Transforming growth factor beta-2 proprotein

<p>This section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge.<p><a href='/help/function_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Functionⁱ

<p>The <a href="http://www.geneontology.org/">Gene Ontology (GO)</a> project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories:<p><a href='/help/gene_ontology' target='_top'>More...</a></p>GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• amyloid-beta binding Source: AgBase
• cytokine activity Source: GO_Central <p>Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor</p> <p>A type of phylogenetic evidence whereby an aspect of a descendent is inferred through the characterization of an aspect of a ancestral gene.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#iba">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief Bioinform 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• growth factor activity Source: UniProtKB-KW
• identical protein binding Source: RGD <p>Inferred from Physical Interaction</p> <p>Covers physical interactions between the gene product of interest and another molecule (or ion, or complex).</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#ipi">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from physical interactionⁱ
  • "Transforming growth factor-beta induces cellular injury in experimental diabetic neuropathy."
    Anjaneyulu M., Berent-Spillson A., Inoue T., Choi J., Cherian K., Russell J.W.
    Exp Neurol 211:469-479(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• protein-containing complex binding Source: RGD <p>Inferred from Direct Assay</p> <p>Used to indicate a direct assay for the function, process or component indicated by the GO term.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#ida">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Transforming growth factor-beta induces cellular injury in experimental diabetic neuropathy."
    Anjaneyulu M., Berent-Spillson A., Inoue T., Choi J., Cherian K., Russell J.W.
    Exp Neurol 211:469-479(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• protein homodimerization activity Source: AgBase
• protein N-terminus binding Source: RGD <p>Inferred from Mutant Phenotype</p> <p>Describes annotations that are concluded from looking at variations or changes in a gene product such as mutations or abnormal levels and includes techniques such as knockouts, overexpression, anti-sense experiments and use of specific protein inhibitors.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#imp">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Betaglycan can act as a dual modulator of TGF-beta access to signaling receptors: mapping of ligand binding and GAG attachment sites."
    Lopez-Casillas F., Payne H.M., Andres J.L., Massague J.
    J Cell Biol 124:557-568(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• signaling receptor binding Source: AgBase
• transforming growth factor beta receptor binding Source: AgBase
• type III transforming growth factor beta receptor binding Source: AgBase
• type II transforming growth factor beta receptor binding Source: AgBase

GO - Biological processⁱ

• activation of protein kinase activity Source: AgBase
• aging Source: RGD <p>Inferred from Expression Pattern</p> <p>Covers cases where the annotation is inferred from the timing or location of expression of a gene.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#iep">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Transforming growth factor-beta(s) and their receptors in aging rat prostate."
    Zhao H., Patra A., Tanaka Y., Li L.C., Dahiya R.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun 294:464-469(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• ascending aorta morphogenesis Source: RGD
• atrial septum morphogenesis Source: RGD
• atrial septum primum morphogenesis Source: RGD
• atrioventricular valve morphogenesis Source: RGD
• axon guidance Source: RGD
• blood vessel development Source: RGD
• blood vessel remodeling Source: RGD
• BMP signaling pathway Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief Bioinform 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• cardiac epithelial to mesenchymal transition Source: AgBase
• cardiac muscle cell proliferation Source: AgBase
• cardiac right ventricle morphogenesis Source: RGD
• cardioblast differentiation Source: AgBase
• cartilage condensation Source: RGD
• cell-cell junction organization Source: AgBase
• cell death Source: AgBase
• cell migration Source: AgBase
• cell morphogenesis Source: AgBase
• collagen fibril organization Source: AgBase
• cranial skeletal system development Source: RGD
• digestive tract development Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Ontogenic expression of TGFbeta 1, 2, and 3 and its receptors in the rat gastric mucosa."
    de Andrade Sa E.R., Jordao L.R., Takahashi C.A., Alvares E.P., Gama P.
    Dev Dyn 227:450-457(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• dopamine biosynthetic process Source: UniProtKB
• embryonic digestive tract development Source: AgBase
• embryonic limb morphogenesis Source: RGD
• embryonic neurocranium morphogenesis Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Transforming growth factor-beta 2 and TGF-beta 3 regulate fetal rat cranial suture morphogenesis by regulating rates of cell proliferation and apoptosis."
    Opperman L.A., Adab K., Gakunga P.T.
    Dev Dyn 219:237-247(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• endocardial cushion fusion Source: RGD
• endocardial cushion morphogenesis Source: RGD
• epithelial to mesenchymal transition Source: AgBase
• extracellular matrix organization Source: RGD
• extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway Source: AgBase
• eye development Source: AgBase
• face morphogenesis Source: RGD
• female pregnancy Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "TGF-beta expression during rat pregnancy and activity on decidual cell survival."
    Shooner C., Caron P.L., Frechette-Frigon G., Leblanc V., Dery M.C., Asselin E.
    Reprod Biol Endocrinol 3:20-20(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• frontal suture morphogenesis Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Tgf-beta1, Tgf-beta2, Tgf-beta3 and Msx2 expression is elevated during frontonasal suture morphogenesis and during active postnatal facial growth."
    Adab K., Sayne J.R., Carlson D.S., Opperman L.A.
    Orthod Craniofac Res 5:227-237(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• glial cell migration Source: AgBase
• hair follicle development Source: AgBase
• hair follicle morphogenesis Source: UniProtKB
• heart development Source: AgBase
• heart morphogenesis Source: AgBase
• heart valve morphogenesis Source: RGD
• hemopoiesis Source: UniProtKB
• hindbrain development Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "DNA array analysis of the developing rat cerebellum: transforming growth factor-beta2 inhibits constitutively activated NF-kappaB in granule neurons."
    Kaltschmidt B., Kaltschmidt C.
    Mech Dev 101:11-19(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• inner ear development Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Expression of TGFbeta family in the developing internal ear of rat embryos."
    Kim H.J., Kang K.Y., Baek J.G., Jo H.C., Kim H.
    J Korean Med Sci 21:136-142(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• kidney development Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "TGF beta 2, LIF and FGF2 cooperate to induce nephrogenesis."
    Plisov S.Y., Yoshino K., Dove L.F., Higinbotham K.G., Rubin J.S., Perantoni A.O.
    Development 128:1045-1057(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• lung development Source: RGD <p>Traceable Author Statement</p> <p>Used for information from review articles where the original experiments are traceable through that article and also for information from text books or dictionaries.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#tas">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Traceable author statementⁱ
  • "Cloning and expression of glucocorticoid-induced genes in fetal rat lung fibroblasts. Transforming growth factor-beta 3."
    Wang J., Kuliszewski M., Yee W., Sedlackova L., Xu J., Tseu I., Post M.
    J. Biol. Chem. 270:2722-2728(1995) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• male gonad development Source: RGD
• membranous septum morphogenesis Source: RGD
• negative regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity Source: AgBase
• negative regulation of angiogenesis Source: RGD
• negative regulation of apoptotic process Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Transforming growth factor-beta 2 and TGF-beta 3 regulate fetal rat cranial suture morphogenesis by regulating rates of cell proliferation and apoptosis."
    Opperman L.A., Adab K., Gakunga P.T.
    Dev Dyn 219:237-247(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of cartilage development Source: RGD
• negative regulation of cell growth Source: AgBase
• negative regulation of cell population proliferation Source: RGDInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Retinal neurons regulate proliferation of postnatal progenitors and Muller glia in the rat retina via TGF beta signaling."
    Close J.L., Gumuscu B., Reh T.A.
    Development 132:3015-3026(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation Source: AgBase
• negative regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition involved in endocardial cushion formation Source: RGD
• negative regulation of gene expression Source: RGD
• negative regulation of immune response Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Antigen presentation by vaginal cells: role of TGFbeta as a mediator of estradiol inhibition of antigen presentation."
    Wira C.R., Roche M.A., Rossoll R.M.
    Endocrinology 143:2872-2879(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of macrophage cytokine production Source: AgBase
• negative regulation of Ras protein signal transduction Source: RGD
• negative regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Involvement of transforming growth factor-beta in regulation of calcium transients in diabetic vascular smooth muscle cells."
    Sharma K., Deelman L., Madesh M., Kurz B., Ciccone E., Siva S., Hu T., Zhu Y., Wang L., Henning R., Ma X., Hajnoczky G.
    Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 285:F1258-70(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• neural retina development Source: RGD
• neural tube closure Source: RGD
• neuron development Source: UniProtKB
• neuron fate commitment Source: RGD
• neutrophil chemotaxis Source: UniProtKB
• outflow tract septum morphogenesis Source: RGD
• pancreas development Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Effects of high dose retinoic acid on TGF-beta2 expression during pancreatic organogenesis."
    Colakoglu N., Kukner A., Oner J., Sonmez M.F., Oner H., Ozan E.
    J Mol Histol 36:413-418(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation Source: AgBase
• pericyte cell differentiation Source: RGD
• pharyngeal arch artery morphogenesis Source: RGD
• positive regulation of activation-induced cell death of T cells Source: RGD
• positive regulation of apoptotic process Source: RGDInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Effects of TGF-betas and a specific antagonist on apoptosis of immature rat male germ cells in vitro."
    Konrad L., Keilani M.M., Laible L., Nottelmann U., Hofmann R.
    Apoptosis 11:739-748(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of cardioblast differentiation Source: AgBase
• positive regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin Source: AgBase
• positive regulation of cell cycle Source: UniProtKB
• positive regulation of cell division Source: UniProtKB-KW
• positive regulation of cell growth Source: AgBase
• positive regulation of cell migration Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • Ref.2

    "Transforming growth factor-beta2 mediates mesenchymal-epithelial interactions of testicular somatic cells."
    Konrad L., Albrecht M., Renneberg H., Aumuller G.
    Endocrinology 141:3679-3686(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

    Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORM TGF-BETA2A).
• positive regulation of cell population proliferation Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Transforming growth factor-beta 2 and TGF-beta 3 regulate fetal rat cranial suture morphogenesis by regulating rates of cell proliferation and apoptosis."
    Opperman L.A., Adab K., Gakunga P.T.
    Dev Dyn 219:237-247(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of epithelial cell migration Source: AgBase
• positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition Source: AgBase
• positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition involved in endocardial cushion formation Source: RGD
• positive regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly Source: RGD
• positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand Source: RGD
• positive regulation of gene expression Source: RGD
• positive regulation of GTP binding Source: RGD
• positive regulation of heart contraction Source: AgBase
• positive regulation of immune response Source: UniProtKB
• positive regulation of integrin biosynthetic process Source: AgBase
• positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process Source: AgBase
• positive regulation of Notch signaling pathway Source: RGD
• positive regulation of ossification Source: AgBase
• positive regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief Bioinform 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling Source: AgBase
• positive regulation of pri-miRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II Source: RGD
• positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus Source: RGD
• positive regulation of protein secretion Source: AgBase
• positive regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade Source: AgBase
• positive regulation of timing of catagen Source: AgBase
• protein phosphorylation Source: AgBase
• pulmonary valve morphogenesis Source: RGD
• regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization Source: RGD
• regulation of apoptotic process Source: RGD
• regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis Source: RGD
• regulation of cell cycle Source: AgBase
• regulation of cell growth Source: RGDTraceable author statementⁱ
  • Ref.2

    "Transforming growth factor-beta2 mediates mesenchymal-epithelial interactions of testicular somatic cells."
    Konrad L., Albrecht M., Renneberg H., Aumuller G.
    Endocrinology 141:3679-3686(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

    Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORM TGF-BETA2A).
• regulation of cell population proliferation Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief Bioinform 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of extracellular matrix organization Source: RGD
• regulation of timing of catagen Source: UniProtKB
• regulation of transforming growth factor beta2 production Source: AgBase
• response to cold Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "The effect of therapeutic hypothermia on the expression of inflammatory response genes following moderate traumatic brain injury in the rat."
    Truettner J.S., Suzuki T., Dietrich W.D.
    Brain Res Mol Brain Res 138:124-134(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to cytokine Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Macrophage migration inhibitory factor suppresses transforming growth factor-beta2 secretion in cultured rat testicular peritubular cells."
    Muller R., Klug J., Rodewald M., Meinhardt A.
    Reprod Fertil Dev 17:435-438(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to drug Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Astrocyte-derived transforming growth factor-{beta} mediates the neuroprotective effects of 17{beta}-estradiol: involvement of nonclassical genomic signaling pathways."
    Dhandapani K.M., Wade F.M., Mahesh V.B., Brann D.W.
    Endocrinology 146:2749-2759(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to estradiol Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Astrocyte-derived transforming growth factor-{beta} mediates the neuroprotective effects of 17{beta}-estradiol: involvement of nonclassical genomic signaling pathways."
    Dhandapani K.M., Wade F.M., Mahesh V.B., Brann D.W.
    Endocrinology 146:2749-2759(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to estrogen Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Antigen presentation by vaginal cells: role of TGFbeta as a mediator of estradiol inhibition of antigen presentation."
    Wira C.R., Roche M.A., Rossoll R.M.
    Endocrinology 143:2872-2879(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to hypoxia Source: UniProtKB
• response to laminar fluid shear stress Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Microarray analysis of mechanical shear effects on flexor tendon cells."
    Fong K.D., Trindade M.C., Wang Z., Nacamuli R.P., Pham H., Fang T.D., Song H.M., Smith R.L., Longaker M.T., Chang J.
    Plast Reconstr Surg 116:1393-1404(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to organonitrogen compound Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "The phosphodiesterase inhibitor, pentoxifylline, alters rat intestinal epithelial cell proliferation via changes in the expression of transforming growth factors."
    Diab-Assef M., Reimund J.M., Ezenfis J., Duclos B., Kedinger M., Foltzer-Jourdainne C.
    Scand J Gastroenterol 37:206-214(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to progesterone Source: AgBase
• response to radiation Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Transforming growth factor beta1 and beta2 (TGFbeta2 / TGFbeta2) profile changes in previously irradiated free flap beds."
    Schultze-Mosgau S., Wehrhan F., Grabenbauer G., Amann K., Radespiel-Troger M., Neukam F.W., Rodel F.
    Head Neck 24:33-41(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to retinoic acid Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Effects of high dose retinoic acid on TGF-beta2 expression during pancreatic organogenesis."
    Colakoglu N., Kukner A., Oner J., Sonmez M.F., Oner H., Ozan E.
    J Mol Histol 36:413-418(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to vitamin D Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Cellular and molecular events associated with the bone-protecting activity of the noncalcemic vitamin D analog Ro-26-9228 in osteopenic rats."
    Peleg S., Uskokovic M., Ahene A., Vickery B., Avnur Z.
    Endocrinology 143:1625-1636(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to wounding Source: AgBase
• salivary gland morphogenesis Source: AgBase
• secondary palate development Source: RGD
• signal transduction Source: AgBase
• skeletal muscle tissue development Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Expression of the TGF-beta family of ligands is developmentally regulated in skeletal muscle of neonatal rats."
    Suryawan A., Frank J.W., Nguyen H.V., Davis T.A.
    Pediatr Res 59:175-179(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• skeletal system development Source: RGD
• SMAD protein signal transduction Source: AgBase
• somatic stem cell division Source: UniProtKB
• substantia propria of cornea development Source: RGD
• thyroid gland development Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Immunolocalization of TGF-beta2 in the rat thymus during late stages of prenatal development."
    Sonmez M.F., Colakoglu N., Kukner A., Ozan E., Dabak D.O.
    Acta Histochem 111:68-73(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway Source: AgBase
• uterus development Source: RGD
• ventricular septum morphogenesis Source: RGD
• ventricular trabecula myocardium morphogenesis Source: RGD
• wound healing Source: RGDInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "The effect of antibodies to TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 at a site of sciatic nerve repair."
    Atkins S., Smith K.G., Loescher A.R., Boissonade F.M., Ferguson M.W., Robinson P.P.
    J Peripher Nerv Syst 11:286-293(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

<p>UniProtKB Keywords constitute a <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/keywords">controlled vocabulary</a> with a hierarchical structure. Keywords summarise the content of a UniProtKB entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest.<p><a href='/help/keywords' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Keywordsⁱ

Enzyme and pathway databases

<p>This section provides information about the protein and gene name(s) and synonym(s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/names_and_taxonomy_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Names & Taxonomyⁱ

Organism-specific databases

<p>This section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell.<p><a href='/help/subcellular_location_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subcellular locationⁱ

• UniProt annotation
• GO - Cellular component

Keywords - Cellular componentⁱ

<p>This section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs) and/or processing events.<p><a href='/help/ptm_processing_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>PTM / Processingⁱ

Molecule processing

Amino acid modifications

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/ptm_processing_section">PTM/processing</a> section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs). This subsection <strong>complements</strong> the information provided at the sequence level or describes modifications for which <strong>position-specific data is not yet available</strong>.<p><a href='/help/post-translational_modification' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Post-translational modificationⁱ

Keywords - PTMⁱ

Proteomic databases

PTM databases

<p>This section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms.<p><a href='/help/expression_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Expressionⁱ

<p>This subsection of the 'Expression' section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms. By default, the information is derived from experiments at the mRNA level, unless specified 'at protein level'.<br></br>Examples: <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P92958#expression">P92958</a>, <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8TDN4#expression">Q8TDN4</a>, <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O14734#expression">O14734</a><p><a href='/help/tissue_specificity' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Tissue specificityⁱ

<p>This subsection of the 'Expression' section provides information on the expression of the gene product at various stages of a cell, tissue or organism development. By default, the information is derived from experiments at the mRNA level, unless specified 'at the protein level'.<p><a href='/help/developmental_stage' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Developmental stageⁱ

<p>This subsection of the 'Expression' section reports the experimentally proven effects of inducers and repressors (usually chemical compounds or environmental factors) on the level of protein (or mRNA) expression (up-regulation, down-regulation, constitutive expression).<p><a href='/help/induction' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Inductionⁱ

Gene expression databases

<p>This section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes.<p><a href='/help/interaction_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Interactionⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/interaction_section">'Interaction'</a> section provides information about the protein quaternary structure and interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes (with the exception of physiological receptor-ligand interactions which are annotated in the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function_section">'Function'</a> section).<p><a href='/help/subunit_structure' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subunit structureⁱ

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• cytokine activity Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief Bioinform 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• growth factor activity Source: UniProtKB-KW
• identical protein binding Source: RGDInferred from physical interactionⁱ
  • "Transforming growth factor-beta induces cellular injury in experimental diabetic neuropathy."
    Anjaneyulu M., Berent-Spillson A., Inoue T., Choi J., Cherian K., Russell J.W.
    Exp Neurol 211:469-479(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• protein homodimerization activity Source: AgBase
• protein N-terminus binding Source: RGDInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Betaglycan can act as a dual modulator of TGF-beta access to signaling receptors: mapping of ligand binding and GAG attachment sites."
    Lopez-Casillas F., Payne H.M., Andres J.L., Massague J.
    J Cell Biol 124:557-568(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• signaling receptor binding Source: AgBase
• transforming growth factor beta receptor binding Source: AgBase
• type III transforming growth factor beta receptor binding Source: AgBase
• type II transforming growth factor beta receptor binding Source: AgBase

Protein-protein interaction databases

<p>This section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein.<p><a href='/help/structure_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Structureⁱ

3D structure databases

<p>This section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain(s) present in a protein.<p><a href='/help/family_and_domains_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Family & Domainsⁱ

<p>This subsection of the 'Family and domains' section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins.<p><a href='/help/sequence_similarities' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence similaritiesⁱ

Keywords - Domainⁱ

Phylogenomic databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. It also includes information pertinent to the sequence(s), including <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequence_length">length</a> and <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences">molecular weight</a>. The information is filed in different subsections. The current subsections and their content are listed below:<p><a href='/help/sequences_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequences (2+)ⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences_section">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical_and_isoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is complete or not.<p><a href='/help/sequence_status' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence statusⁱ: Complete.

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences_section">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical_and_isoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is in its mature form or if it represents the precursor.<p><a href='/help/sequence_processing' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence processingⁱ: The displayed sequence is further processed into a mature form.

This entry has 2 described isoforms and 1 potential isoform that is computationally mapped.Show allAlign All

        10         20         30         40         50
MHYCVLRTFL LLHLVPVALS LSTCSTLDMD QFMRKRIEAI RGQILSKLKL 
        60         70         80         90        100
TSPPEDYPEP DEVPPEVISI YNSTRDLLQE KASRRAAACE RERSDEEYYA 
       110        120        130        140        150
KEVYKIDMPS HFPSETVCPV VTTSSGSVGS FCSIQSQVLC GYLDAIPPTF 
       160        170        180        190        200
YRPYFRIVRF DVSTMEKNAS NLVKAEFRVF RLQNPKARVA EQRIELYQIL 
       210        220        230        240        250
KSKDLTSPTQ RYIDSKVVKT RAEGEWLSFD VTDAVHEWLH HKDRNLGFKI 
       260        270        280        290        300
SLHCPCCTFI PSNNYIIPNK SQELEARFAG IDGTSTYASG DQKTIKSTRK 
       310        320        330        340        350
KSSGKTPHLL LMLLPSYRLE SQQSSRRRKR ALDAAYCFRN VQDNCCLRPL 
       360        370        380        390        400
YIDFKRDLGW KWIHEPKGYN ANFCAGACPY LWSSDTQHTK VLSLYNTINP 
       410        420        430        440 
EASASPCCVS QDLEPLTILY YIGNTPKIEQ LSNMIVKSCK CS         

        10         20         30         40         50
MHYCVLRTFL LLHLVPVALS LSTCSTLDMD QFMRKRIEAI RGQILSKLKL 
        60         70         80         90        100
TSPPEDYPEP DEVPPEVISI YNSTRDLLQE KASRRAAACE RERSDEEYYA 
       110        120        130        140        150
KEVYKIDMPS HFPSENAIPP TFYRPYFRIV RFDVSTMEKN ASNLVKAEFR 
       160        170        180        190        200
VFRLQNPKAR VAEQRIELYQ ILKSKDLTSP TQRYIDSKVV KTRAEGEWLS 
       210        220        230        240        250
FDVTDAVHEW LHHKDRNLGF KISLHCPCCT FIPSNNYIIP NKSQELEARF 
       260        270        280        290        300
AGIDGTSTYA SGDQKTIKST RKKSSGKTPH LLLMLLPSYR LESQQSSRRR 
       310        320        330        340        350
KRALDAAYCF RNVQDNCCLR PLYIDFKRDL GWKWIHEPKG YNANFCAGAC 
       360        370        380        390        400
PYLWSSDTQH TKVLSLYNTI NPEASASPCC VSQDLEPLTI LYYIGNTPKI 
       410 
EQLSNMIVKS CKCS                                        

Experimental Info

Alternative sequence

Sequence databases

Genome annotation databases

Keywords - Coding sequence diversityⁱ

<p>This section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence(s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100%, 90% and 50%) based on their membership in UniProt Reference Clusters (<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/uniref">UniRef</a>).<p><a href='/help/similar_proteins_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Similar proteinsⁱ

• 90% Identity
• 50% Identity

<p>This section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than UniProtKB.<p><a href='/help/cross_references_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Cross-referencesⁱ

Sequence databases

3D structure databases

Protein-protein interaction databases

PTM databases

Proteomic databases

Genome annotation databases

Organism-specific databases

Phylogenomic databases

Enzyme and pathway databases

Miscellaneous databases

Gene expression databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section provides general information on the entry.<p><a href='/help/entry_information_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry informationⁱ

<p>This section contains any relevant information that doesn't fit in any other defined sections<p><a href='/help/miscellaneous_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Miscellaneousⁱ

Keywords - Technical termⁱ

Documents

1. SIMILARITY comments
   Index of protein domains and families