Hmgb2

Functionⁱ

Multifunctional protein with various roles in different cellular compartments. May act in a redox sensitive manner. In the nucleus is an abundant chromatin-associated non-histone protein involved in transcription, chromatin remodeling and V(D)J recombination and probably other processes. Binds DNA with a preference to non-canonical DNA structures such as single-stranded DNA. Can bent DNA and enhance DNA flexibility by looping thus providing a mechanism to promote activities on various gene promoters by enhancing transcription factor binding and/or bringing distant regulatory sequences into close proximity (By similarity). Involved in V(D)J recombination by acting as a cofactor of the RAG complex: acts by stimulating cleavage and RAG protein binding at the 23 bp spacer of conserved recombination signal sequences (RSS) (PubMed:9184213). Proposed to be involved in the innate immune response to nucleic acids by acting as a cytoplasmic promiscuous immunogenic DNA/RNA sensor which cooperates with subsequent discriminative sensing by specific pattern recognition receptors (PubMed:19890330). In the extracellular compartment acts as a chemokine. Promotes proliferation and migration of endothelial cells implicating AGER/RAGE (By similarity). Has antimicrobial activity in gastrointestinal epithelial tissues (By similarity). Involved in inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus coupled with proinflammatory activity (PubMed:25306442). May play a role in germ cell differentiation (PubMed:11262228). Involved in modulation of neurogenesis probably by regulation of neural stem proliferation (PubMed:24391977). Involved in articular cartilage surface maintenance implicating LEF1 and the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway (PubMed:19805379).By similarity1 Publication6 Publications

Regions

Feature key	Position(s)	DescriptionActions	Graphical view	Length
DNA bindingⁱ	9 – 79	HMG box 1PROSITE-ProRule annotationAdd BLAST		71
DNA bindingⁱ	95 – 163	HMG box 2PROSITE-ProRule annotationAdd BLAST		69

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

chemoattractant activity Source: MGI
damaged DNA binding Source: MGI
DNA binding Source: AgBase
DNA binding, bending Source: UniProtKB
DNA-binding transcription factor activity Source: MGI
double-stranded DNA binding
Source: UniProtKB
Inferred from direct assayⁱ
- 19890330
enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding
Source: AgBase
Inferred from direct assayⁱ
- 23495099
non-sequence-specific DNA binding, bending Source: AgBase
protein domain specific binding
Source: MGI
Inferred from physical interactionⁱ
- 7720710
RAGE receptor binding Source: MGI
supercoiled DNA binding Source: AgBase
transcription factor binding
Source: AgBase
Inferred from direct assayⁱ
- 23495099
transcription regulatory region DNA binding Source: MGI

View the complete GO annotation on QuickGO ...

GO - Biological processⁱ

cell chemotaxis Source: MGI
cellular response to lipopolysaccharide Source: Ensembl
defense response to Gram-negative bacterium Source: AgBase
defense response to Gram-positive bacterium Source: AgBase
DNA recombination Source: UniProtKB-KW
DNA topological change Source: AgBase
inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
Source: AgBase
Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
- 25306442
innate immune response Source: UniProtKB-KW
male gonad development
Source: MGI
Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
- 11262228
negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors
Source: MGI
Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
- 19139395
negative regulation of gene expression
Source: AgBase
Inferred from direct assayⁱ
- 23495099
negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated Source: MGI
positive regulation of DNA binding
Source: MGI
Inferred from direct assayⁱ
- 7720710
positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation Source: MGI
positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation Source: MGI
positive regulation of gene expression
Source: AgBase
Inferred from direct assayⁱ
- 23495099
positive regulation of innate immune response
Source: UniProtKB
Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
- 19890330
positive regulation of interferon-beta production
Source: UniProtKB
Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
- 19890330
positive regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation Source: MGI
positive regulation of nuclease activity Source: MGI
positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated Source: MGI
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
Source: MGI
Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
- 11262228
regulation of neurogenesis
Source: AgBase
Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
- 24391977
regulation of stem cell proliferation
Source: AgBase
Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
- 24391977
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
Source: MGI
Inferred from direct assayⁱ
- 7720710
response to lipopolysaccharide
Source: AgBase
Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
- 25306442
response to steroid hormone
Source: MGI
Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
- 11262228
spermatid nucleus differentiation
Source: MGI
Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
- 16765935
spermatogenesis
Source: MGI
Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
- 11262228
transcription, DNA-templated Source: UniProtKB-KW

View the complete GO annotation on QuickGO ...

Keywordsⁱ

Molecular function	DNA-binding
Biological process	Chemotaxis, DNA recombination, Immunity, Inflammatory response, Innate immunity, Transcription, Transcription regulation

Enzyme and pathway databases

Reactomeⁱ	R-MMU-211227 Activation of DNA fragmentation factor

Reactomeⁱ

R-MMU-211227 Activation of DNA fragmentation factor

Names & Taxonomyⁱ

Protein namesⁱ	Recommended name: High mobility group protein B2 Alternative name(s): High mobility group protein 2 Short name: HMG-2
Gene namesⁱ	Name:Hmgb2 Synonyms:Hmg2
Organismⁱ	Mus musculus (Mouse)
Taxonomic identifierⁱ	10090 [NCBI]
Taxonomic lineageⁱ	cellular organisms › Eukaryota › Opisthokonta › Metazoa › Eumetazoa › Bilateria › Deuterostomia › Chordata › Craniata › Vertebrata › Gnathostomata › Teleostomi › Euteleostomi › Sarcopterygii › Dipnotetrapodomorpha › Tetrapoda › Amniota › Mammalia › Theria › Eutheria › Boreoeutheria › Euarchontoglires › Glires › Rodentia › Myomorpha › Muroidea › Muridae › Murinae › Mus › Mus
Proteomesⁱ	UP000000589 Componentⁱ: Chromosome 8

Organism-specific databases

MGIⁱ	MGI:96157 Hmgb2

Keywords - Cellular componentⁱ

Chromosome, Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Secreted

Pathology & Biotechⁱ

Disruption phenotypeⁱ

Viable, with severe reduction of sperm production in males.1 Publication

PTM / Processingⁱ

Molecule processing

Feature key	Position(s)	DescriptionActions	Graphical view	Length
ChainⁱPRO_0000048535	1 – 210	High mobility group protein B2Add BLAST		210

Amino acid modifications

Feature key	Position(s)	DescriptionActions	Length
Modified residueⁱ	3	N6-acetyllysineBy similarity	1
Disulfide bondⁱ	23 ↔ 45	In disulfide HMGB2; alternateBy similarity
Modified residueⁱ	23	Cysteine sulfonic acid (-SO3H); alternateBy similarity	1
Modified residueⁱ	30	N6-acetyllysineCombined sources	1
Modified residueⁱ	35	PhosphoserineBy similarity	1
Modified residueⁱ	43	N6-acetyllysineBy similarity	1
Modified residueⁱ	45	Cysteine sulfonic acid (-SO3H); alternateBy similarity	1
Modified residueⁱ	90	N6-acetyllysineBy similarity	1
Modified residueⁱ	100	PhosphoserineBy similarity	1
Modified residueⁱ	106	Cysteine sulfonic acid (-SO3H)By similarity	1
Modified residueⁱ	114	N6-acetyllysineCombined sources	1
Modified residueⁱ	141	N6-acetyllysineBy similarity	1

Post-translational modificationⁱ

Reduction/oxidation of cysteine residues Cys-23, Cys-45 and Cys-106 and a possible intramolecular disulfide bond involving Cys-23 and Cys-45 give rise to different redox forms with specific functional activities in various cellular compartments: 1- fully reduced HMGB2 (HMGB2C23hC45hC106h), 2- disulfide HMGB2 (HMGB2C23-C45C106h) and 3- sulfonyl HMGB2 (HMGB2C23soC45soC106so).By similarity

Keywords - PTMⁱ

Acetylation, Disulfide bond, Oxidation, Phosphoprotein

Proteomic databases

EPDⁱ	P30681
MaxQB - The MaxQuant DataBase More...MaxQBⁱ	P30681
PaxDbⁱ	P30681
PeptideAtlas More...PeptideAtlasⁱ	P30681
PRIDEⁱ	P30681

PTM databases

iPTMnetⁱ	P30681
PhosphoSitePlusⁱ	P30681
SwissPalmⁱ	P30681

Expressionⁱ

Tissue specificityⁱ

Widely expressed in embryo. In adult mainly expressed in lymphoid organs and testes (PubMed:11262228). Expressed in primary spermatocytes. Expressed in the superficial zone of articular cartilage (PubMed:19805379).2 Publications

Gene expression databases

Bgeeⁱ	ENSMUSG00000054717 Expressed in 181 organ(s), highest expression level in thymus
CleanExⁱ	MM_HMGB2
ExpressionAtlasⁱ	P30681 baseline and differential
Genevisibleⁱ	P30681 MM

Interactionⁱ

Subunit structureⁱ

Interacts with POU2F2, POU2F1 and POU3F1 (PubMed:7720710). Component of the RAG complex composed of core components RAG1 and RAG2, and associated component HMGB1 or HMGB2 (PubMed:9184213). Component of the SET complex, composed of at least ANP32A, APEX1, HMGB2, NME1, SET and TREX1. Directly interacts with SET (By similarity). Interacts with LEF1 (PubMed:19805379).By similarity3 Publications

Binary interactionsⁱ

With	Entry	#Exp.	IntAct	Notes
Lef1	P27782	2	EBI-6910056,EBI-984464

With

Entry

#Exp.

IntAct

Notes

Lef1

P27782

2

EBI-6910056,EBI-984464

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

chemoattractant activity Source: MGI
protein domain specific binding
Source: MGI
Inferred from physical interactionⁱ
- 7720710
RAGE receptor binding Source: MGI
transcription factor binding
Source: AgBase
Inferred from direct assayⁱ
- 23495099

View the complete GO annotation on QuickGO ...

Protein-protein interaction databases

BioGridⁱ	220633, 3 interactors
Database of interacting proteins More...DIPⁱ	DIP-899N
IntActⁱ	P30681, 7 interactors
Molecular INTeraction database More...MINTⁱ	P30681
STRINGⁱ	10090.ENSMUSP00000065940

Structureⁱ

3D structure databases

ProteinModelPortalⁱ	P30681
SMRⁱ	P30681
ModBaseⁱ	Search...
MobiDBⁱ	Search...

Family & Domainsⁱ

Region

Feature key	Position(s)	DescriptionActions	Graphical view	Length
Regionⁱ	165 – 180	Required for chemotactic activityBy similarityAdd BLAST		16

Compositional bias

Feature key	Position(s)	DescriptionActions	Graphical view	Length
Compositional biasⁱ	186 – 210	Asp/Glu-rich (acidic)Add BLAST		25

Domainⁱ

Both, HMG box 1 and HMG box 2, show antimicrobial activity.By similarity

Sequence similaritiesⁱ

Belongs to the HMGB family.Curated

Keywords - Domainⁱ

Repeat

Phylogenomic databases

eggNOGⁱ	KOG0381 Eukaryota COG5648 LUCA
Ensembl GeneTree More...GeneTreeⁱ	ENSGT00760000119164
HOGENOMⁱ	HOG000197861
HOVERGENⁱ	HBG009000
InParanoidⁱ	P30681
KEGG Orthology (KO) More...KOⁱ	K11295
OMAⁱ	ADDTWRA
Database of Orthologous Groups More...OrthoDBⁱ	EOG091G0P81
PhylomeDBⁱ	P30681
TreeFamⁱ	TF105371

Family and domain databases

Gene3Dⁱ	1.10.30.10, 2 hits
InterProⁱ	View protein in InterPro IPR009071 HMG_box_dom IPR036910 HMG_box_dom_sf IPR017967 HMG_boxA_CS IPR031075 HMGB2
PANTHERⁱ	PTHR13711:SF181 PTHR13711:SF181, 1 hit
Pfam protein domain database More...Pfamⁱ	View protein in Pfam PF00505 HMG_box, 1 hit PF09011 HMG_box_2, 1 hit
SMARTⁱ	View protein in SMART SM00398 HMG, 2 hits
SUPFAMⁱ	SSF47095 SSF47095, 2 hits
PROSITEⁱ	View protein in PROSITE PS00353 HMG_BOX_1, 1 hit PS50118 HMG_BOX_2, 2 hits

Sequence (1+)ⁱ

Sequence statusⁱ: Complete.

This entry has 1 described isoform and 1 potential isoform that is computationally mapped.ⁱShow all

P30681-1 [UniParc]FASTA Add to basket

« Hide

        10         20         30         40         50
MGKGDPNKPR GKMSSYAFFV QTCREEHKKK HPDSSVNFAE FSKKCSERWK 
        60         70         80         90        100
TMSAKEKSKF EDLAKSDKAR YDREMKNYVP PKGDKKGKKK DPNAPKRPPS 
       110        120        130        140        150
AFFLFCSENR PKIKIEHPGL SIGDTAKKLG EMWSEQSAKD KQPYEQKAAK 
       160        170        180        190        200
LKEKYEKDIA AYRAKGKSEA GKKGPGRPTG SKKKNEPEDE EEEEEEEEEE 
       210
DDEEEEEDEE

Length:210

Mass (Da):24,162

Last modified:January 23, 2007 - v3

Checksum:ⁱ45D1F667DB4ED94D

GO

Computationally mapped potential isoform sequencesⁱ

There is 1 potential isoform mapped to this entry.BLAST Align Show all Add to basket

	Entry	Entry name		Protein names	Gene names	Length	Annotation
	A0A1B0GQX9	A0A1B0GQX9_MOUSE		High mobility group protein B2 High mobility group protein B2	Hmgb2	99	Annotation score:

Experimental Info

Feature key	Position(s)	DescriptionActions	Length
Sequence conflictⁱ	7	N → I in CAA47900 (PubMed:1408807).Curated	1
Sequence conflictⁱ	10	R → L in CAA47900 (PubMed:1408807).Curated	1
Sequence conflictⁱ	33	D → N in CAA47900 (PubMed:1408807).Curated	1
Sequence conflictⁱ	41	F → I in CAA47900 (PubMed:1408807).Curated	1
Sequence conflictⁱ	47	E → K in CAA47900 (PubMed:1408807).Curated	1
Sequence conflictⁱ	57	K → N in CAA47900 (PubMed:1408807).Curated	1
Sequence conflictⁱ	70 – 72	RYD → CYY in CAA47900 (PubMed:1408807).Curated	3
Sequence conflictⁱ	80	P → S in CAA47900 (PubMed:1408807).Curated	1
Sequence conflictⁱ	103	F → C in CAA47900 (PubMed:1408807).Curated	1
Sequence conflictⁱ	117	H → Y in CAA47900 (PubMed:1408807).Curated	1
Sequence conflictⁱ	140	D → E in CAA47900 (PubMed:1408807).Curated	1
Sequence conflictⁱ	159	I → F in CAA47900 (PubMed:1408807).Curated	1
Sequence conflictⁱ	164	A → V in CAA47900 (PubMed:1408807).Curated	1
Sequence conflictⁱ	179	T → A in CAA47900 (PubMed:1408807).Curated	1
Sequence conflictⁱ	184 – 193	KNEPEDEEEE → NDSED in CAA47900 (PubMed:1408807).Curated	10
Sequence conflictⁱ	202	D → E in CAA47900 (PubMed:1408807).Curated	1
Sequence conflictⁱ	202	D → E in AAG36939 (PubMed:11262228).Curated	1
Sequence conflictⁱ	202	D → E in AAH02050 (PubMed:15489334).Curated	1
Sequence conflictⁱ	204	E → G in CAA47900 (PubMed:1408807).Curated	1

Sequence databases

Select the link destinations: EMBLⁱ GenBankⁱ DDBJⁱ Links Updated	X67668 mRNA Translation: CAA47900.1 Z46757 mRNA Translation: CAA86727.1 AF267733 Genomic DNA Translation: AAG36939.1 AK003773 mRNA Translation: BAB22988.1 AK008443 mRNA Translation: BAB25672.1 AK012568 mRNA Translation: BAB28323.1 AK135296 mRNA Translation: BAE22481.1 AK135297 mRNA Translation: BAE22482.1 AK146212 mRNA Translation: BAE26982.1 BC002050 mRNA Translation: AAH02050.1 BC046759 mRNA Translation: AAH46759.1 BC083108 mRNA Translation: AAH83108.1
The Consensus CDS (CCDS) project More...CCDSⁱ	CCDS40343.1
PIRⁱ	S26062 S54774
NCBI Reference Sequences More...RefSeqⁱ	NP_032278.1, NM_008252.3 XP_006509587.1, XM_006509524.2
UniGeneⁱ	Mm.276881 Mm.279998

Genome annotation databases

Ensemblⁱ	ENSMUST00000067925; ENSMUSP00000065940; ENSMUSG00000054717
GeneIDⁱ	97165
KEGGⁱ	mmu:97165
UCSC genome browser More...UCSCⁱ	uc009lsx.2 mouse

Similar proteinsⁱ

100% Identity
90% Identity
50% Identity

Protein	Similar proteins		Species	Score	Length	Source
P30681	High mobility group protein B2		RAT		210	UniRef90_P30681
High mobility group protein B2	)	PIG		210
High mobility group protein B2 (Fragment)		Daphnia magna		190
High mobility group protein B2		HETGA		262
Uncharacterized protein		PAPAN		213
+51

Protein	Similar proteins		Species	Score	Length	Source
P30681	High mobility group protein B1		CHICK		215	UniRef50_Q9YH06
High mobility group protein B2		RAT		210
High mobility group protein B2	)	PIG		210
High mobility group protein B3	)	HUMAN		200
Uncharacterized protein		CALSU		247
+413

Entry informationⁱ

Entry nameⁱ	HMGB2_MOUSE
Accessionⁱ	P30681Primary (citable) accession number: P30681 Secondary accession number(s): Q3UXT1, Q9EQD5
Entry historyⁱ	Integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:	April 1, 1993
	Last sequence update:	January 23, 2007
	Last modified:	September 12, 2018
	This is version 164 of the entry and version 3 of the sequence. See complete history.
Entry statusⁱ	Reviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
Annotation program	Chordata Protein Annotation Program

Miscellaneousⁱ

Keywords - Technical termⁱ

Complete proteome, Reference proteome

UniProtKB

UniParc

Help

UniRef

Proteomes

Annotation systems

Supporting data

UniProtKB - P30681 (HMGB2_MOUSE)

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High mobility group protein B2

Select a section on the left to see content.

<p>This section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge.<p><a href='/help/function_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Functioni

Regions

<p>The <a href="http://www.geneontology.org/">Gene Ontology (GO)</a> project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories:<p><a href='/help/gene_ontology' target='_top'>More...</a></p>GO - Molecular functioni

GO - Biological processi

Enzyme and pathway databases

<p>This section provides information about the protein and gene name(s) and synonym(s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/names_and_taxonomy_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Names & Taxonomyi

Organism-specific databases

<p>This section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell.<p><a href='/help/subcellular_location_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subcellular locationi

Nucleus

Extracellular region or secreted

Other locations

Extracellular region or secreted

Nucleus

Other locations

Keywords - Cellular componenti

<p>This section provides information on the disease(s) and phenotype(s) associated with a protein.<p><a href='/help/pathology_and_biotech_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Pathology & Biotechi

<p>This section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs) and/or processing events.<p><a href='/help/ptm_processing_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>PTM / Processingi

Molecule processing

Amino acid modifications

Keywords - PTMi

Proteomic databases

PTM databases

<p>This section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms.<p><a href='/help/expression_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Expressioni

Gene expression databases

<p>This section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes.<p><a href='/help/interaction_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Interactioni

GO - Molecular functioni

Protein-protein interaction databases

<p>This section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein.<p><a href='/help/structure_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Structurei

3D structure databases

<p>This section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain(s) present in a protein.<p><a href='/help/family_and_domains_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Family & Domainsi

Region

Compositional bias

<p>This subsection of the ‘Family and domains’ section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins.<p><a href='/help/sequence_similarities' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence similaritiesi

Keywords - Domaini

Phylogenomic databases

Family and domain databases

Computationally mapped potential isoform sequencesi

Experimental Info

Sequence databases

Genome annotation databases

<p>This section provides general information on the entry.<p><a href='/help/entry_information_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry informationi

<p>This section contains any relevant information that doesn’t fit in any other defined sections<p><a href='/help/miscellaneous_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Miscellaneousi

Keywords - Technical termi

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Functionⁱ

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

GO - Biological processⁱ

Names & Taxonomyⁱ

Subcellular locationⁱ

Keywords - Cellular componentⁱ

Pathology & Biotechⁱ

PTM / Processingⁱ

Keywords - PTMⁱ

Expressionⁱ

Interactionⁱ

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

Structureⁱ

Family & Domainsⁱ

Sequence similaritiesⁱ

Keywords - Domainⁱ

Computationally mapped potential isoform sequencesⁱ

Entry informationⁱ

Miscellaneousⁱ

Keywords - Technical termⁱ