domainⁱ

Phylogenomic databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. It also includes information pertinent to the sequence(s), including <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequence%5Flength">length</a> and <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences">molecular weight</a>. The information is filed in different subsections. The current subsections and their content are listed below:<p><a href='/help/sequences_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence (1+)ⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences%5Fsection">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical%5Fand%5Fisoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is complete or not.<p><a href='/help/sequence_status' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence statusⁱ: Complete.

This entry has 1 described isoform and 1 potential isoform that is computationally mapped.Show allAlign All

        10         20         30         40         50
MYESVEVGGL APAPNPFLVV DFYNQNRACL LQEKGLPAPG PYSTPLRTPL 
        60         70         80         90        100
WNGSNHSIET QSSSSEEIVP SPPSPPPLPR IYKPCFVCQD KSSGYHYGVS 
       110        120        130        140        150
ACEGCKGFFR RSIQKNMVYT CHRDKNCIIN KVTRNRCQYC RLQKCFEVGM 
       160        170        180        190        200
SKESVRNDRN KKKKETPKPE CSESYTLTPE VGELIEKVRK AHQETFPALC 
       210        220        230        240        250
QLGKYTTNNS SEQRVSLDID LWDKFSELST KCIIKTVEFA KQLPGFTTLT 
       260        270        280        290        300
IADQITLLKA ACLDILILRI CTRYTPEQDT MTFSDGLTLN RTQMHNAGFG 
       310        320        330        340        350
PLTDLVFAFA NQLLPLEMDD AETGLLSAIC LICGDRQDLE QPDKVDMLQE 
       360        370        380        390        400
PLLEALKVYV RKRRPSRPHM FPKMLMKITD LRSISAKGAE RVITLKMEIP 
       410        420        430        440        450
GSMPPLIQEM LENSEGLDTL SGQSGGGTRD GGGLAPPPGS CSPSLSPSSH 

RSSPATQSP                                              

Sequence databases

Genome annotation databases

<p>This section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence(s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100%, 90% and 50%) based on their membership in UniProt Reference Clusters (<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/uniref">UniRef</a>).<p><a href='/help/similar_proteins_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Similar proteinsⁱ

• 90% Identity
• 50% Identity

<p>This section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than UniProtKB.<p><a href='/help/cross_references_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Cross-referencesⁱ

Sequence databases

3D structure databases

Protein-protein interaction databases

Chemistry databases

Genome annotation databases

Organism-specific databases

Phylogenomic databases

Gene expression databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section provides general information on the entry.<p><a href='/help/entry_information_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry informationⁱ

<p>This section contains any relevant information that doesn't fit in any other defined sections<p><a href='/help/miscellaneous_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Miscellaneousⁱ

Keywords - Technical termⁱ