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UniProtKB - P63224 (GMHA_ECOLI)

Entry version 124 (07 Oct 2020)
Sequence version 1 (27 Sep 2004)
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Protein

Phosphoheptose isomerase

Gene

gmhA

Organism
Escherichia coli (strain K12)
Status
Reviewed-Annotation score:

Annotation score:5 out of 5

<p>The annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a UniProtKB entry or proteome. This score <strong>cannot</strong> be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the 'correct annotation' for any given protein.<p><a href='/help/annotation_score' target='_top'>More...</a></p>-Experimental evidence at protein leveli <p>This indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein. Note that the 'protein existence' evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence(s) displayed.<p><a href='/help/protein_existence' target='_top'>More...</a></p>

<p>This section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge.<p><a href='/help/function_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Functioni

Catalyzes the isomerization of sedoheptulose 7-phosphate in D-glycero-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate.2 Publications

Miscellaneous

The reaction produces a racemic mixture of D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate and D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate.

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function%5Fsection">Function</a> section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme, i.e. a chemical reaction that the enzyme catalyzes.<p><a href='/help/catalytic_activity' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Catalytic activityi

<p>This subsection of the 'Function' section provides information relevant to cofactors. A cofactor is any non-protein substance required for a protein to be catalytically active. Some cofactors are inorganic, such as the metal atoms zinc, iron, and copper in various oxidation states. Others, such as most vitamins, are organic.<p><a href='/help/cofactor' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Cofactori

Zn2+By similarityNote: Binds 1 zinc ion per subunit.By similarity

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function%5Fsection">'Function'</a> section describes the metabolic pathway(s) associated with a protein.<p><a href='/help/pathway' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Pathwayi: D-glycero-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate biosynthesis

This protein is involved in step 1 of the subpathway that synthesizes D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate and D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate from sedoheptulose 7-phosphate.
Proteins known to be involved in this subpathway in this organism are:
  1. Phosphoheptose isomerase (lpcA), Phosphoheptose isomerase (gmhA)
This subpathway is part of the pathway D-glycero-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate biosynthesis, which is itself part of Carbohydrate biosynthesis.
View all proteins of this organism that are known to be involved in the subpathway that synthesizes D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate and D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate from sedoheptulose 7-phosphate, the pathway D-glycero-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate biosynthesis and in Carbohydrate biosynthesis.

Pathwayi: LPS core biosynthesis

This protein is involved in the pathway LPS core biosynthesis, which is part of Bacterial outer membrane biogenesis.
View all proteins of this organism that are known to be involved in the pathway LPS core biosynthesis and in Bacterial outer membrane biogenesis.

Sites

Feature keyPosition(s)DescriptionActionsGraphical viewLength
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function%5Fsection">Function</a> section indicates at which position the protein binds a given metal ion. The nature of the metal is indicated in the 'Description' field.<p><a href='/help/metal' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Metal bindingi61ZincBy similarity1
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function%5Fsection">Function</a> section describes the interaction between a single amino acid and another chemical entity. Priority is given to the annotation of physiological ligands.<p><a href='/help/binding' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Binding sitei61Substrate1
Metal bindingi65ZincBy similarity1
Binding sitei65SubstrateBy similarity1
Binding sitei120Substrate1
Binding sitei124SubstrateBy similarity1
Binding sitei169Substrate1
Metal bindingi172ZincBy similarity1
Binding sitei172Substrate1
Metal bindingi180ZincBy similarity1
Binding sitei180Substrate1

<p>The <a href="http://www.geneontology.org/">Gene Ontology (GO)</a> project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories:<p><a href='/help/gene_ontology' target='_top'>More...</a></p>GO - Molecular functioni

Complete GO annotation on QuickGO ...

GO - Biological processi

Complete GO annotation on QuickGO ...

<p>UniProtKB Keywords constitute a <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/keywords">controlled vocabulary</a> with a hierarchical structure. Keywords summarise the content of a UniProtKB entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest.<p><a href='/help/keywords' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Keywordsi

Molecular functionIsomerase
Biological processCarbohydrate metabolism, Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis
LigandMetal-binding, Zinc

Enzyme and pathway databases

BioCyc Collection of Pathway/Genome Databases

More...BioCyci		EcoCyc:G6106-MONOMER
MetaCyc:G6106-MONOMER

BRENDA Comprehensive Enzyme Information System

More...BRENDAi		5.3.1.28, 2026

UniPathway: a resource for the exploration and annotation of metabolic pathways

More...UniPathwayi		UPA00041;UER00436
UPA00958

<p>This section provides information about the protein and gene name(s) and synonym(s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/names_and_taxonomy_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Names & Taxonomyi

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/names%5Fand%5Ftaxonomy%5Fsection">Names and taxonomy</a> section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein, from commonly used to obsolete, to allow unambiguous identification of a protein.<p><a href='/help/protein_names' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Protein namesi
Recommended name:
Phosphoheptose isomerase (EC:5.3.1.28)
Alternative name(s):
Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate isomerase
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/names%5Fand%5Ftaxonomy%5Fsection">Names and taxonomy</a> section indicates the name(s) of the gene(s) that code for the protein sequence(s) described in the entry. Four distinct tokens exist: 'Name', 'Synonyms', 'Ordered locus names' and 'ORF names'.<p><a href='/help/gene_name' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Gene namesi
Name:gmhA
Synonyms:lpcA, tfrA, yafI
Ordered Locus Names:b0222, JW0212
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/names%5Fand%5Ftaxonomy%5Fsection">Names and taxonomy</a> section provides information on the name(s) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/organism-name' target='_top'>More...</a></p>OrganismiEscherichia coli (strain K12)
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/names%5Fand%5Ftaxonomy%5Fsection">Names and taxonomy</a> section shows the unique identifier assigned by the NCBI to the source organism of the protein. This is known as the 'taxonomic identifier' or 'taxid'.<p><a href='/help/taxonomic_identifier' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Taxonomic identifieri83333 [NCBI]
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/names%5Fand%5Ftaxonomy%5Fsection">Names and taxonomy</a> section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism. It lists the nodes as they appear top-down in the taxonomic tree, with the more general grouping listed first.<p><a href='/help/taxonomic_lineage' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Taxonomic lineageiBacteria › Proteobacteria › Gammaproteobacteria › Enterobacterales › Enterobacteriaceae › Escherichia ›
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/names%5Fand%5Ftaxonomy%5Fsection">Names and taxonomy</a> section is present for entries that are part of a <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/proteomes">proteome</a>, i.e. of a set of proteins thought to be expressed by organisms whose genomes have been completely sequenced.<p><a href='/help/proteomes_manual' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Proteomesi
  • UP000000318 <p>A UniProt <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/manual/proteomes%5Fmanual">proteome</a> can consist of several components.<br></br>The component name refers to the genomic component encoding a set of proteins.<p><a href='/help/proteome_component' target='_top'>More...</a></p> Componenti: Chromosome
  • UP000000625 Componenti: Chromosome

<p>This section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell.<p><a href='/help/subcellular_location_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subcellular locationi

GO - Cellular componenti

Complete GO annotation on QuickGO ...

Keywords - Cellular componenti

Cytoplasm

<p>This section provides information on the disease(s) and phenotype(s) associated with a protein.<p><a href='/help/pathology_and_biotech_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Pathology & Biotechi

Mutagenesis

Feature keyPosition(s)DescriptionActionsGraphical viewLength
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/manual/pathology%5Fand%5Fbiotech%5Fsection">'Pathology and Biotech'</a> section describes the effect of the experimental mutation of one or more amino acid(s) on the biological properties of the protein.<p><a href='/help/mutagen' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Mutagenesisi61H → Q: Almost no effect. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi65E → N or Q: No activity. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi69R → Q: Almost no effect. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi94D → N: No activity. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi120T → A: No activity. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi169D → N: No activity. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi172Q → E: No activity. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi180H → Q: No activity. 1 Publication1

<p>This section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs) and/or processing events.<p><a href='/help/ptm_processing_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>PTM / Processingi

Molecule processing

Feature keyPosition(s)DescriptionActionsGraphical viewLength
<p>This subsection of the 'PTM / Processing' section describes the extent of a polypeptide chain in the mature protein following processing or proteolytic cleavage.<p><a href='/help/chain' target='_top'>More...</a></p>ChainiPRO_00001365261 – 192Phosphoheptose isomeraseAdd BLAST192

Proteomic databases

jPOST - Japan Proteome Standard Repository/Database

More...jPOSTi		P63224

PaxDb, a database of protein abundance averages across all three domains of life

More...PaxDbi		P63224

PRoteomics IDEntifications database

More...PRIDEi		P63224

<p>This section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes.<p><a href='/help/interaction_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Interactioni

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/interaction%5Fsection">'Interaction'</a> section provides information about the protein quaternary structure and interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes (with the exception of physiological receptor-ligand interactions which are annotated in the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function%5Fsection">'Function'</a> section).<p><a href='/help/subunit_structure' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subunit structurei

Homotetramer.

1 Publication

GO - Molecular functioni

Complete GO annotation on QuickGO ...

Protein-protein interaction databases

The Biological General Repository for Interaction Datasets (BioGRID)

More...BioGRIDi		4263370, 277 interactors

Database of interacting proteins

More...DIPi		DIP-48179N

STRING: functional protein association networks

More...STRINGi		511145.b0222

<p>This section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein.<p><a href='/help/structure_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Structurei

Secondary structure

1192
Legend: HelixTurnBeta strandPDB Structure known for this area
Show more details

3D structure databases

SWISS-MODEL Repository - a database of annotated 3D protein structure models

More...SMRi		P63224

Database of comparative protein structure models

More...ModBasei		Search...

Protein Data Bank in Europe - Knowledge Base

More...PDBe-KBi		Search...

Miscellaneous databases

Relative evolutionary importance of amino acids within a protein sequence

More...EvolutionaryTracei		P63224

<p>This section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain(s) present in a protein.<p><a href='/help/family_and_domains_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Family & Domainsi

Domains and Repeats

Feature keyPosition(s)DescriptionActionsGraphical viewLength
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/family%5Fand%5Fdomains%5Fsection">Family and Domains</a> section describes the position and type of a domain, which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three-dimensional structure or fold.<p><a href='/help/domain' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Domaini37 – 192SISAdd BLAST156

Region

Feature keyPosition(s)DescriptionActionsGraphical viewLength
<p>This subsection of the 'Family and Domains' section describes a region of interest that cannot be described in other subsections.<p><a href='/help/region' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Regioni54 – 55Substrate binding2
Regioni93 – 94Substrate bindingBy similarity2
Regioni119 – 121Substrate bindingBy similarity3

<p>This subsection of the 'Family and domains' section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins.<p><a href='/help/sequence_similarities' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence similaritiesi

Belongs to the SIS family. GmhA subfamily.Curated

Phylogenomic databases

evolutionary genealogy of genes: Non-supervised Orthologous Groups

More...eggNOGi		COG0279, Bacteria

The HOGENOM Database of Homologous Genes from Fully Sequenced Organisms

More...HOGENOMi		CLU_080999_4_0_6

InParanoid: Eukaryotic Ortholog Groups

More...InParanoidi		P63224

KEGG Orthology (KO)

More...KOi		K03271

Database for complete collections of gene phylogenies

More...PhylomeDBi		P63224

Family and domain databases

Conserved Domains Database

More...CDDi		cd05006, SIS_GmhA, 1 hit

HAMAP database of protein families

More...HAMAPi		MF_00067, GmhA, 1 hit

Integrated resource of protein families, domains and functional sites

More...InterProi		View protein in InterPro
IPR035461, GmhA/DiaA
IPR004515, Phosphoheptose_Isoase
IPR001347, SIS

Pfam protein domain database

More...Pfami		View protein in Pfam
PF13580, SIS_2, 1 hit

TIGRFAMs; a protein family database

More...TIGRFAMsi		TIGR00441, gmhA, 1 hit

PROSITE; a protein domain and family database

More...PROSITEi		View protein in PROSITE
PS51464, SIS, 1 hit

<p>This section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. It also includes information pertinent to the sequence(s), including <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequence%5Flength">length</a> and <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences">molecular weight</a>. The information is filed in different subsections. The current subsections and their content are listed below:<p><a href='/help/sequences_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequencei

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences%5Fsection">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical%5Fand%5Fisoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is complete or not.<p><a href='/help/sequence_status' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence statusi: Complete.

P63224-1 [UniParc]FASTAAdd to basket
« Hide
        10         20         30         40         50
MYQDLIRNEL NEAAETLANF LKDDANIHAI QRAAVLLADS FKAGGKVLSC 
        60         70         80         90        100
GNGGSHCDAM HFAEELTGRY RENRPGYPAI AISDVSHISC VGNDFGFNDI 
       110        120        130        140        150
FSRYVEAVGR EGDVLLGIST SGNSANVIKA IAAAREKGMK VITLTGKDGG 
       160        170        180        190 
KMAGTADIEI RVPHFGYADR IQEIHIKVIH ILIQLIEKEM VK
Length:192
Mass (Da):20,815
Last modified:September 27, 2004 - v1
<p>The checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. It is useful for tracking sequence updates.</p> <p>It should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low.</p> <p>However UniProtKB may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs).</p> <p>The checksum is computed as the sequence 64-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check value (CRC64) using the generator polynomial: x<sup>64</sup> + x<sup>4</sup> + x<sup>3</sup> + x + 1. The algorithm is described in the ISO 3309 standard. </p> <p class="publication">Press W.H., Flannery B.P., Teukolsky S.A. and Vetterling W.T.<br /> <strong>Cyclic redundancy and other checksums</strong><br /> <a href="http://www.nrbook.com/b/bookcpdf.php">Numerical recipes in C 2nd ed., pp896-902, Cambridge University Press (1993)</a>)</p> Checksum:i7A2C05E1079108B4
GO

<p>This subsection of the 'Sequence' section reports difference(s) between the protein sequence shown in the UniProtKB entry and other available protein sequences derived from the same gene.<p><a href='/help/sequence_caution' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence cautioni

The sequence AAB08644 differs from that shown. Reason: Erroneous initiation. Extended N-terminus.Curated

Sequence databases

Select the link destinations:

EMBL nucleotide sequence database

More...EMBLi

GenBank nucleotide sequence database

More...GenBanki

DNA Data Bank of Japan; a nucleotide sequence database

More...DDBJi
Links Updated
U32590 Genomic DNA Translation: AAC43630.1
D38582 Genomic DNA Translation: BAA07584.1
U70214 Genomic DNA Translation: AAB08644.1 Different initiation.
U00096 Genomic DNA Translation: AAC73326.1
AP009048 Genomic DNA Translation: BAA77892.1

Protein sequence database of the Protein Information Resource

More...PIRi		G64746

NCBI Reference Sequences

More...RefSeqi		NP_414757.1, NC_000913.3
WP_000284050.1, NZ_STEB01000020.1

Genome annotation databases

Ensembl bacterial and archaeal genome annotation project

More...EnsemblBacteriai		AAC73326; AAC73326; b0222
BAA77892; BAA77892; BAA77892

Database of genes from NCBI RefSeq genomes

More...GeneIDi		49585938
949134

KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes

More...KEGGi		ecj:JW0212
eco:b0222

Pathosystems Resource Integration Center (PATRIC)

More...PATRICi		fig|1411691.4.peg.2061

<p>This section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence(s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100%, 90% and 50%) based on their membership in UniProt Reference Clusters (<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/uniref">UniRef</a>).<p><a href='/help/similar_proteins_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Similar proteinsi

<p>This section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than UniProtKB.<p><a href='/help/cross_references_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Cross-referencesi

Sequence databases

Select the link destinations:
EMBLi
GenBanki
DDBJi
Links Updated
U32590 Genomic DNA Translation: AAC43630.1
D38582 Genomic DNA Translation: BAA07584.1
U70214 Genomic DNA Translation: AAB08644.1 Different initiation.
U00096 Genomic DNA Translation: AAC73326.1
AP009048 Genomic DNA Translation: BAA77892.1
PIRiG64746
RefSeqiNP_414757.1, NC_000913.3
WP_000284050.1, NZ_STEB01000020.1

3D structure databases

Select the link destinations:

Protein Data Bank Europe

More...PDBei

Protein Data Bank RCSB

More...RCSB PDBi

Protein Data Bank Japan

More...PDBji
Links Updated
PDB entryMethodResolution (Å)ChainPositionsPDBsum
2I22X-ray2.80A/B/C/D1-192[»]
2I2WX-ray1.95A/B/C/D1-192[»]
SMRiP63224
ModBaseiSearch...
PDBe-KBiSearch...

Protein-protein interaction databases

BioGRIDi4263370, 277 interactors
DIPiDIP-48179N
STRINGi511145.b0222

Proteomic databases

jPOSTiP63224
PaxDbiP63224
PRIDEiP63224

Genome annotation databases

EnsemblBacteriaiAAC73326; AAC73326; b0222
BAA77892; BAA77892; BAA77892
GeneIDi49585938
949134
KEGGiecj:JW0212
eco:b0222
PATRICifig|1411691.4.peg.2061

Organism-specific databases

EchoBASE - an integrated post-genomic database for E. coli

More...EchoBASEi		EB2940

Phylogenomic databases

eggNOGiCOG0279, Bacteria
HOGENOMiCLU_080999_4_0_6
InParanoidiP63224
KOiK03271
PhylomeDBiP63224

Enzyme and pathway databases

UniPathwayiUPA00041;UER00436
UPA00958
BioCyciEcoCyc:G6106-MONOMER
MetaCyc:G6106-MONOMER
BRENDAi5.3.1.28, 2026

Miscellaneous databases

EvolutionaryTraceiP63224

Protein Ontology

More...PROi		PR:P63224

Family and domain databases

CDDicd05006, SIS_GmhA, 1 hit
HAMAPiMF_00067, GmhA, 1 hit
InterProiView protein in InterPro
IPR035461, GmhA/DiaA
IPR004515, Phosphoheptose_Isoase
IPR001347, SIS
PfamiView protein in Pfam
PF13580, SIS_2, 1 hit
TIGRFAMsiTIGR00441, gmhA, 1 hit
PROSITEiView protein in PROSITE
PS51464, SIS, 1 hit

ProtoNet; Automatic hierarchical classification of proteins

More...ProtoNeti		Search...

MobiDB: a database of protein disorder and mobility annotations

More...MobiDBi		Search...

<p>This section provides general information on the entry.<p><a href='/help/entry_information_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry informationi

<p>This subsection of the 'Entry information' section provides a mnemonic identifier for a UniProtKB entry, but it is not a stable identifier. Each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.<p><a href='/help/entry_name' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry nameiGMHA_ECOLI
<p>This subsection of the 'Entry information' section provides one or more accession number(s). These are stable identifiers and should be used to cite UniProtKB entries. Upon integration into UniProtKB, each entry is assigned a unique accession number, which is called 'Primary (citable) accession number'.<p><a href='/help/accession_numbers' target='_top'>More...</a></p>AccessioniPrimary (citable) accession number: P63224
Secondary accession number(s): P51001
<p>This subsection of the 'Entry information' section shows the date of integration of the entry into UniProtKB, the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ('Last modified'). The version number for both the entry and the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical%5Fand%5Fisoforms">canonical sequence</a> are also displayed.<p><a href='/help/entry_history' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry historyiIntegrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: September 27, 2004
Last sequence update: September 27, 2004
Last modified: October 7, 2020
This is version 124 of the entry and version 1 of the sequence. See complete history.
<p>This subsection of the 'Entry information' section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by UniProtKB curators or not, in other words, if the entry belongs to the Swiss-Prot section of UniProtKB (<strong>reviewed</strong>) or to the computer-annotated TrEMBL section (<strong>unreviewed</strong>).<p><a href='/help/entry_status' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry statusiReviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
Annotation programProkaryotic Protein Annotation Program

<p>This section contains any relevant information that doesn't fit in any other defined sections<p><a href='/help/miscellaneous_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Miscellaneousi

Keywords - Technical termi

3D-structure, Reference proteome

Documents

  1. Escherichia coli
    Escherichia coli (strain K12): entries and cross-references to EcoGene
  2. PATHWAY comments
    Index of metabolic and biosynthesis pathways
  3. PDB cross-references
    Index of Protein Data Bank (PDB) cross-references
  4. SIMILARITY comments
    Index of protein domains and families
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