D(2) dopamine receptor

<p>This section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge.<p><a href='/help/function_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Functionⁱ

Sites

<p>The <a href="http://www.geneontology.org/">Gene Ontology (GO)</a> project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories:<p><a href='/help/gene_ontology' target='_top'>More...</a></p>GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• dopamine binding Source: MGI <p>Inferred from Direct Assay</p> <p>Used to indicate a direct assay for the function, process or component indicated by the GO term.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#ida">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Dopamine supersensitivity correlates with D2High states, implying many paths to psychosis."
    Seeman P., Weinshenker D., Quirion R., Srivastava L.K., Bhardwaj S.K., Grandy D.K., Premont R.T., Sotnikova T.D., Boksa P., El-Ghundi M., O'dowd B.F., George S.R., Perreault M.L., Mannisto P.T., Robinson S., Palmiter R.D., Tallerico T.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:3513-3518(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity Source: MGIInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Decrease of D2 receptor binding but increase in D2-stimulated G-protein activation, dopamine transporter binding and behavioural sensitization in brains of mice treated with a chronic escalating dose 'binge' cocaine administration paradigm."
    Bailey A., Metaxas A., Yoo J.H., McGee T., Kitchen I.
    Eur J Neurosci 28:759-770(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gi/Go Source: MGIInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "The fourth transmembrane segment of the dopamine D2 receptor: accessibility in the binding-site crevice and position in the transmembrane bundle."
    Javitch J.A., Shi L., Simpson M.M., Chen J., Chiappa V., Visiers I., Weinstein H., Ballesteros J.A.
    Biochemistry 39:12190-12199(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Parkin-deficient mice exhibit nigrostriatal deficits but not loss of dopaminergic neurons."
    Goldberg M.S., Fleming S.M., Palacino J.J., Cepeda C., Lam H.A., Bhatnagar A., Meloni E.G., Wu N., Ackerson L.C., Klapstein G.J., Gajendiran M., Roth B.L., Chesselet M.F., Maidment N.T., Levine M.S., Shen J.
    J Biol Chem 278:43628-43635(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Circling behavior exhibited by a transgenic insertional mutant."
    Ratty A.K., Fitzgerald L.W., Titeler M., Glick S.D., Mullins J.J., Gross K.W.
    Brain Res Mol Brain Res 8:355-358(1990) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Parkinsonian-like locomotor impairment in mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors."
    Baik J.H., Picetti R., Saiardi A., Thiriet G., Dierich A., Depaulis A., Le Meur M., Borrelli E.
    Nature 377:424-428(1995) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Elimination of cocaine-induced hyperactivity and dopamine-mediated neurophysiological effects in dopamine D1 receptor mutant mice."
    Xu M., Hu X.T., Cooper D.C., Moratalla R., Graybiel A.M., White F.J., Tonegawa S.
    Cell 79:945-955(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Lesions of mouse striatum induced by 6-hydroxydopamine differentially alter the density, rate of synthesis, and level of gene expression of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors."
    Qin Z.H., Chen J.F., Weiss B.
    J Neurochem 62:411-420(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Postnatal ontogeny of dopamine D3 receptors in the mouse brain: autoradiographic evidence for a transient cortical expression."
    Demotes-Mainard J., Henry C., Jeantet Y., Arsaut J., Arnauld E.
    Brain Res Dev Brain Res 94:166-174(1996) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• G protein-coupled receptor activity Source: MGIInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "G-protein-coupled receptor-mediated activation of rap GTPases: characterization of a novel Galphai regulated pathway."
    Weissman J.T., Ma J.N., Essex A., Gao Y., Burstein E.S.
    Oncogene 23:241-249(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• heterocyclic compound binding Source: MGI
• identical protein binding Source: MGI
• ionotropic glutamate receptor binding Source: MGI
• organic cyclic compound binding Source: MGI
• protein-containing complex binding Source: MGI
• signaling receptor binding Source: MGI

GO - Biological processⁱ

• acid secretion Source: MGI
• activation of protein kinase activity Source: MGI
• adenohypophysis development Source: MGI <p>Inferred from Mutant Phenotype</p> <p>Describes annotations that are concluded from looking at variations or changes in a gene product such as mutations or abnormal levels and includes techniques such as knockouts, overexpression, anti-sense experiments and use of specific protein inhibitors.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#imp">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Dopamine D2 receptor plays a critical role in cell proliferation and proopiomelanocortin expression in the pituitary."
    Yamaguchi H., Aiba A., Nakamura K., Nakao K., Sakagami H., Goto K., Kondo H., Katsuki M.
    Genes Cells 1:253-268(1996) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway Source: GO_Central <p>Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor</p> <p>A type of phylogenetic evidence whereby an aspect of a descendent is inferred through the characterization of an aspect of a ancestral gene.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#iba">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief Bioinform 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway Source: MGIInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Motor dysfunction in type 5 adenylyl cyclase-null mice."
    Iwamoto T., Okumura S., Iwatsubo K., Kawabe J., Ohtsu K., Sakai I., Hashimoto Y., Izumitani A., Sango K., Ajiki K., Toya Y., Umemura S., Goshima Y., Arai N., Vatner S.F., Ishikawa Y.
    J Biol Chem 278:16936-16940(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway Source: MGI
• adult behavior Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Dopamine D2L receptor- and age-related reduction in offensive aggression."
    Vukhac K.L., Sankoorikal E.B., Wang Y.
    Neuroreport 12:1035-1038(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• adult walking behavior Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Parkinsonian-like locomotor impairment in mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors."
    Baik J.H., Picetti R., Saiardi A., Thiriet G., Dierich A., Depaulis A., Le Meur M., Borrelli E.
    Nature 377:424-428(1995) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• arachidonic acid secretion Source: MGI
• associative learning Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Altered accumbens neural response to prediction of reward associated with place in dopamine D2 receptor knockout mice."
    Tran A.H., Tamura R., Uwano T., Kobayashi T., Katsuki M., Matsumoto G., Ono T.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:8986-8991(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Dopamine D2L receptor knockout mice display deficits in positive and negative reinforcing properties of morphine and in avoidance learning."
    Smith J.W., Fetsko L.A., Xu R., Wang Y.
    Neuroscience 113:755-765(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Dopamine D2 receptors mediate two-odor discrimination and reversal learning in C57BL/6 mice."
    Kruzich P.J., Grandy D.K.
    BMC Neurosci 5:12-12(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• auditory behavior Source: MGI
• autophagy Source: MGI
• axonogenesis Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "The role of dopamine receptors in regulating the size of axonal arbors."
    Parish C.L., Finkelstein D.I., Drago J., Borrelli E., Horne M.K.
    J Neurosci 21:5147-5157(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• behavioral response to cocaine Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Absence of dopamine D2 receptors unmasks an inhibitory control over the brain circuitries activated by cocaine."
    Welter M., Vallone D., Samad T.A., Meziane H., Usiello A., Borrelli E.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:6840-6845(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• behavioral response to ethanol Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Lack of operant ethanol self-administration in dopamine D2 receptor knockout mice."
    Risinger F.O., Freeman P.A., Rubinstein M., Low M.J., Grandy D.K.
    Psychopharmacology (Berl) 152:343-350(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Ethanol-conditioned place preference is reduced in dopamine D2 receptor-deficient mice."
    Cunningham C.L., Howard M.A., Gill S.J., Rubinstein M., Low M.J., Grandy D.K.
    Pharmacol Biochem Behav 67:693-699(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Effects of a Drd2 deletion mutation on ethanol-induced locomotor stimulation and sensitization suggest a role for epistasis."
    Palmer A.A., Low M.J., Grandy D.K., Phillips T.J.
    Behav Genet 33:311-324(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• branching morphogenesis of a nerve Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "The role of dopamine receptors in regulating the size of axonal arbors."
    Parish C.L., Finkelstein D.I., Drago J., Borrelli E., Horne M.K.
    J Neurosci 21:5147-5157(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron migration Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Dopamine receptor activation modulates GABA neuron migration from the basal forebrain to the cerebral cortex."
    Crandall J.E., McCarthy D.M., Araki K.Y., Sims J.R., Ren J.Q., Bhide P.G.
    J Neurosci 27:3813-3822(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• circadian regulation of gene expression Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Signaling mediated by the dopamine D2 receptor potentiates circadian regulation by CLOCK:BMAL1."
    Yujnovsky I., Hirayama J., Doi M., Borrelli E., Sassone-Corsi P.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:6386-6391(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• dopamine metabolic process Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Regulation by D2 dopamine receptors of in vivo dopamine synthesis in striata of rats and mice with experimental parkinsonism."
    Richard M.G., Bennett J.P. Jr.
    Exp Neurol 129:57-63(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• dopamine receptor signaling pathway Source: MGI
• drinking behavior Source: MGI
• feeding behavior Source: MGI <p>Inferred from Genetic Interaction</p> <p>Used to describe "traditional" genetic interactions such as suppressors and synthetic lethals as well as other techniques such as functional complementation, rescue experiments, or inferences about a gene drawn from the phenotype of a mutation in a different gene.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#igi">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from genetic interactionⁱ
  • "Simultaneous absence of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-mediated signaling is lethal in mice."
    Kobayashi M., Iaccarino C., Saiardi A., Heidt V., Bozzi Y., Picetti R., Vitale C., Westphal H., Drago J., Borrelli E.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:11465-11470(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• forebrain development Source: MGI
• G protein-coupled receptor internalization Source: MGI
• G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway Source: MGIInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "G-protein-coupled receptor-mediated activation of rap GTPases: characterization of a novel Galphai regulated pathway."
    Weissman J.T., Ma J.N., Essex A., Gao Y., Burstein E.S.
    Oncogene 23:241-249(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• grooming behavior Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Topographical evaluation of behavioural phenotype in a line of mice with targeted gene deletion of the D2 dopamine receptor."
    Clifford J.J., Usiello A., Vallone D., Kinsella A., Borrelli E., Waddington J.L.
    Neuropharmacology 39:382-390(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• hyaloid vascular plexus regression Source: UniProtKBInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • Ref.6

    "An opsin 5-dopamine pathway mediates light-dependent vascular development in the eye."
    Nguyen M.T., Vemaraju S., Nayak G., Odaka Y., Buhr E.D., Alonzo N., Tran U., Batie M., Upton B.A., Darvas M., Kozmik Z., Rao S., Hegde R.S., Iuvone P.M., Van Gelder R.N., Lang R.A.
    Nat. Cell Biol. 21:420-429(2019) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

    Cited for: FUNCTION, TISSUE SPECIFICITY, DISRUPTION PHENOTYPE.
• intracellular signal transduction Source: MGI
• locomotory behavior Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Dopamine D2 receptor knock-out mice are insensitive to the hypolocomotor and hypothermic effects of dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonists."
    Boulay D., Depoortere R., Perrault G., Borrelli E., Sanger D.J.
    Neuropharmacology 38:1389-1396(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Topographical evaluation of behavioural phenotype in a line of mice with targeted gene deletion of the D2 dopamine receptor."
    Clifford J.J., Usiello A., Vallone D., Kinsella A., Borrelli E., Waddington J.L.
    Neuropharmacology 39:382-390(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Ethanol-conditioned place preference is reduced in dopamine D2 receptor-deficient mice."
    Cunningham C.L., Howard M.A., Gill S.J., Rubinstein M., Low M.J., Grandy D.K.
    Pharmacol Biochem Behav 67:693-699(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Comparative, topographically-based evaluation of behavioural phenotype and specification of D(1)-like:D(2) interactions in a line of incipient congenic mice with D(2) dopamine receptor 'knockout'."
    Clifford J.J., Kinsella A., Tighe O., Rubinstein M., Grandy D.K., Low M.J., Croke D.T., Waddington J.L.
    Neuropsychopharmacology 25:527-536(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Altered accumbens neural response to prediction of reward associated with place in dopamine D2 receptor knockout mice."
    Tran A.H., Tamura R., Uwano T., Kobayashi T., Katsuki M., Matsumoto G., Ono T.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:8986-8991(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Motor and associative deficits in D2 dopamine receptor knockout mice."
    Fowler S.C., Zarcone T.J., Vorontsova E., Chen R.
    Int J Dev Neurosci 20:309-321(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Cocaine-induced locomotor activity and cocaine discrimination in dopamine D2 receptor mutant mice."
    Chausmer A.L., Elmer G.I., Rubinstein M., Low M.J., Grandy D.K., Katz J.L.
    Psychopharmacology (Berl) 163:54-61(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Effects of a Drd2 deletion mutation on ethanol-induced locomotor stimulation and sensitization suggest a role for epistasis."
    Palmer A.A., Low M.J., Grandy D.K., Phillips T.J.
    Behav Genet 33:311-324(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Altered GABAergic neurotransmission in mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors."
    An J.J., Bae M.H., Cho S.R., Lee S.H., Choi S.H., Lee B.H., Shin H.S., Kim Y.N., Park K.W., Borrelli E., Baik J.H.
    Mol Cell Neurosci 25:732-741(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Locomotor activity in D2 dopamine receptor-deficient mice is determined by gene dosage, genetic background, and developmental adaptations."
    Kelly M.A., Rubinstein M., Phillips T.J., Lessov C.N., Burkhart-Kasch S., Zhang G., Bunzow J.R., Fang Y., Gerhardt G.A., Grandy D.K., Low M.J.
    J Neurosci 18:3470-3479(1998) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• long-term memory Source: MGI
• modulation of chemical synaptic transmission Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "The indirect basal ganglia pathway in dopamine D(2) receptor-deficient mice."
    Murer M.G., Dziewczapolski G., Salin P., Vila M., Tseng K.Y., Ruberg M., Rubinstein M., Kelly M.A., Grandy D.K., Low M.J., Hirsch E., Raisman-Vozari R., Gershanik O.
    Neuroscience 99:643-650(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of adenylate cyclase activity Source: MGI
• negative regulation of blood pressure Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Adrenergic and endothelin B receptor-dependent hypertension in dopamine receptor type-2 knockout mice."
    Li X.X., Bek M., Asico L.D., Yang Z., Grandy D.K., Goldstein D.S., Rubinstein M., Eisner G.M., Jose P.A.
    Hypertension 38:303-308(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of cell death Source: MGI
• negative regulation of cell migration Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Dopamine receptor activation modulates GABA neuron migration from the basal forebrain to the cerebral cortex."
    Crandall J.E., McCarthy D.M., Araki K.Y., Sims J.R., Ren J.Q., Bhide P.G.
    J Neurosci 27:3813-3822(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of cell population proliferation Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Pituitary lactotroph adenomas develop after prolonged lactotroph hyperplasia in dopamine D2 receptor-deficient mice."
    Asa S.L., Kelly M.A., Grandy D.K., Low M.J.
    Endocrinology 140:5348-5355(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Dopamine D2 receptor plays a critical role in cell proliferation and proopiomelanocortin expression in the pituitary."
    Yamaguchi H., Aiba A., Nakamura K., Nakao K., Sakagami H., Goto K., Kondo H., Katsuki M.
    Genes Cells 1:253-268(1996) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Pituitary lactotroph hyperplasia and chronic hyperprolactinemia in dopamine D2 receptor-deficient mice."
    Kelly M.A., Rubinstein M., Asa S.L., Zhang G., Saez C., Bunzow J.R., Allen R.G., Hnasko R., Ben-Jonathan N., Grandy D.K., Low M.J.
    Neuron 19:103-113(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Antiproliferative role of dopamine: loss of D2 receptors causes hormonal dysfunction and pituitary hyperplasia."
    Saiardi A., Bozzi Y., Baik J.H., Borrelli E.
    Neuron 19:115-126(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Absence of dopaminergic control on melanotrophs leads to Cushing's-like syndrome in mice."
    Saiardi A., Borrelli E.
    Mol Endocrinol 12:1133-1139(1998) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep Source: MGI
• negative regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration Source: MGI
• negative regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathway Source: MGIInferred from genetic interactionⁱ
  • "Mice lacking dopamine D2 and D3 receptors have spatial working memory deficits."
    Glickstein S.B., Hof P.R., Schmauss C.
    J Neurosci 22:5619-5629(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of dopamine secretion Source: MGI
• negative regulation of innate immune response Source: CACAOInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Suppression of neuroinflammation by astrocytic dopamine D2 receptors via alphaB-crystallin."
    Shao W., Zhang S.Z., Tang M., Zhang X.H., Zhou Z., Yin Y.Q., Zhou Q.B., Huang Y.Y., Liu Y.J., Wawrousek E., Chen T., Li S.B., Xu M., Zhou J.N., Hu G., Zhou J.W.
    Nature 494:90-94(2013) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of insulin secretion Source: MGI
• negative regulation of protein kinase B signaling Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Regulation of Akt signaling by D2 and D3 dopamine receptors in vivo."
    Beaulieu J.M., Tirotta E., Sotnikova T.D., Masri B., Salahpour A., Gainetdinov R.R., Borrelli E., Caron M.G.
    J Neurosci 27:881-885(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of protein phosphorylation Source: MGI
• negative regulation of protein secretion Source: MGI
• negative regulation of synaptic transmission Source: MGI
• negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Facilitated glutamatergic transmission in the striatum of D2 dopamine receptor-deficient mice."
    Cepeda C., Hurst R.S., Altemus K.L., Flores-Hernandez J., Calvert C.R., Jokel E.S., Grandy D.K., Low M.J., Rubinstein M., Ariano M.A., Levine M.S.
    J Neurophysiol 85:659-670(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity Source: MGI
• nervous system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Adrenergic and endothelin B receptor-dependent hypertension in dopamine receptor type-2 knockout mice."
    Li X.X., Bek M., Asico L.D., Yang Z., Grandy D.K., Goldstein D.S., Rubinstein M., Eisner G.M., Jose P.A.
    Hypertension 38:303-308(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• neuron-neuron synaptic transmission Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Altered accumbens neural response to prediction of reward associated with place in dopamine D2 receptor knockout mice."
    Tran A.H., Tamura R., Uwano T., Kobayashi T., Katsuki M., Matsumoto G., Ono T.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:8986-8991(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• orbitofrontal cortex development Source: Ensembl
• peristalsis Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Physiological modulation of intestinal motility by enteric dopaminergic neurons and the D2 receptor: analysis of dopamine receptor expression, location, development, and function in wild-type and knock-out mice."
    Li Z.S., Schmauss C., Cuenca A., Ratcliffe E., Gershon M.D.
    J Neurosci 26:2798-2807(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway Source: MGIInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Enhancement of dopamine-induced signaling responses in the forebrain of mice lacking dopamine D3 receptor."
    Mizuo K., Narita M., Miyatake M., Suzuki T.
    Neurosci Lett 358:13-16(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• pigmentation Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Dopamine D2 receptor plays a critical role in cell proliferation and proopiomelanocortin expression in the pituitary."
    Yamaguchi H., Aiba A., Nakamura K., Nakao K., Sakagami H., Goto K., Kondo H., Katsuki M.
    Genes Cells 1:253-268(1996) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of cytokinesis Source: MGI
• positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration involved in phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled signaling pathway Source: MGI
• positive regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Dopamine D2 receptor-deficient mice exhibit decreased dopamine transporter function but no changes in dopamine release in dorsal striatum."
    Dickinson S.D., Sabeti J., Larson G.A., Giardina K., Rubinstein M., Kelly M.A., Grandy D.K., Low M.J., Gerhardt G.A., Zahniser N.R.
    J Neurochem 72:148-156(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade Source: MGI
• positive regulation of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor production Source: MGI
• positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway Source: MGI
• positive regulation of growth hormone secretion Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Disruption of the D2 dopamine receptor alters GH and IGF-I secretion and causes dwarfism in male mice."
    Diaz-Torga G., Feierstein C., Libertun C., Gelman D., Kelly M.A., Low M.J., Rubinstein M., Becu-Villalobos D.
    Endocrinology 143:1270-1279(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation Source: MGI
• positive regulation of multicellular organism growth Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Disruption of the D2 dopamine receptor alters GH and IGF-I secretion and causes dwarfism in male mice."
    Diaz-Torga G., Feierstein C., Libertun C., Gelman D., Kelly M.A., Low M.J., Rubinstein M., Becu-Villalobos D.
    Endocrinology 143:1270-1279(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation Source: MGIInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Dopamine D2 receptor stimulation promotes the proliferation of neural progenitor cells in adult mouse hippocampus."
    Hiramoto T., Kanda Y., Satoh Y., Takishima K., Watanabe Y.
    Neuroreport 18:659-664(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of neurogenesis Source: MGI
• positive regulation of receptor internalization Source: MGI
• positive regulation of renal sodium excretion Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Adrenergic and endothelin B receptor-dependent hypertension in dopamine receptor type-2 knockout mice."
    Li X.X., Bek M., Asico L.D., Yang Z., Grandy D.K., Goldstein D.S., Rubinstein M., Eisner G.M., Jose P.A.
    Hypertension 38:303-308(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II Source: MGI
• positive regulation of urine volume Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Adrenergic and endothelin B receptor-dependent hypertension in dopamine receptor type-2 knockout mice."
    Li X.X., Bek M., Asico L.D., Yang Z., Grandy D.K., Goldstein D.S., Rubinstein M., Eisner G.M., Jose P.A.
    Hypertension 38:303-308(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission Source: MGI
• prepulse inhibition Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "The dopamine D2, but not D3 or D4, receptor subtype is essential for the disruption of prepulse inhibition produced by amphetamine in mice."
    Ralph R.J., Varty G.B., Kelly M.A., Wang Y.M., Caron M.G., Rubinstein M., Grandy D.K., Low M.J., Geyer M.A.
    J Neurosci 19:4627-4633(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Differential effects of direct and indirect dopamine agonists on prepulse inhibition: a study in D1 and D2 receptor knock-out mice."
    Ralph-Williams R.J., Lehmann-Masten V., Otero-Corchon V., Low M.J., Geyer M.A.
    J Neurosci 22:9604-9611(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Accumbal dopamine D2 receptors are important for sensorimotor gating in C3H mice."
    Mohr D., Pilz P.K., Plappert C.F., Fendt M.
    Neuroreport 18:1493-1497(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• protein localization Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Targeted disruption of the dopamine D(2) and D(3) receptor genes leads to different alterations in the expression of striatal calbindin-D(28k)."
    Jung M.Y., Hof P.R., Schmauss C.
    Neuroscience 97:495-504(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of dopamine secretion Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief Bioinform 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Altered dopamine release and uptake kinetics in mice lacking D2 receptors."
    Schmitz Y., Schmauss C., Sulzer D.
    J Neurosci 22:8002-8009(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of heart rate Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Adrenergic and endothelin B receptor-dependent hypertension in dopamine receptor type-2 knockout mice."
    Li X.X., Bek M., Asico L.D., Yang Z., Grandy D.K., Goldstein D.S., Rubinstein M., Eisner G.M., Jose P.A.
    Hypertension 38:303-308(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior Source: MGI
• regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Abnormal synaptic plasticity in the striatum of mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors."
    Calabresi P., Saiardi A., Pisani A., Baik J.H., Centonze D., Mercuri N.B., Bernardi G., Borrelli E.
    J Neurosci 17:4536-4544(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of MAPK cascade Source: MGI
• regulation of neurotransmitter uptake Source: SynGOInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Altered dopamine release and uptake kinetics in mice lacking D2 receptors."
    Schmitz Y., Schmauss C., Sulzer D.
    J Neurosci 22:8002-8009(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity Source: MGI
• regulation of potassium ion transport Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Adrenergic and endothelin B receptor-dependent hypertension in dopamine receptor type-2 knockout mice."
    Li X.X., Bek M., Asico L.D., Yang Z., Grandy D.K., Goldstein D.S., Rubinstein M., Eisner G.M., Jose P.A.
    Hypertension 38:303-308(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of sodium ion transport Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Adrenergic and endothelin B receptor-dependent hypertension in dopamine receptor type-2 knockout mice."
    Li X.X., Bek M., Asico L.D., Yang Z., Grandy D.K., Goldstein D.S., Rubinstein M., Eisner G.M., Jose P.A.
    Hypertension 38:303-308(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of synapse structural plasticity Source: MGI
• regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Altered GABAergic neurotransmission in mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors."
    An J.J., Bae M.H., Cho S.R., Lee S.H., Choi S.H., Lee B.H., Shin H.S., Kim Y.N., Park K.W., Borrelli E., Baik J.H.
    Mol Cell Neurosci 25:732-741(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis Source: SynGOInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Regulation of prefrontal excitatory neurotransmission by dopamine in the nucleus accumbens core."
    Wang W., Dever D., Lowe J., Storey G.P., Bhansali A., Eck E.K., Nitulescu I., Weimer J., Bamford N.S.
    J Physiol 590:3743-3769(2012) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Altered dopamine release and uptake kinetics in mice lacking D2 receptors."
    Schmitz Y., Schmauss C., Sulzer D.
    J Neurosci 22:8002-8009(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol Source: MGI
• response to amphetamine Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Hyperthermic and lethal effects of methamphetamine: roles of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors."
    Ito M., Numachi Y., Ohara A., Sora I.
    Neurosci Lett 438:327-329(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to axon injury Source: Ensembl
• response to cocaine Source: MGIInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Decrease of D2 receptor binding but increase in D2-stimulated G-protein activation, dopamine transporter binding and behavioural sensitization in brains of mice treated with a chronic escalating dose 'binge' cocaine administration paradigm."
    Bailey A., Metaxas A., Yoo J.H., McGee T., Kitchen I.
    Eur J Neurosci 28:759-770(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to histamine Source: MGI
• response to hypoxia Source: MGI
• response to inactivity Source: Ensembl
• response to iron ion Source: Ensembl
• response to light stimulus Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Impaired light masking in dopamine D2 receptor-null mice."
    Doi M., Yujnovsky I., Hirayama J., Malerba M., Tirotta E., Sassone-Corsi P., Borrelli E.
    Nat Neurosci 9:732-734(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to morphine Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "The D2 receptor is critical in mediating opiate motivation only in opiate-dependent and withdrawn mice."
    Dockstader C.L., Rubinstein M., Grandy D.K., Low M.J., van der Kooy D.
    Eur J Neurosci 13:995-1001(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Potentiation of opioid analgesia in dopamine2 receptor knock-out mice: evidence for a tonically active anti-opioid system."
    King M.A., Bradshaw S., Chang A.H., Pintar J.E., Pasternak G.W.
    J Neurosci 21:7788-7792(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Dopamine D2L receptor knockout mice display deficits in positive and negative reinforcing properties of morphine and in avoidance learning."
    Smith J.W., Fetsko L.A., Xu R., Wang Y.
    Neuroscience 113:755-765(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Absence of opiate rewarding effects in mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors."
    Maldonado R., Saiardi A., Valverde O., Samad T.A., Roques B.P., Borrelli E.
    Nature 388:586-589(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to nicotine Source: Ensembl
• response to toxic substance Source: Ensembl
• response to xenobiotic stimulus Source: MGIInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Role of D1/D2 dopamine and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in morphine tolerance and dependence in mice."
    Verma A., Kulkarni S.K.
    Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 5:81-87(1995) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• sensory perception of smell Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Olfactory discrimination deficits in mice lacking the dopamine transporter or the D2 dopamine receptor."
    Tillerson J.L., Caudle W.M., Parent J.M., Gong C., Schallert T., Miller G.W.
    Behav Brain Res 172:97-105(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• startle response Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Accumbal dopamine D2 receptors are important for sensorimotor gating in C3H mice."
    Mohr D., Pilz P.K., Plappert C.F., Fendt M.
    Neuroreport 18:1493-1497(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• striatum development Source: Ensembl
• synapse assembly Source: Ensembl
• temperature homeostasis Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Dopamine D2 receptor knock-out mice are insensitive to the hypolocomotor and hypothermic effects of dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonists."
    Boulay D., Depoortere R., Perrault G., Borrelli E., Sanger D.J.
    Neuropharmacology 38:1389-1396(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Hyperthermic and lethal effects of methamphetamine: roles of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors."
    Ito M., Numachi Y., Ohara A., Sora I.
    Neurosci Lett 438:327-329(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• visual learning Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Mice lacking dopamine D2 and D3 receptors have spatial working memory deficits."
    Glickstein S.B., Hof P.R., Schmauss C.
    J Neurosci 22:5619-5629(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• Wnt signaling pathway Source: MGI

<p>UniProtKB Keywords constitute a <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/keywords">controlled vocabulary</a> with a hierarchical structure. Keywords summarise the content of a UniProtKB entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest.<p><a href='/help/keywords' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Keywordsⁱ

Enzyme and pathway databases

<p>This section provides information about the protein and gene name(s) and synonym(s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/names_and_taxonomy_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Names & Taxonomyⁱ

Organism-specific databases

<p>This section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell.<p><a href='/help/subcellular_location_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subcellular locationⁱ

• UniProt annotation
• GO - Cellular component

Topology

Keywords - Cellular componentⁱ

<p>This section provides information on the disease(s) and phenotype(s) associated with a protein.<p><a href='/help/pathology_and_biotech_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Pathology & Biotechⁱ

<p>This subsection of the 'Pathology and Biotech' section describes the in vivo effects caused by ablation of the gene (or one or more transcripts) coding for the protein described in the entry. This includes gene knockout and knockdown, provided experiments have been performed in the context of a whole organism or a specific tissue, and not at the single-cell level.<p><a href='/help/disruption_phenotype' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Disruption phenotypeⁱ

Chemistry databases

<p>This section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs) and/or processing events.<p><a href='/help/ptm_processing_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>PTM / Processingⁱ

Molecule processing

Amino acid modifications

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/ptm%5Fprocessing%5Fsection">PTM/processing</a> section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs). This subsection <strong>complements</strong> the information provided at the sequence level or describes modifications for which <strong>position-specific data is not yet available</strong>.<p><a href='/help/post-translational_modification' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Post-translational modificationⁱ

Keywords - PTMⁱ

Proteomic databases

PTM databases

<p>This section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms.<p><a href='/help/expression_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Expressionⁱ

<p>This subsection of the 'Expression' section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms. By default, the information is derived from experiments at the mRNA level, unless specified 'at protein level'.<br></br>Examples: <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P92958#expression">P92958</a>, <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8TDN4#expression">Q8TDN4</a>, <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O14734#expression">O14734</a><p><a href='/help/tissue_specificity' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Tissue specificityⁱ

Gene expression databases

<p>This section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes.<p><a href='/help/interaction_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Interactionⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/interaction%5Fsection">'Interaction'</a> section provides information about the protein quaternary structure and interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes (with the exception of physiological receptor-ligand interactions which are annotated in the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function%5Fsection">'Function'</a> section).<p><a href='/help/subunit_structure' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subunit structureⁱ

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• identical protein binding Source: MGI
• ionotropic glutamate receptor binding Source: MGI
• signaling receptor binding Source: MGI

Protein-protein interaction databases

Chemistry databases

Miscellaneous databases

<p>This section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein.<p><a href='/help/structure_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Structureⁱ

3D structure databases

<p>This section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain(s) present in a protein.<p><a href='/help/family_and_domains_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Family & Domainsⁱ

Region

<p>This subsection of the 'Family and domains' section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins.<p><a href='/help/sequence_similarities' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence similaritiesⁱ

Keywords - Domainⁱ

Phylogenomic databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. It also includes information pertinent to the sequence(s), including <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequence%5Flength">length</a> and <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences">molecular weight</a>. The information is filed in different subsections. The current subsections and their content are listed below:<p><a href='/help/sequences_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequences (2)ⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences%5Fsection">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical%5Fand%5Fisoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is complete or not.<p><a href='/help/sequence_status' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence statusⁱ: Complete.

        10         20         30         40         50
MDPLNLSWYD DDLERQNWSR PFNGSEGKPD RPHYNYYAML LTLLIFIIVF 
        60         70         80         90        100
GNVLVCMAVS REKALQTTTN YLIVSLAVAD LLVATLVMPW VVYLEVVGEW 
       110        120        130        140        150
KFSRIHCDIF VTLDVMMCTA SILNLCAISI DRYTAVAMPM LYNTRYSSKR 
       160        170        180        190        200
RVTVMIAIVW VLSFTISCPL LFGLNNTDQN ECIIANPAFV VYSSIVSFYV 
       210        220        230        240        250
PFIVTLLVYI KIYIVLRKRR KRVNTKRSSR AFRANLKTPL KGNCTHPEDM 
       260        270        280        290        300
KLCTVIMKSN GSFPVNRRRM DAARRAQELE MEMLSSTSPP ERTRYSPIPP 
       310        320        330        340        350
SHHQLTLPDP SHHGLHSNPD SPAKPEKNGH AKIVNPRIAK FFEIQTMPNG 
       360        370        380        390        400
KTRTSLKTMS RRKLSQQKEK KATQMLAIVL GVFIICWLPF FITHILNIHC 
       410        420        430        440 
DCNIPPVLYS AFTWLGYVNS AVNPIIYTTF NIEFRKAFMK ILHC       

        10         20         30         40         50
MDPLNLSWYD DDLERQNWSR PFNGSEGKPD RPHYNYYAML LTLLIFIIVF 
        60         70         80         90        100
GNVLVCMAVS REKALQTTTN YLIVSLAVAD LLVATLVMPW VVYLEVVGEW 
       110        120        130        140        150
KFSRIHCDIF VTLDVMMCTA SILNLCAISI DRYTAVAMPM LYNTRYSSKR 
       160        170        180        190        200
RVTVMIAIVW VLSFTISCPL LFGLNNTDQN ECIIANPAFV VYSSIVSFYV 
       210        220        230        240        250
PFIVTLLVYI KIYIVLRKRR KRVNTKRSSR AFRANLKTPL KDAARRAQEL 
       260        270        280        290        300
EMEMLSSTSP PERTRYSPIP PSHHQLTLPD PSHHGLHSNP DSPAKPEKNG 
       310        320        330        340        350
HAKIVNPRIA KFFEIQTMPN GKTRTSLKTM SRRKLSQQKE KKATQMLAIV 
       360        370        380        390        400
LGVFIICWLP FFITHILNIH CDCNIPPVLY SAFTWLGYVN SAVNPIIYTT 
       410 
FNIEFRKAFM KILHC                                       

Experimental Info

Alternative sequence

Sequence databases

Genome annotation databases

Keywords - Coding sequence diversityⁱ

<p>This section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence(s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100%, 90% and 50%) based on their membership in UniProt Reference Clusters (<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/uniref">UniRef</a>).<p><a href='/help/similar_proteins_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Similar proteinsⁱ

• 100% Identity
• 90% Identity
• 50% Identity

<p>This section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than UniProtKB.<p><a href='/help/cross_references_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Cross-referencesⁱ

Sequence databases

3D structure databases

Protein-protein interaction databases

Chemistry databases

Protein family/group databases

PTM databases

Proteomic databases

Protocols and materials databases

Genome annotation databases

Organism-specific databases

Phylogenomic databases

Enzyme and pathway databases

Miscellaneous databases

Gene expression databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section provides general information on the entry.<p><a href='/help/entry_information_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry informationⁱ

<p>This section contains any relevant information that doesn't fit in any other defined sections<p><a href='/help/miscellaneous_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Miscellaneousⁱ

Keywords - Technical termⁱ

Documents

1. 7-transmembrane G-linked receptors
   List of 7-transmembrane G-linked receptor entries
2. MGD cross-references
   Mouse Genome Database (MGD) cross-references in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
3. SIMILARITY comments
   Index of protein domains and families