Synaptic vesicular amine transporter

<p>This section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge.<p><a href='/help/function_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Functionⁱ

<p>The <a href="http://www.geneontology.org/">Gene Ontology (GO)</a> project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories:<p><a href='/help/gene_ontology' target='_top'>More...</a></p>GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• amine transmembrane transporter activity Source: RGD <p>Inferred from Direct Assay</p> <p>Used to indicate a direct assay for the function, process or component indicated by the GO term.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide%2Dgo%2Devidence%2Dcodes#ida">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from direct assayⁱ
  • Ref.1

    "A cDNA that suppresses MPP+ toxicity encodes a vesicular amine transporter."
    Liu Y., Peter D., Roghani A., Schuldiner S., Prive G.G., Eisenberg D., Brecha N., Edwards R.H.
    Cell 70:539-551(1992) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

    Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA].
• drug binding Source: RGD <p>Inferred from Physical Interaction</p> <p>Covers physical interactions between the gene product of interest and another molecule (or ion, or complex).</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide%2Dgo%2Devidence%2Dcodes#ipi">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from physical interactionⁱ
  • "Directed evolution reveals hidden properties of VMAT, a neurotransmitter transporter."
    Gros Y., Schuldiner S.
    J. Biol. Chem. 285:5076-5084(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• enzyme binding Source: RGDInferred from physical interactionⁱ
  • "A biochemical and functional protein complex involving dopamine synthesis and transport into synaptic vesicles."
    Cartier E.A., Parra L.A., Baust T.B., Quiroz M., Salazar G., Faundez V., Egana L., Torres G.E.
    J. Biol. Chem. 285:1957-1966(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• heat shock protein binding Source: RGDInferred from physical interactionⁱ
  • "The molecular chaperone Hsc70 interacts with the vesicular monoamine transporter-2."
    Requena D.F., Parra L.A., Baust T.B., Quiroz M., Leak R.K., Garcia-Olivares J., Torres G.E.
    J. Neurochem. 110:581-594(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• monoamine transmembrane transporter activity Source: GO_Central <p>Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor</p> <p>A type of phylogenetic evidence whereby an aspect of a descendent is inferred through the characterization of an aspect of a ancestral gene.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide%2Dgo%2Devidence%2Dcodes#iba">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief. Bioinformatics 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• serotonin:sodium symporter activity Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Directed evolution reveals hidden properties of VMAT, a neurotransmitter transporter."
    Gros Y., Schuldiner S.
    J. Biol. Chem. 285:5076-5084(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• transmembrane transporter activity Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief. Bioinformatics 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activity Source: InterPro

GO - Biological processⁱ

• aging Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Deglycosylation and subcellular redistribution of VMAT2 in the mesostriatal system during normal aging."
    Cruz-Muros I., Afonso-Oramas D., Abreu P., Rodriguez M., Gonzalez M.C., Gonzalez-Hernandez T.
    Neurobiol. Aging 29:1702-1711(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• aminergic neurotransmitter loading into synaptic vesicle Source: RGD <p>Inferred from Mutant Phenotype</p> <p>Describes annotations that are concluded from looking at variations or changes in a gene product such as mutations or abnormal levels and includes techniques such as knockouts, overexpression, anti-sense experiments and use of specific protein inhibitors.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide%2Dgo%2Devidence%2Dcodes#imp">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "A biochemical and functional protein complex involving dopamine synthesis and transport into synaptic vesicles."
    Cartier E.A., Parra L.A., Baust T.B., Quiroz M., Salazar G., Faundez V., Egana L., Torres G.E.
    J. Biol. Chem. 285:1957-1966(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• cellular response to ammonium ion Source: RGD <p>Inferred from Expression Pattern</p> <p>Covers cases where the annotation is inferred from the timing or location of expression of a gene.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide%2Dgo%2Devidence%2Dcodes#iep">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Vesicular monoamine and glutamate transporters select distinct synaptic vesicle recycling pathways."
    Onoa B., Li H., Gagnon-Bartsch J.A., Elias L.A., Edwards R.H.
    J. Neurosci. 30:7917-7927(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• cellular response to drug Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Directed evolution reveals hidden properties of VMAT, a neurotransmitter transporter."
    Gros Y., Schuldiner S.
    J. Biol. Chem. 285:5076-5084(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• endocytic recycling Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Vesicular monoamine and glutamate transporters select distinct synaptic vesicle recycling pathways."
    Onoa B., Li H., Gagnon-Bartsch J.A., Elias L.A., Edwards R.H.
    J. Neurosci. 30:7917-7927(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• glucose homeostasis Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Role of vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 in rodent insulin secretion and glucose metabolism revealed by its specific antagonist tetrabenazine."
    Raffo A., Hancock K., Polito T., Xie Y., Andan G., Witkowski P., Hardy M., Barba P., Ferrara C., Maffei A., Freeby M., Goland R., Leibel R.L., Sweet I.R., Harris P.E.
    J. Endocrinol. 198:41-49(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• insulin secretion Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Role of vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 in rodent insulin secretion and glucose metabolism revealed by its specific antagonist tetrabenazine."
    Raffo A., Hancock K., Polito T., Xie Y., Andan G., Witkowski P., Hardy M., Barba P., Ferrara C., Maffei A., Freeby M., Goland R., Leibel R.L., Sweet I.R., Harris P.E.
    J. Endocrinol. 198:41-49(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• locomotory behavior Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "VMAT2 knockout mice: heterozygotes display reduced amphetamine-conditioned reward, enhanced amphetamine locomotion, and enhanced MPTP toxicity."
    Takahashi N., Miner L.L., Sora I., Ujike H., Revay R.S., Kostic V., Jackson-Lewis V., Przedborski S., Uhl G.R.
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94:9938-9943(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• monoamine transport Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • Ref.2

    "Expression cloning of a reserpine-sensitive vesicular monoamine transporter."
    Erickson J.D., Eiden L.E., Hoffman B.J.
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:10993-10997(1992) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

    Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA].
• negative regulation of neurotransmitter transport Source: RGDInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "The first luminal domain of vesicular monoamine transporters mediates G-protein-dependent regulation of transmitter uptake."
    Brunk I., Blex C., Rachakonda S., Holtje M., Winter S., Pahner I., Walther D.J., Ahnert-Hilger G.
    J. Biol. Chem. 281:33373-33385(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• neurotransmitter loading into synaptic vesicle Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Knockout of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 gene results in neonatal death and supersensitivity to cocaine and amphetamine."
    Wang Y.M., Gainetdinov R.R., Fumagalli F., Xu F., Jones S.R., Bock C.B., Miller G.W., Wightman R.M., Caron M.G.
    Neuron 19:1285-1296(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• neurotransmitter transport Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Ca2+-dependent activator proteins of secretion promote vesicular monoamine uptake."
    Brunk I., Blex C., Speidel D., Brose N., Ahnert-Hilger G.
    J. Biol. Chem. 284:1050-1056(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• post-embryonic development Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "VMAT2 knockout mice: heterozygotes display reduced amphetamine-conditioned reward, enhanced amphetamine locomotion, and enhanced MPTP toxicity."
    Takahashi N., Miner L.L., Sora I., Ujike H., Revay R.S., Kostic V., Jackson-Lewis V., Przedborski S., Uhl G.R.
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94:9938-9943(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to amphetamine Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Regulation of glutamate release by alpha7 nicotinic receptors: differential role in methamphetamine-induced damage to dopaminergic and serotonergic terminals."
    Northrop N.A., Smith L.P., Yamamoto B.K., Eyerman D.J.
    J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 336:900-907(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to cocaine Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Cocaine alters vesicular dopamine sequestration and potassium-stimulated dopamine release: the role of D2 receptor activation."
    Farnsworth S.J., Volz T.J., Hanson G.R., Fleckenstein A.E.
    J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 328:807-812(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to corticosterone Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Profound changes in dopaminergic neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex in response to flattening of the diurnal glucocorticoid rhythm: implications for bipolar disorder."
    Minton G.O., Young A.H., McQuade R., Fairchild G., Ingram C.D., Gartside S.E.
    Neuropsychopharmacology 34:2265-2274(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to drug Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Method development and validation of an in vitro model of the effects of methylphenidate on membrane-associated synaptic vesicles."
    Volz T.J., Farnsworth S.J., Hanson G.R., Fleckenstein A.E.
    J. Neurosci. Methods 177:177-182(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to herbicide Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Effect of zinc and paraquat co-exposure on neurodegeneration: Modulation of oxidative stress and expression of metallothioneins, toxicant responsive and transporter genes in rats."
    Kumar A., Ahmad I., Shukla S., Singh B.K., Patel D.K., Pandey H.P., Singh C.
    Free Radic. Res. 44:950-965(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to metal ion Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Dopaminergic neurotoxicity following pulmonary exposure to manganese-containing welding fumes."
    Sriram K., Lin G.X., Jefferson A.M., Roberts J.R., Chapman R.S., Chen B.T., Soukup J.M., Ghio A.J., Antonini J.M.
    Arch. Toxicol. 84:521-540(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to starvation Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Fasting-induced changes in ECL cell gene expression."
    Lambrecht N.W., Yakubov I., Sachs G.
    Physiol. Genomics 31:183-192(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to toxic substance Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "VMAT2 knockout mice: heterozygotes display reduced amphetamine-conditioned reward, enhanced amphetamine locomotion, and enhanced MPTP toxicity."
    Takahashi N., Miner L.L., Sora I., Ujike H., Revay R.S., Kostic V., Jackson-Lewis V., Przedborski S., Uhl G.R.
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94:9938-9943(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to zinc ion Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Effect of zinc and paraquat co-exposure on neurodegeneration: Modulation of oxidative stress and expression of metallothioneins, toxicant responsive and transporter genes in rats."
    Kumar A., Ahmad I., Shukla S., Singh B.K., Patel D.K., Pandey H.P., Singh C.
    Free Radic. Res. 44:950-965(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

<p>UniProtKB Keywords constitute a <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/keywords">controlled vocabulary</a> with a hierarchical structure. Keywords summarise the content of a UniProtKB entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest.<p><a href='/help/keywords' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Keywordsⁱ

Enzyme and pathway databases

<p>This section provides information about the protein and gene name(s) and synonym(s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/names_and_taxonomy_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Names & Taxonomyⁱ

Organism-specific databases

<p>This section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell.<p><a href='/help/subcellular_location_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subcellular locationⁱ

Topology

Keywords - Cellular componentⁱ

<p>This section provides information on the disease(s) and phenotype(s) associated with a protein.<p><a href='/help/pathology_and_biotech_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Pathology & Biotechⁱ

Chemistry databases

<p>This section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs) and/or processing events.<p><a href='/help/ptm_processing_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>PTM / Processingⁱ

Molecule processing

Amino acid modifications

Keywords - PTMⁱ

Proteomic databases

PTM databases

<p>This section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms.<p><a href='/help/expression_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Expressionⁱ

<p>This subsection of the 'Expression' section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms. By default, the information is derived from experiments at the mRNA level, unless specified 'at protein level'.<br></br>Examples: <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P92958#expression">P92958</a>, <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8TDN4#expression">Q8TDN4</a>, <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O14734#expression">O14734</a><p><a href='/help/tissue_specificity' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Tissue specificityⁱ

<p>This section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes.<p><a href='/help/interaction_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Interactionⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/interaction%5Fsection">'Interaction'</a> section provides information about the protein quaternary structure and interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes (with the exception of physiological receptor-ligand interactions which are annotated in the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function%5Fsection">'Function'</a> section).<p><a href='/help/subunit_structure' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subunit structureⁱ

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• enzyme binding Source: RGDInferred from physical interactionⁱ
  • "A biochemical and functional protein complex involving dopamine synthesis and transport into synaptic vesicles."
    Cartier E.A., Parra L.A., Baust T.B., Quiroz M., Salazar G., Faundez V., Egana L., Torres G.E.
    J. Biol. Chem. 285:1957-1966(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• heat shock protein binding Source: RGDInferred from physical interactionⁱ
  • "The molecular chaperone Hsc70 interacts with the vesicular monoamine transporter-2."
    Requena D.F., Parra L.A., Baust T.B., Quiroz M., Leak R.K., Garcia-Olivares J., Torres G.E.
    J. Neurochem. 110:581-594(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

Protein-protein interaction databases

Chemistry databases

<p>This section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain(s) present in a protein.<p><a href='/help/family_and_domains_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Family & Domainsⁱ

<p>This subsection of the 'Family and domains' section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins.<p><a href='/help/sequence_similarities' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence similaritiesⁱ

Keywords - Domainⁱ

Phylogenomic databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. It also includes information pertinent to the sequence(s), including <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequence%5Flength">length</a> and <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences">molecular weight</a>. The information is filed in different subsections. The current subsections and their content are listed below:<p><a href='/help/sequences_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence (1+)ⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences%5Fsection">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical%5Fand%5Fisoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is complete or not.<p><a href='/help/sequence_status' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence statusⁱ: Complete.

This entry has 1 described isoform and 1 potential isoform that is computationally mapped.Show allAlign All

        10         20         30         40         50
MALSDLVLLR WLRDSRHSRK LILFIVFLAL LLDNMLLTVV VPIIPSYLYS 
        60         70         80         90        100
IKHEKNSTEI QTTRPELVVS TSESIFSYYN NSTVLITGNA TGTLPGGQSH 
       110        120        130        140        150
KATSTQHTVA NTTVPSDCPS EDRDLLNENV QVGLLFASKA TVQLLTNPFI 
       160        170        180        190        200
GLLTNRIGYP IPMFAGFCIM FISTVMFAFS SSYAFLLIAR SLQGIGSSCS 
       210        220        230        240        250
SVAGMGMLAS VYTDDEERGK PMGIALGGLA MGVLVGPPFG SVLYEFVGKT 
       260        270        280        290        300
APFLVLAALV LLDGAIQLFV LQPSRVQPES QKGTPLTTLL KDPYILIAAG 
       310        320        330        340        350
SICFANMGIA MLEPALPIWM METMCSRKWQ LGVAFLPASI SYLIGTNIFG 
       360        370        380        390        400
ILAHKMGRWL CALLGMVIVG ISILCIPFAK NIYGLIAPNF GVGFAIGMVD 
       410        420        430        440        450
SSMMPIMGYL VDLRHVSVYG SVYAIADVAF CMGYAIGPSA GGAIAKAIGF 
       460        470        480        490        500
PWLMTIIGII DIAFAPLCFF LRSPPAKEEK MAILMDHNCP IKRKMYTQNN 
       510 
VQSYPIGDDE ESESD                                       

Experimental Info

Sequence databases

Genome annotation databases

<p>This section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence(s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100%, 90% and 50%) based on their membership in UniProt Reference Clusters (<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/uniref">UniRef</a>).<p><a href='/help/similar_proteins_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Similar proteinsⁱ

• 90% Identity
• 50% Identity

<p>This section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than UniProtKB.<p><a href='/help/cross_references_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Cross-referencesⁱ

Sequence databases

3D structure databases

Protein-protein interaction databases

Chemistry databases

PTM databases

Proteomic databases

Genome annotation databases

Organism-specific databases

Phylogenomic databases

Enzyme and pathway databases

Miscellaneous databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section provides general information on the entry.<p><a href='/help/entry_information_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry informationⁱ

<p>This section contains any relevant information that doesn't fit in any other defined sections<p><a href='/help/miscellaneous_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Miscellaneousⁱ

Keywords - Technical termⁱ

Documents

1. SIMILARITY comments
   Index of protein domains and families