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UniProtKB - Q0WRJ2 (TC10A_ARATH)

Entry version 108 (10 Feb 2021)
Sequence version 1 (05 Sep 2006)
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Protein

3-dehydrosphinganine reductase TSC10A

Gene

TSC10A

Organism
Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress)
Status
Reviewed-Annotation score:

Annotation score:5 out of 5

<p>The annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a UniProtKB entry or proteome. This score <strong>cannot</strong> be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the 'correct annotation' for any given protein.<p><a href='/help/annotation_score' target='_top'>More...</a></p>-Experimental evidence at protein leveli <p>This indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein. Note that the 'protein existence' evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence(s) displayed.<p><a href='/help/protein_existence' target='_top'>More...</a></p>

<p>This section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge.<p><a href='/help/function_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Functioni

Catalyzes the reduction of 3-ketodihydrosphingosine (KDS) to dihydrosphingosine (DHS). Required for sphingolipid biosynthesis. In plants, sphingolipids seems to play a critical role in mineral ion homeostasis, most likely through their involvement in the ion transport functionalities of membrane systems in the root. Lacks stereospecificity and can also produce L-threo-DHS in addition to D-erythro-DHS.1 Publication

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function%5Fsection">Function</a> section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme, i.e. a chemical reaction that the enzyme catalyzes.<p><a href='/help/catalytic_activity' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Catalytic activityi

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function%5Fsection">'Function'</a> section describes the metabolic pathway(s) associated with a protein.<p><a href='/help/pathway' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Pathwayi: sphingolipid metabolism

This protein is involved in the pathway sphingolipid metabolism, which is part of Lipid metabolism.
View all proteins of this organism that are known to be involved in the pathway sphingolipid metabolism and in Lipid metabolism.

Sites

Feature keyPosition(s)DescriptionActionsGraphical viewLength
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function%5Fsection">Function</a> section describes the interaction between a single amino acid and another chemical entity. Priority is given to the annotation of physiological ligands.<p><a href='/help/binding' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Binding sitei175SubstrateBy similarity1
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function%5Fsection">Function</a> section is used for enzymes and indicates the residues directly involved in catalysis.<p><a href='/help/act_site' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Active sitei188Proton acceptorPROSITE-ProRule annotation1
Active sitei192By similarity1

Regions

Feature keyPosition(s)DescriptionActionsGraphical viewLength
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function%5Fsection">Function</a> section describes a region in the protein which binds nucleotide phosphates. It always involves more than one amino acid and includes all residues involved in nucleotide-binding.<p><a href='/help/np_bind' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Nucleotide bindingi45 – 56NADPBy similarityAdd BLAST12

<p>The <a href="http://www.geneontology.org/">Gene Ontology (GO)</a> project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories:<p><a href='/help/gene_ontology' target='_top'>More...</a></p>GO - Molecular functioni

Complete GO annotation on QuickGO ...

GO - Biological processi

Complete GO annotation on QuickGO ...

<p>UniProtKB Keywords constitute a <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/keywords">controlled vocabulary</a> with a hierarchical structure. Keywords summarise the content of a UniProtKB entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest.<p><a href='/help/keywords' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Keywordsi

Molecular functionOxidoreductase
Biological processLipid metabolism, Sphingolipid metabolism
LigandNADP

Enzyme and pathway databases

BioCyc Collection of Pathway/Genome Databases

More...BioCyci		MetaCyc:AT3G06060-MONOMER

UniPathway: a resource for the exploration and annotation of metabolic pathways

More...UniPathwayi		UPA00222

<p>This section provides information about the protein and gene name(s) and synonym(s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/names_and_taxonomy_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Names & Taxonomyi

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/names%5Fand%5Ftaxonomy%5Fsection">Names and taxonomy</a> section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein, from commonly used to obsolete, to allow unambiguous identification of a protein.<p><a href='/help/protein_names' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Protein namesi
Recommended name:
3-dehydrosphinganine reductase TSC10A (EC:1.1.1.102)
Alternative name(s):
3-ketodihydrosphingosine reductase
Short name:
KDS reductase
3-ketosphinganine reductase
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/names%5Fand%5Ftaxonomy%5Fsection">Names and taxonomy</a> section indicates the name(s) of the gene(s) that code for the protein sequence(s) described in the entry. Four distinct tokens exist: 'Name', 'Synonyms', 'Ordered locus names' and 'ORF names'.<p><a href='/help/gene_name' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Gene namesi
Name:TSC10A
Ordered Locus Names:At3g06060
ORF Names:F24F17.4
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/names%5Fand%5Ftaxonomy%5Fsection">Names and taxonomy</a> section provides information on the name(s) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/organism-name' target='_top'>More...</a></p>OrganismiArabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress)
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/names%5Fand%5Ftaxonomy%5Fsection">Names and taxonomy</a> section shows the unique identifier assigned by the NCBI to the source organism of the protein. This is known as the 'taxonomic identifier' or 'taxid'.<p><a href='/help/taxonomic_identifier' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Taxonomic identifieri3702 [NCBI]
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/names%5Fand%5Ftaxonomy%5Fsection">Names and taxonomy</a> section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism. It lists the nodes as they appear top-down in the taxonomic tree, with the more general grouping listed first.<p><a href='/help/taxonomic_lineage' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Taxonomic lineageiEukaryota › Viridiplantae › Streptophyta › Embryophyta › Tracheophyta › Spermatophyta › Magnoliopsida › eudicotyledons › Gunneridae › Pentapetalae › rosids › malvids › Brassicales › Brassicaceae › Camelineae › Arabidopsis
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/names%5Fand%5Ftaxonomy%5Fsection">Names and taxonomy</a> section is present for entries that are part of a <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/proteomes">proteome</a>, i.e. of a set of proteins thought to be expressed by organisms whose genomes have been completely sequenced.<p><a href='/help/proteomes_manual' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Proteomesi
  • UP000006548 <p>A UniProt <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/manual/proteomes%5Fmanual">proteome</a> can consist of several components.<br></br>The component name refers to the genomic component encoding a set of proteins.<p><a href='/help/proteome_component' target='_top'>More...</a></p> Componenti: Chromosome 3

Organism-specific databases

Arabidopsis Information Portal

More...Araporti		AT3G06060

The Arabidopsis Information Resource

More...TAIRi		locus:2080379, AT3G06060

<p>This section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell.<p><a href='/help/subcellular_location_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subcellular locationi

Extracellular region or secreted Cytosol Plasma membrane Cell wall Cytoskeleton Vacuole Chloroplast Endosome Peroxisome ER Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrion Manual annotation Automatic computational assertion Graphics by Christian Stolte & Seán O’Donoghue; Source: COMPARTMENTS

Topology

Feature keyPosition(s)DescriptionActionsGraphical viewLength
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/subcellular%5Flocation%5Fsection">'Subcellular location'</a> section describes the subcellular compartment where each non-membrane region of a membrane-spanning protein is found.<p><a href='/help/topo_dom' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Topological domaini1 – 7LumenalSequence analysis7
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/subcellular%5Flocation%5Fsection">'Subcellular location'</a> section describes the extent of a membrane-spanning region of the protein. It denotes the presence of both alpha-helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta-barrel transmembrane proteins.<p><a href='/help/transmem' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Transmembranei8 – 28Helical; Name=1Sequence analysisAdd BLAST21
Topological domaini29 – 264CytoplasmicSequence analysisAdd BLAST236
Transmembranei265 – 285Helical; Name=2Sequence analysisAdd BLAST21
Topological domaini286 – 288LumenalSequence analysis3
Transmembranei289 – 309Helical; Name=3Sequence analysisAdd BLAST21
Topological domaini310 – 326CytoplasmicSequence analysisAdd BLAST17

Keywords - Cellular componenti

Endoplasmic reticulum, Membrane

<p>This section provides information on the disease(s) and phenotype(s) associated with a protein.<p><a href='/help/pathology_and_biotech_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Pathology & Biotechi

<p>This subsection of the 'Pathology and Biotech' section describes the in vivo effects caused by ablation of the gene (or one or more transcripts) coding for the protein described in the entry. This includes gene knockout and knockdown, provided experiments have been performed in the context of a whole organism or a specific tissue, and not at the single-cell level.<p><a href='/help/disruption_phenotype' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Disruption phenotypei

High frequency of tricotyledons and altered flower morphology. The double mutants tsc10a and tsc10b are not viable.1 Publication

<p>This section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs) and/or processing events.<p><a href='/help/ptm_processing_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>PTM / Processingi

Molecule processing

Feature keyPosition(s)DescriptionActionsGraphical viewLength
<p>This subsection of the 'PTM / Processing' section describes the extent of a polypeptide chain in the mature protein following processing or proteolytic cleavage.<p><a href='/help/chain' target='_top'>More...</a></p>ChainiPRO_00004303051 – 3263-dehydrosphinganine reductase TSC10AAdd BLAST326

Proteomic databases

PaxDb, a database of protein abundance averages across all three domains of life

More...PaxDbi		Q0WRJ2

ProteomicsDB: a multi-organism proteome resource

More...ProteomicsDBi		234206

PTM databases

iPTMnet integrated resource for PTMs in systems biology context

More...iPTMneti		Q0WRJ2

<p>This section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms.<p><a href='/help/expression_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Expressioni

<p>This subsection of the 'Expression' section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms. By default, the information is derived from experiments at the mRNA level, unless specified 'at protein level'.<br></br>Examples: <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P92958#expression">P92958</a>, <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8TDN4#expression">Q8TDN4</a>, <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O14734#expression">O14734</a><p><a href='/help/tissue_specificity' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Tissue specificityi

Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.1 Publication

Gene expression databases

ExpressionAtlas, Differential and Baseline Expression

More...ExpressionAtlasi		Q0WRJ2, baseline and differential

Genevisible search portal to normalized and curated expression data from Genevestigator

More...Genevisiblei		Q0WRJ2, AT

<p>This section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes.<p><a href='/help/interaction_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Interactioni

Protein-protein interaction databases

STRING: functional protein association networks

More...STRINGi		3702.AT3G06060.1

<p>This section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein.<p><a href='/help/structure_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Structurei

3D structure databases

SWISS-MODEL Repository - a database of annotated 3D protein structure models

More...SMRi		Q0WRJ2

Database of comparative protein structure models

More...ModBasei		Search...

<p>This section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain(s) present in a protein.<p><a href='/help/family_and_domains_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Family & Domainsi

<p>This subsection of the 'Family and domains' section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins.<p><a href='/help/sequence_similarities' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence similaritiesi

Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family.Curated

Keywords - Domaini

Transmembrane, Transmembrane helix

Phylogenomic databases

evolutionary genealogy of genes: Non-supervised Orthologous Groups

More...eggNOGi		KOG1210, Eukaryota

The HOGENOM Database of Homologous Genes from Fully Sequenced Organisms

More...HOGENOMi		CLU_010194_3_2_1

InParanoid: Eukaryotic Ortholog Groups

More...InParanoidi		Q0WRJ2

Family and domain databases

Integrated resource of protein families, domains and functional sites

More...InterProi		View protein in InterPro
IPR036291, NAD(P)-bd_dom_sf
IPR020904, Sc_DH/Rdtase_CS
IPR002347, SDR_fam

Pfam protein domain database

More...Pfami		View protein in Pfam
PF00106, adh_short, 1 hit

Protein Motif fingerprint database; a protein domain database

More...PRINTSi		PR00081, GDHRDH

Superfamily database of structural and functional annotation

More...SUPFAMi		SSF51735, SSF51735, 1 hit

PROSITE; a protein domain and family database

More...PROSITEi		View protein in PROSITE
PS00061, ADH_SHORT, 1 hit

<p>This section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. It also includes information pertinent to the sequence(s), including <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequence%5Flength">length</a> and <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences">molecular weight</a>. The information is filed in different subsections. The current subsections and their content are listed below:<p><a href='/help/sequences_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence (1+)i

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences%5Fsection">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical%5Fand%5Fisoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is complete or not.<p><a href='/help/sequence_status' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence statusi: Complete.

This entry has 1 described isoform and 1 potential isoform that is computationally mapped.Show allAlign All

Q0WRJ2-1 [UniParc]FASTAAdd to basket
« Hide
        10         20         30         40         50
MAAISPLFLL FLIPIIPLSL LAILALIVRP RPIKIPIKSR HAFITGGSSG 
        60         70         80         90        100
IGLALAHRAA SEGARVSILA RSGSKLEEAK KSIQLATGVE VATFSADVRD 
       110        120        130        140        150
YDAVSKAIDE SGPIDVLIVN QGVFTAKELV KHSPEDVKFT IDVNLVGSFN 
       160        170        180        190        200
VIKAALPAMK ARKDRGPASI SLVSSQAGQV GVYGYAAYSA SKFGLQGLAQ 
       210        220        230        240        250
ALQQEVISDD IHVTLIFPPD TNTPGFEEEQ KSRPEVTAII AASSGSMETE 
       260        270        280        290        300
EVAKKAMDGI KAGNFTVSCN FEGFLLSLAT TGMSPQRSFW LAFLEVITAG 
       310        320 
PIRLIALFFQ WDWYKAIEKW SKTKTK
Length:326
Mass (Da):34,980
Last modified:September 5, 2006 - v1
<p>The checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. It is useful for tracking sequence updates.</p> <p>It should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low.</p> <p>However UniProtKB may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs).</p> <p>The checksum is computed as the sequence 64-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check value (CRC64) using the generator polynomial: x<sup>64</sup> + x<sup>4</sup> + x<sup>3</sup> + x + 1. The algorithm is described in the ISO 3309 standard. </p> <p class="publication">Press W.H., Flannery B.P., Teukolsky S.A. and Vetterling W.T.<br /> <strong>Cyclic redundancy and other checksums</strong><br /> <a href="http://www.nrbook.com/b/bookcpdf.php">Numerical recipes in C 2nd ed., pp896-902, Cambridge University Press (1993)</a>)</p> Checksum:i56455EB893A0FBC8
GO

<p>In eukaryotic reference proteomes, unreviewed entries that are likely to belong to the same gene are computationally mapped, based on gene identifiers from Ensembl, EnsemblGenomes and model organism databases.<p><a href='/help/gene_centric_isoform_mapping' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Computationally mapped potential isoform sequencesi

There is 1 potential isoform mapped to this entry.BLASTAlignShow allAdd to basket
EntryEntry nameProtein names
Gene namesLengthAnnotation
A0A1I9LMA8A0A1I9LMA8_ARATH
NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superf...
TSC10A At3g06060, F24F17.4, F24F17_4
343Annotation score:

Annotation score:1 out of 5

<p>The annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a UniProtKB entry or proteome. This score <strong>cannot</strong> be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the 'correct annotation' for any given protein.<p><a href='/help/annotation_score' target='_top'>More...</a></p>

<p>This subsection of the 'Sequence' section reports difference(s) between the protein sequence shown in the UniProtKB entry and other available protein sequences derived from the same gene.<p><a href='/help/sequence_caution' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence cautioni

The sequence AAF66134 differs from that shown. Reason: Erroneous gene model prediction.Curated
The sequence AAO24564 differs from that shown. Sequencing errors.Curated

Sequence databases

Select the link destinations:

EMBL nucleotide sequence database

More...EMBLi

GenBank nucleotide sequence database

More...GenBanki

DNA Data Bank of Japan; a nucleotide sequence database

More...DDBJi
Links Updated
AC068073 Genomic DNA Translation: AAF66134.1 Sequence problems.
CP002686 Genomic DNA Translation: AEE74338.1
BT003132 mRNA Translation: AAO24564.1 Sequence problems.
AK228314 mRNA Translation: BAF00257.1

NCBI Reference Sequences

More...RefSeqi		NP_187257.2, NM_111481.3

Genome annotation databases

Ensembl plant genome annotation project

More...EnsemblPlantsi		AT3G06060.1; AT3G06060.1; AT3G06060

Database of genes from NCBI RefSeq genomes

More...GeneIDi		819779

Gramene; a comparative resource for plants

More...Gramenei		AT3G06060.1; AT3G06060.1; AT3G06060

KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes

More...KEGGi		ath:AT3G06060

<p>This section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence(s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100%, 90% and 50%) based on their membership in UniProt Reference Clusters (<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/uniref">UniRef</a>).<p><a href='/help/similar_proteins_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Similar proteinsi

<p>This section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than UniProtKB.<p><a href='/help/cross_references_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Cross-referencesi

Sequence databases

Select the link destinations:
EMBLi
GenBanki
DDBJi
Links Updated
AC068073 Genomic DNA Translation: AAF66134.1 Sequence problems.
CP002686 Genomic DNA Translation: AEE74338.1
BT003132 mRNA Translation: AAO24564.1 Sequence problems.
AK228314 mRNA Translation: BAF00257.1
RefSeqiNP_187257.2, NM_111481.3

3D structure databases

SMRiQ0WRJ2
ModBaseiSearch...

Protein-protein interaction databases

STRINGi3702.AT3G06060.1

PTM databases

iPTMnetiQ0WRJ2

Proteomic databases

PaxDbiQ0WRJ2
ProteomicsDBi234206

Genome annotation databases

EnsemblPlantsiAT3G06060.1; AT3G06060.1; AT3G06060
GeneIDi819779
GrameneiAT3G06060.1; AT3G06060.1; AT3G06060
KEGGiath:AT3G06060

Organism-specific databases

AraportiAT3G06060
TAIRilocus:2080379, AT3G06060

Phylogenomic databases

eggNOGiKOG1210, Eukaryota
HOGENOMiCLU_010194_3_2_1
InParanoidiQ0WRJ2

Enzyme and pathway databases

UniPathwayiUPA00222
BioCyciMetaCyc:AT3G06060-MONOMER

Miscellaneous databases

Protein Ontology

More...PROi		PR:Q0WRJ2

Gene expression databases

ExpressionAtlasiQ0WRJ2, baseline and differential
GenevisibleiQ0WRJ2, AT

Family and domain databases

InterProiView protein in InterPro
IPR036291, NAD(P)-bd_dom_sf
IPR020904, Sc_DH/Rdtase_CS
IPR002347, SDR_fam
PfamiView protein in Pfam
PF00106, adh_short, 1 hit
PRINTSiPR00081, GDHRDH
SUPFAMiSSF51735, SSF51735, 1 hit
PROSITEiView protein in PROSITE
PS00061, ADH_SHORT, 1 hit

ProtoNet; Automatic hierarchical classification of proteins

More...ProtoNeti		Search...

MobiDB: a database of protein disorder and mobility annotations

More...MobiDBi		Search...

<p>This section provides general information on the entry.<p><a href='/help/entry_information_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry informationi

<p>This subsection of the 'Entry information' section provides a mnemonic identifier for a UniProtKB entry, but it is not a stable identifier. Each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.<p><a href='/help/entry_name' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry nameiTC10A_ARATH
<p>This subsection of the 'Entry information' section provides one or more accession number(s). These are stable identifiers and should be used to cite UniProtKB entries. Upon integration into UniProtKB, each entry is assigned a unique accession number, which is called 'Primary (citable) accession number'.<p><a href='/help/accession_numbers' target='_top'>More...</a></p>AccessioniPrimary (citable) accession number: Q0WRJ2
Secondary accession number(s): Q9M7S9
<p>This subsection of the 'Entry information' section shows the date of integration of the entry into UniProtKB, the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ('Last modified'). The version number for both the entry and the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical%5Fand%5Fisoforms">canonical sequence</a> are also displayed.<p><a href='/help/entry_history' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry historyiIntegrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: October 1, 2014
Last sequence update: September 5, 2006
Last modified: February 10, 2021
This is version 108 of the entry and version 1 of the sequence. See complete history.
<p>This subsection of the 'Entry information' section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by UniProtKB curators or not, in other words, if the entry belongs to the Swiss-Prot section of UniProtKB (<strong>reviewed</strong>) or to the computer-annotated TrEMBL section (<strong>unreviewed</strong>).<p><a href='/help/entry_status' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry statusiReviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
Annotation programPlant Protein Annotation Program

<p>This section contains any relevant information that doesn't fit in any other defined sections<p><a href='/help/miscellaneous_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Miscellaneousi

Keywords - Technical termi

Reference proteome

Documents

  1. Arabidopsis thaliana
    Arabidopsis thaliana: entries and gene names
  2. PATHWAY comments
    Index of metabolic and biosynthesis pathways
  3. SIMILARITY comments
    Index of protein domains and families
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