Glutamate--cysteine ligase regulatory subunit

<p>This section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge.<p><a href='/help/function_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Functionⁱ

<p>The <a href="http://www.geneontology.org/">Gene Ontology (GO)</a> project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories:<p><a href='/help/gene_ontology' target='_top'>More...</a></p>GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• D-threo-aldose 1-dehydrogenase activity Source: InterPro
• enzyme regulator activity Source: GO_Central <p>Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor</p> <p>A type of phylogenetic evidence whereby an aspect of a descendent is inferred through the characterization of an aspect of a ancestral gene.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#iba">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief Bioinform 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• glutamate-cysteine ligase activity Source: RGD <p>Inferred from Direct Assay</p> <p>Used to indicate a direct assay for the function, process or component indicated by the GO term.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#ida">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from direct assayⁱ
  • Ref.1

    "Amino acid sequence and function of the light subunit of rat kidney gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase."
    Huang C.-S., Anderson M.E., Meister A.
    J. Biol. Chem. 268:20578-20583(1993) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

    Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA], PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 139-156 AND 219-241.
• glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit binding Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Differential regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase subunit expression and increased holoenzyme formation in response to cysteine deprivation."
    Lee J.I., Kang J., Stipanuk M.H.
    Biochem J 393:181-190(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• protein-containing complex binding Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Differential regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase subunit expression and increased holoenzyme formation in response to cysteine deprivation."
    Lee J.I., Kang J., Stipanuk M.H.
    Biochem J 393:181-190(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

GO - Biological processⁱ

• aging Source: RGD <p>Inferred from Expression Pattern</p> <p>Covers cases where the annotation is inferred from the timing or location of expression of a gene.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#iep">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Age-related changes in glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes in rat brain."
    Zhu Y., Carvey P.M., Ling Z.
    Brain Res 1090:35-44(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• apoptotic mitochondrial changes Source: RGD
• blood vessel diameter maintenance Source: UniProtKB
• cellular response to fibroblast growth factor stimulus Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "FSH and bFGF stimulate the production of glutathione in cultured rat Sertoli cells."
    Gualtieri A.F., Mazzone G.L., Rey R.A., Schteingart H.F.
    Int J Androl 32:218-225(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• cellular response to follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "FSH and bFGF stimulate the production of glutathione in cultured rat Sertoli cells."
    Gualtieri A.F., Mazzone G.L., Rey R.A., Schteingart H.F.
    Int J Androl 32:218-225(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• cellular response to glucose stimulus Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "HGF suppresses high glucose-mediated oxidative stress in mesangial cells by activation of PKG and inhibition of PKA."
    Hui L., Hong Y., Jingjing Z., Yuan H., Qi C., Nong Z.
    Free Radic Biol Med 49:467-473(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "HGF suppresses high glucose-mediated oxidative stress in mesangial cells by activation of PKG and inhibition of PKA."
    Hui L., Hong Y., Jingjing Z., Yuan H., Qi C., Nong Z.
    Free Radic Biol Med 49:467-473(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• cellular response to leukemia inhibitory factor Source: RGD
• cellular response to thyroxine stimulus Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Thyroid hormone promotes glutathione synthesis in astrocytes by up regulation of glutamate cysteine ligase through differential stimulation of its catalytic and modulator subunit mRNAs."
    Dasgupta A., Das S., Sarkar P.K.
    Free Radic Biol Med 42:617-626(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• cysteine metabolic process Source: RGD
• glutamate metabolic process Source: UniProtKB
• glutathione biosynthetic process Source: RGD <p>Inferred from Mutant Phenotype</p> <p>Describes annotations that are concluded from looking at variations or changes in a gene product such as mutations or abnormal levels and includes techniques such as knockouts, overexpression, anti-sense experiments and use of specific protein inhibitors.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#imp">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Knockdown of glutamate-cysteine ligase by small hairpin RNA reveals that both catalytic and modulatory subunits are essential for the survival of primary neurons."
    Diaz-Hernandez J.I., Almeida A., Delgado-Esteban M., Fernandez E., Bolanos J.P.
    J Biol Chem 280:38992-39001(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• glutathione metabolic process Source: RGD
• hepatic stellate cell activation Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Mechanism and significance of changes in glutamate-cysteine ligase expression during hepatic fibrogenesis."
    Ramani K., Tomasi M.L., Yang H., Ko K., Lu S.C.
    J Biol Chem 287:36341-36355(2012) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway Source: RGD
• negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process Source: RGDInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Knockdown of glutamate-cysteine ligase by small hairpin RNA reveals that both catalytic and modulatory subunits are essential for the survival of primary neurons."
    Diaz-Hernandez J.I., Almeida A., Delgado-Esteban M., Fernandez E., Bolanos J.P.
    J Biol Chem 280:38992-39001(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Differential regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase subunit expression and increased holoenzyme formation in response to cysteine deprivation."
    Lee J.I., Kang J., Stipanuk M.H.
    Biochem J 393:181-190(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of mitochondrial depolarization Source: RGD
• response to activity Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Aging impairs the expression of the catalytic subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase in soleus muscle under stress."
    Chen C.N., Brown-Borg H.M., Rakoczy S.G., Ferrington D.A., Thompson L.V.
    J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 65:129-137(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to drug Source: UniProtKB
• response to human chorionic gonadotropin Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Gonadotropin regulation of glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic and modifier subunit expression in rat ovary is subunit and follicle stage specific."
    Tsai-Turton M., Luderer U.
    Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 289:E391-402(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to nitrosative stress Source: RGDInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Knockdown of glutamate-cysteine ligase by small hairpin RNA reveals that both catalytic and modulatory subunits are essential for the survival of primary neurons."
    Diaz-Hernandez J.I., Almeida A., Delgado-Esteban M., Fernandez E., Bolanos J.P.
    J Biol Chem 280:38992-39001(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to nutrient Source: RGDInferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "Rice protein improves oxidative stress by regulating glutathione metabolism and attenuating oxidative damage to lipids and proteins in rats."
    Yang L., Chen J.H., Xu T., Zhou A.S., Yang H.K.
    Life Sci 91:389-394(2012) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to oxidative stress Source: RGDInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Knockdown of glutamate-cysteine ligase by small hairpin RNA reveals that both catalytic and modulatory subunits are essential for the survival of primary neurons."
    Diaz-Hernandez J.I., Almeida A., Delgado-Esteban M., Fernandez E., Bolanos J.P.
    J Biol Chem 280:38992-39001(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

<p>UniProtKB Keywords constitute a <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/keywords">controlled vocabulary</a> with a hierarchical structure. Keywords summarise the content of a UniProtKB entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest.<p><a href='/help/keywords' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Keywordsⁱ

Enzyme and pathway databases

<p>This section provides information about the protein and gene name(s) and synonym(s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/names_and_taxonomy_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Names & Taxonomyⁱ

Organism-specific databases

<p>This section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell.<p><a href='/help/subcellular_location_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subcellular locationⁱ

• UniProt annotation
• GO - Cellular component

<p>This section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs) and/or processing events.<p><a href='/help/ptm_processing_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>PTM / Processingⁱ

Molecule processing

Amino acid modifications

Keywords - PTMⁱ

Proteomic databases

PTM databases

<p>This section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms.<p><a href='/help/expression_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Expressionⁱ

<p>This subsection of the 'Expression' section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms. By default, the information is derived from experiments at the mRNA level, unless specified 'at protein level'.<br></br>Examples: <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P92958#expression">P92958</a>, <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8TDN4#expression">Q8TDN4</a>, <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O14734#expression">O14734</a><p><a href='/help/tissue_specificity' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Tissue specificityⁱ

Gene expression databases

<p>This section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes.<p><a href='/help/interaction_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Interactionⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/interaction_section">'Interaction'</a> section provides information about the protein quaternary structure and interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes (with the exception of physiological receptor-ligand interactions which are annotated in the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function_section">'Function'</a> section).<p><a href='/help/subunit_structure' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subunit structureⁱ

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit binding Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Differential regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase subunit expression and increased holoenzyme formation in response to cysteine deprivation."
    Lee J.I., Kang J., Stipanuk M.H.
    Biochem J 393:181-190(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

Protein-protein interaction databases

<p>This section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein.<p><a href='/help/structure_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Structureⁱ

3D structure databases

<p>This section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain(s) present in a protein.<p><a href='/help/family_and_domains_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Family & Domainsⁱ

<p>This subsection of the 'Family and domains' section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins.<p><a href='/help/sequence_similarities' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence similaritiesⁱ

Phylogenomic databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. It also includes information pertinent to the sequence(s), including <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequence_length">length</a> and <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences">molecular weight</a>. The information is filed in different subsections. The current subsections and their content are listed below:<p><a href='/help/sequences_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequenceⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences_section">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical_and_isoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is complete or not.<p><a href='/help/sequence_status' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence statusⁱ: Complete.

        10         20         30         40         50
MGTDSRAAGA LLARASTLHL QTGNLLNWGR LRKKCPSTHS EELRDCIQKT 
        60         70         80         90        100
LNEWSSQISP DLVREFPDVL ECTMSHAVEK INPDEREEMK VSAKLFIVGS 
       110        120        130        140        150
NSSSSTRNAV DMACSVLGVA QLDSVIMASP PIEDGVNLSL EHLQPYWEEL 
       160        170        180        190        200
ENLVQSKKIV AIGTSDLDKT QLEQLYQWAQ VKPNSNQVNL ASCCVMPPDL 
       210        220        230        240        250
TAFAKQFDIQ LLTHNDPKEL LSEASFQEAL QESIPDIEAQ EWVPLWLLRY 
       260        270 
SVIVKSRGII KSKGYILQAK RKGS                             

Sequence databases

Genome annotation databases

<p>This section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence(s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100%, 90% and 50%) based on their membership in UniProt Reference Clusters (<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/uniref">UniRef</a>).<p><a href='/help/similar_proteins_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Similar proteinsⁱ

• 100% Identity
• 90% Identity
• 50% Identity

<p>This section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than UniProtKB.<p><a href='/help/cross_references_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Cross-referencesⁱ

Sequence databases

3D structure databases

Protein-protein interaction databases

PTM databases

Proteomic databases

Genome annotation databases

Organism-specific databases

Phylogenomic databases

Enzyme and pathway databases

Miscellaneous databases

Gene expression databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section provides general information on the entry.<p><a href='/help/entry_information_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry informationⁱ

<p>This section contains any relevant information that doesn't fit in any other defined sections<p><a href='/help/miscellaneous_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Miscellaneousⁱ

Keywords - Technical termⁱ

Documents

1. PATHWAY comments
   Index of metabolic and biosynthesis pathways
2. SIMILARITY comments
   Index of protein domains and families