High mobility group protein HMGI-C

<p>This section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge.<p><a href='/help/function_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Functionⁱ

Regions

<p>The <a href="http://www.geneontology.org/">Gene Ontology (GO)</a> project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories:<p><a href='/help/gene_ontology' target='_top'>More...</a></p>GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• 5'-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase activity Source: UniProtKB
• C2H2 zinc finger domain binding Source: UniProtKB
• cAMP response element binding Source: UniProtKB
• DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) endonuclease activity Source: UniProtKB
• DNA binding, bending Source: UniProtKB
• enzyme binding Source: MGI
• MH1 domain binding Source: UniProtKB
• MH2 domain binding Source: UniProtKB
• minor groove of adenine-thymine-rich DNA binding Source: MGI <p>Inferred from Direct Assay</p> <p>Used to indicate a direct assay for the function, process or component indicated by the GO term.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#ida">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Energetics of binding the mammalian high mobility group protein HMGA2 to poly(dA-dT)2 and poly(dA)-poly(dT)."
    Cui T., Wei S., Brew K., Leng F.
    J Mol Biol 352:629-645(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• nucleosomal DNA binding Source: UniProtKB
• transcription coregulator activity Source: GO_Central <p>Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor</p> <p>A type of phylogenetic evidence whereby an aspect of a descendent is inferred through the characterization of an aspect of a ancestral gene.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#iba">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief Bioinform 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• transcription corepressor activity Source: UniProtKB
• transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding Source: UniProtKB

GO - Biological processⁱ

• adipose tissue development Source: MGI <p>Inferred from Mutant Phenotype</p> <p>Describes annotations that are concluded from looking at variations or changes in a gene product such as mutations or abnormal levels and includes techniques such as knockouts, overexpression, anti-sense experiments and use of specific protein inhibitors.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#imp">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Mini-mouse: phenotypic characterization of a transgenic insertional mutant allelic to pygmy."
    Benson K.F., Chada K.
    Genet Res 64:27-33(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• adrenal gland development Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Mini-mouse: phenotypic characterization of a transgenic insertional mutant allelic to pygmy."
    Benson K.F., Chada K.
    Genet Res 64:27-33(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• base-excision repair Source: UniProtKB
• cell division Source: UniProtKB-KW
• cell proliferation in forebrain Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Hmga2 promotes neural stem cell self-renewal in young but not old mice by reducing p16Ink4a and p19Arf Expression."
    Nishino J., Kim I., Chada K., Morrison S.J.
    Cell 135:227-239(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• chondrocyte differentiation Source: UniProtKB
• chondrocyte proliferation Source: UniProtKB
• chromosome breakage Source: UniProtKB
• chromosome condensation Source: UniProtKB-KW
• DNA damage response, detection of DNA damage Source: UniProtKB
• endodermal cell differentiation Source: UniProtKB
• epithelial to mesenchymal transition Source: UniProtKB
• epithelial tube branching involved in lung morphogenesis Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Hmga2 is required for canonical WNT signaling during lung development."
    Singh I., Mehta A., Contreras A., Boettger T., Carraro G., Wheeler M., Cabrera-Fuentes H.A., Bellusci S., Seeger W., Braun T., Barreto G.
    BMC Biol 12:21-21(2014) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• fat cell differentiation Source: UniProtKB
• fat pad development Source: MGI <p>Inferred from Genetic Interaction</p> <p>Used to describe "traditional" genetic interactions such as suppressors and synthetic lethals as well as other techniques such as functional complementation, rescue experiments, or inferences about a gene drawn from the phenotype of a mutation in a different gene.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#igi">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from genetic interactionⁱ
  • "In vivo modulation of Hmgic reduces obesity."
    Anand A., Chada K.
    Nat Genet 24:377-380(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• heterochromatin assembly Source: UniProtKB
• histone H2A-S139 phosphorylation Source: UniProtKB
• lung epithelium development Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Hmga2 is required for canonical WNT signaling during lung development."
    Singh I., Mehta A., Contreras A., Boettger T., Carraro G., Wheeler M., Cabrera-Fuentes H.A., Bellusci S., Seeger W., Braun T., Barreto G.
    BMC Biol 12:21-21(2014) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• male gonad development Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Mini-mouse: phenotypic characterization of a transgenic insertional mutant allelic to pygmy."
    Benson K.F., Chada K.
    Genet Res 64:27-33(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• meiotic cell cycle Source: UniProtKB-KW
• mesenchymal cell differentiation Source: UniProtKB
• mesodermal cell differentiation Source: UniProtKB
• mesodermal-endodermal cell signaling Source: UniProtKB
• mitotic G2 DNA damage checkpoint Source: UniProtKB
• negative regulation by host of viral transcription Source: UniProtKB
• negative regulation of apoptotic process Source: UniProtKB
• negative regulation of astrocyte differentiation Source: MGIInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Identification of genes that restrict astrocyte differentiation of midgestational neural precursor cells."
    Sanosaka T., Namihira M., Asano H., Kohyama J., Aisaki K., Igarashi K., Kanno J., Nakashima K.
    Neuroscience 155:780-788(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of cellular senescence Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "MicroRNA-10A* and MicroRNA-21 modulate endothelial progenitor cell senescence via suppressing high-mobility group A2."
    Zhu S., Deng S., Ma Q., Zhang T., Jia C., Zhuo D., Yang F., Wei J., Wang L., Dykxhoorn D.M., Hare J.M., Goldschmidt-Clermont P.J., Dong C.
    Circ Res 112:152-164(2013) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of DNA binding Source: UniProtKB
• negative regulation of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining Source: UniProtKB
• negative regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway Source: MGI
• negative regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT Source: MGI
• negative regulation of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate Source: UniProtKB
• negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated Source: UniProtKB
• negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II Source: UniProtKB
• negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Hmga2 is required for canonical WNT signaling during lung development."
    Singh I., Mehta A., Contreras A., Boettger T., Carraro G., Wheeler M., Cabrera-Fuentes H.A., Bellusci S., Seeger W., Braun T., Barreto G.
    BMC Biol 12:21-21(2014) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• oncogene-induced cell senescence Source: UniProtKB
• pituitary gland development Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Serum and pituitary concentrations of growth hormone and prolactin in pygmy mice."
    Sinha Y.N., Wolff G.L., Baxter S.R., Domon O.E.
    Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 162:221-223(1979) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of angiogenesis Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "MicroRNA-10A* and MicroRNA-21 modulate endothelial progenitor cell senescence via suppressing high-mobility group A2."
    Zhu S., Deng S., Ma Q., Zhang T., Jia C., Zhuo D., Yang F., Wei J., Wang L., Dykxhoorn D.M., Hare J.M., Goldschmidt-Clermont P.J., Dong C.
    Circ Res 112:152-164(2013) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of apoptotic process Source: UniProtKB
• positive regulation of cell cycle arrest Source: UniProtKB
• positive regulation of cell population proliferation Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Hmga2 promotes neural stem cell self-renewal in young but not old mice by reducing p16Ink4a and p19Arf Expression."
    Nishino J., Kim I., Chada K., Morrison S.J.
    Cell 135:227-239(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Mutation responsible for the mouse pygmy phenotype in the developmentally regulated factor HMGI-C."
    Zhou X., Benson K.F., Ashar H.R., Chada K.
    Nature 376:771-774(1995) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of cell proliferation in bone marrow Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "MicroRNA-10A* and MicroRNA-21 modulate endothelial progenitor cell senescence via suppressing high-mobility group A2."
    Zhu S., Deng S., Ma Q., Zhang T., Jia C., Zhuo D., Yang F., Wei J., Wang L., Dykxhoorn D.M., Hare J.M., Goldschmidt-Clermont P.J., Dong C.
    Circ Res 112:152-164(2013) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of cellular response to X-ray Source: UniProtKB
• positive regulation of cellular senescence Source: UniProtKB
• positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity Source: MGI
• positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Hmga2 is required for canonical WNT signaling during lung development."
    Singh I., Mehta A., Contreras A., Boettger T., Carraro G., Wheeler M., Cabrera-Fuentes H.A., Bellusci S., Seeger W., Braun T., Barreto G.
    BMC Biol 12:21-21(2014) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of gene expression Source: UniProtKBInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Differential regulation of the insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding protein genes by architectural transcription factor HMGA2."
    Brants J.R., Ayoubi T.A.Y., Chada K., Marchal K., Van de Ven W.J.M., Petit M.M.R.
    FEBS Lett. 569:277-283(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of multicellular organism growth Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Pygmy, a dwarfing gene in the house mouse."
    KING J.W.
    J Hered 41:249-252(1950) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "The pygmy (pg) mutant of the mouse--a model of the human pygmy."
    Rimoin D.L., Richmond L.
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab 35:467-468(1972) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Mutation responsible for the mouse pygmy phenotype in the developmentally regulated factor HMGI-C."
    Zhou X., Benson K.F., Ashar H.R., Chada K.
    Nature 376:771-774(1995) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Mini-mouse: phenotypic characterization of a transgenic insertional mutant allelic to pygmy."
    Benson K.F., Chada K.
    Genet Res 64:27-33(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity Source: UniProtKB
• positive regulation of response to DNA damage stimulus Source: UniProtKB
• positive regulation of stem cell proliferation Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Hmga2 promotes neural stem cell self-renewal in young but not old mice by reducing p16Ink4a and p19Arf Expression."
    Nishino J., Kim I., Chada K., Morrison S.J.
    Cell 135:227-239(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II Source: MGIInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Hmga2 is required for canonical WNT signaling during lung development."
    Singh I., Mehta A., Contreras A., Boettger T., Carraro G., Wheeler M., Cabrera-Fuentes H.A., Bellusci S., Seeger W., Braun T., Barreto G.
    BMC Biol 12:21-21(2014) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of cell cycle process Source: UniProtKBInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Transcriptional activation of the cyclin A gene by the architectural transcription factor HMGA2."
    Tessari M.A., Gostissa M., Altamura S., Sgarra R., Rustighi A., Salvagno C., Caretti G., Imbriano C., Mantovani R., Del Sal G., Giancotti V., Manfioletti G.
    Mol. Cell. Biol. 23:9104-9116(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of cellular response to drug Source: UniProtKB
• regulation of growth hormone secretion Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Serum and pituitary concentrations of growth hormone and prolactin in pygmy mice."
    Sinha Y.N., Wolff G.L., Baxter S.R., Domon O.E.
    Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 162:221-223(1979) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of peptide hormone secretion Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Serum and pituitary concentrations of growth hormone and prolactin in pygmy mice."
    Sinha Y.N., Wolff G.L., Baxter S.R., Domon O.E.
    Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 162:221-223(1979) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of stem cell population maintenance Source: UniProtKB
• regulation of transcription, DNA-templated Source: UniProtKB
• senescence-associated heterochromatin focus assembly Source: UniProtKB
• signal transduction Source: MGI
• somatic stem cell population maintenance Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Hmga2 promotes neural stem cell self-renewal in young but not old mice by reducing p16Ink4a and p19Arf Expression."
    Nishino J., Kim I., Chada K., Morrison S.J.
    Cell 135:227-239(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• spermatogenesis Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "HMGA1 and HMGA2 protein expression in mouse spermatogenesis."
    Chieffi P., Battista S., Barchi M., Di Agostino S., Pierantoni G.M., Fedele M., Chiariotti L., Tramontano D., Fusco A.
    Oncogene 21:3644-3650(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

<p>UniProtKB Keywords constitute a <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/keywords">controlled vocabulary</a> with a hierarchical structure. Keywords summarise the content of a UniProtKB entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest.<p><a href='/help/keywords' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Keywordsⁱ

Enzyme and pathway databases

<p>This section provides information about the protein and gene name(s) and synonym(s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/names_and_taxonomy_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Names & Taxonomyⁱ

Organism-specific databases

<p>This section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell.<p><a href='/help/subcellular_location_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subcellular locationⁱ

• UniProt annotation
• GO - Cellular component

Keywords - Cellular componentⁱ

<p>This section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs) and/or processing events.<p><a href='/help/ptm_processing_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>PTM / Processingⁱ

Molecule processing

Amino acid modifications

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/ptm%5Fprocessing%5Fsection">PTM/processing</a> section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs). This subsection <strong>complements</strong> the information provided at the sequence level or describes modifications for which <strong>position-specific data is not yet available</strong>.<p><a href='/help/post-translational_modification' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Post-translational modificationⁱ

Keywords - PTMⁱ

Proteomic databases

PTM databases

<p>This section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms.<p><a href='/help/expression_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Expressionⁱ

<p>This subsection of the 'Expression' section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms. By default, the information is derived from experiments at the mRNA level, unless specified 'at protein level'.<br></br>Examples: <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P92958#expression">P92958</a>, <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8TDN4#expression">Q8TDN4</a>, <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O14734#expression">O14734</a><p><a href='/help/tissue_specificity' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Tissue specificityⁱ

<p>This subsection of the 'Expression' section provides information on the expression of the gene product at various stages of a cell, tissue or organism development. By default, the information is derived from experiments at the mRNA level, unless specified 'at the protein level'.<p><a href='/help/developmental_stage' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Developmental stageⁱ

Gene expression databases

<p>This section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes.<p><a href='/help/interaction_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Interactionⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/interaction%5Fsection">'Interaction'</a> section provides information about the protein quaternary structure and interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes (with the exception of physiological receptor-ligand interactions which are annotated in the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function%5Fsection">'Function'</a> section).<p><a href='/help/subunit_structure' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subunit structureⁱ

<p>This subsection of the '<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/interaction%5Fsection">Interaction</a>' section provides information about binary protein-protein interactions. The data presented in this section are a quality-filtered subset of binary interactions automatically derived from the <a href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/">IntAct database</a>. It is updated at every <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/synchronization">UniProt release</a>.<p><a href='/help/binary_interactions' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Binary interactionsⁱ

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• C2H2 zinc finger domain binding Source: UniProtKB
• enzyme binding Source: MGI
• MH1 domain binding Source: UniProtKB
• MH2 domain binding Source: UniProtKB

Protein-protein interaction databases

Miscellaneous databases

<p>This section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein.<p><a href='/help/structure_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Structureⁱ

<p>This section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain(s) present in a protein.<p><a href='/help/family_and_domains_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Family & Domainsⁱ

Region

Compositional bias

<p>This subsection of the 'Family and domains' section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins.<p><a href='/help/sequence_similarities' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence similaritiesⁱ

Keywords - Domainⁱ

Phylogenomic databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. It also includes information pertinent to the sequence(s), including <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequence%5Flength">length</a> and <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences">molecular weight</a>. The information is filed in different subsections. The current subsections and their content are listed below:<p><a href='/help/sequences_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence (1+)ⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences%5Fsection">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical%5Fand%5Fisoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is complete or not.<p><a href='/help/sequence_status' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence statusⁱ: Complete.

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences%5Fsection">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical%5Fand%5Fisoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is in its mature form or if it represents the precursor.<p><a href='/help/sequence_processing' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence processingⁱ: The displayed sequence is further processed into a mature form.

This entry has 1 described isoform and 1 potential isoform that is computationally mapped.Show allAlign All

        10         20         30         40         50
MSARGEGAGQ PSTSAQGQPA APVPQKRGRG RPRKQQQEPT CEPSPKRPRG 
        60         70         80         90        100
RPKGSKNKSP SKAAQKKAET IGEKRPRGRP RKWPQQVVQK KPAQETEETS 

SQESAEED                                               

Sequence databases

Genome annotation databases

<p>This section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence(s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100%, 90% and 50%) based on their membership in UniProt Reference Clusters (<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/uniref">UniRef</a>).<p><a href='/help/similar_proteins_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Similar proteinsⁱ

• 90% Identity
• 50% Identity

<p>This section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than UniProtKB.<p><a href='/help/cross_references_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Cross-referencesⁱ

Sequence databases

3D structure databases

Protein-protein interaction databases

PTM databases

Proteomic databases

Protocols and materials databases

Genome annotation databases

Organism-specific databases

Phylogenomic databases

Enzyme and pathway databases

Miscellaneous databases

Gene expression databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section provides general information on the entry.<p><a href='/help/entry_information_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry informationⁱ

<p>This section contains any relevant information that doesn't fit in any other defined sections<p><a href='/help/miscellaneous_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Miscellaneousⁱ

Keywords - Technical termⁱ

Documents

1. MGD cross-references
   Mouse Genome Database (MGD) cross-references in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
2. SIMILARITY comments
   Index of protein domains and families