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UniProtKB - P27213 (PTPS_RAT)

Entry version 160 (23 Feb 2022)
Sequence version 1 (01 Aug 1992)
Previous versions | rss
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Protein

6-pyruvoyl tetrahydrobiopterin synthase

Gene

Pts

Organism
Rattus norvegicus (Rat)
Status
Reviewed-Annotation score:

Annotation score:5 out of 5

<p>The annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a UniProtKB entry or proteome. This score <strong>cannot</strong> be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the 'correct annotation' for any given protein.<p><a href='/help/annotation_score' target='_top'>More...</a></p>-Experimental evidence at protein leveli <p>This indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein. Note that the 'protein existence' evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence(s) displayed.<p><a href='/help/protein_existence' target='_top'>More...</a></p>

<p>This section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge.<p><a href='/help/function_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Functioni

Involved in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin, an essential cofactor of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. Catalyzes the transformation of 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate into 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin.

Miscellaneous

The active site is at the interface between 2 subunits. The proton acceptor Cys is on one subunit, and the charge relay system is on the other subunit.

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function%5Fsection">Function</a> section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme, i.e. a chemical reaction that the enzyme catalyzes.<p><a href='/help/catalytic_activity' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Catalytic activityi

<p>This subsection of the 'Function' section provides information relevant to cofactors. A cofactor is any non-protein substance required for a protein to be catalytically active. Some cofactors are inorganic, such as the metal atoms zinc, iron, and copper in various oxidation states. Others, such as most vitamins, are organic.<p><a href='/help/cofactor' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Cofactori

Zn2+Note: Binds 1 zinc ion per subunit.

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function%5Fsection">'Function'</a> section describes the metabolic pathway(s) associated with a protein.<p><a href='/help/pathway' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Pathwayi: tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis

This protein is involved in step 1 of the subpathway that synthesizes tetrahydrobiopterin from 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate. This subpathway is part of the pathway tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis, which is itself part of Cofactor biosynthesis.
View all proteins of this organism that are known to be involved in the subpathway that synthesizes tetrahydrobiopterin from 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate, the pathway tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis and in Cofactor biosynthesis.

Sites

Feature keyPosition(s)DescriptionActionsGraphical viewLength
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function%5Fsection">Function</a> section indicates at which position the protein binds a given metal ion. The nature of the metal is indicated in the 'Description' field.<p><a href='/help/metal' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Metal bindingi23Zinc1
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function%5Fsection">Function</a> section is used for enzymes and indicates the residues directly involved in catalysis.<p><a href='/help/act_site' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Active sitei42Proton acceptor1
Metal bindingi48Zinc1
Metal bindingi50Zinc1
Active sitei89Charge relay system1
Active sitei133Charge relay system1

<p>The <a href="http://www.geneontology.org/">Gene Ontology (GO)</a> project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories:<p><a href='/help/gene_ontology' target='_top'>More...</a></p>GO - Molecular functioni

Complete GO annotation on QuickGO ...

GO - Biological processi

Complete GO annotation on QuickGO ...

<p>UniProtKB Keywords constitute a <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/keywords">controlled vocabulary</a> with a hierarchical structure. Keywords summarise the content of a UniProtKB entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest.<p><a href='/help/keywords' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Keywordsi

Molecular functionLyase
Biological processTetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis
LigandMetal-binding, Zinc

Enzyme and pathway databases

BRENDA Comprehensive Enzyme Information System

More...BRENDAi		4.2.3.12, 5301

Reactome - a knowledgebase of biological pathways and processes

More...Reactomei		R-RNO-1474151, Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis, recycling, salvage and regulation

UniPathway: a resource for the exploration and annotation of metabolic pathways

More...UniPathwayi		UPA00849;UER00819

<p>This section provides information about the protein and gene name(s) and synonym(s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/names_and_taxonomy_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Names & Taxonomyi

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/names%5Fand%5Ftaxonomy%5Fsection">Names and taxonomy</a> section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein, from commonly used to obsolete, to allow unambiguous identification of a protein.<p><a href='/help/protein_names' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Protein namesi
Recommended name:
6-pyruvoyl tetrahydrobiopterin synthase (EC:4.2.3.121 Publication)
Short name:
PTP synthase
Short name:
PTPS
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/names%5Fand%5Ftaxonomy%5Fsection">Names and taxonomy</a> section indicates the name(s) of the gene(s) that code for the protein sequence(s) described in the entry. Four distinct tokens exist: 'Name', 'Synonyms', 'Ordered locus names' and 'ORF names'.<p><a href='/help/gene_name' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Gene namesi
Name:Pts
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/names%5Fand%5Ftaxonomy%5Fsection">Names and taxonomy</a> section provides information on the name(s) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/organism-name' target='_top'>More...</a></p>OrganismiRattus norvegicus (Rat)
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/names%5Fand%5Ftaxonomy%5Fsection">Names and taxonomy</a> section shows the unique identifier assigned by the NCBI to the source organism of the protein. This is known as the 'taxonomic identifier' or 'taxid'.<p><a href='/help/taxonomic_identifier' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Taxonomic identifieri10116 [NCBI]
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/names%5Fand%5Ftaxonomy%5Fsection">Names and taxonomy</a> section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism. It lists the nodes as they appear top-down in the taxonomic tree, with the more general grouping listed first.<p><a href='/help/taxonomic_lineage' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Taxonomic lineageiEukaryota › Metazoa › Chordata › Craniata › Vertebrata › Euteleostomi › Mammalia › Eutheria › Euarchontoglires › Glires › Rodentia › Myomorpha › Muroidea › Muridae › Murinae › Rattus
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/names%5Fand%5Ftaxonomy%5Fsection">Names and taxonomy</a> section is present for entries that are part of a <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/proteomes">proteome</a>, i.e. of a set of proteins thought to be expressed by organisms whose genomes have been completely sequenced.<p><a href='/help/proteomes_manual' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Proteomesi
  • UP000002494 <p>A UniProt <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/manual/proteomes%5Fmanual">proteome</a> can consist of several components.<br></br>The component name refers to the genomic component encoding a set of proteins.<p><a href='/help/proteome_component' target='_top'>More...</a></p> Componenti: Chromosome 8

Organism-specific databases

Rat genome database

More...RGDi		68367, Pts

<p>This section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell.<p><a href='/help/subcellular_location_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subcellular locationi

<p>This section provides information on the disease(s) and phenotype(s) associated with a protein.<p><a href='/help/pathology_and_biotech_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Pathology & Biotechi

<p>This subsection of the 'Pathology and Biotech' section provides information on the disease(s) associated with genetic variations in a given protein. The information is extracted from the scientific literature and diseases that are also described in the <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=omim">OMIM</a> database are represented with a <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/diseases">controlled vocabulary</a> in the following way:<p><a href='/help/involvement_in_disease' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Involvement in diseasei

Deficiency leads to phenylketonuria.

Keywords - Diseasei

Phenylketonuria

<p>This section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs) and/or processing events.<p><a href='/help/ptm_processing_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>PTM / Processingi

Molecule processing

Feature keyPosition(s)DescriptionActionsGraphical viewLength
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/ptm%5Fprocessing%5Fsection">PTM / Processing</a> section describes a propeptide, which is a part of a protein that is cleaved during maturation or activation. Once cleaved, a propeptide generally has no independent biological function.<p><a href='/help/propep' target='_top'>More...</a></p>PropeptideiPRO_00000298681 – 44
<p>This subsection of the 'PTM / Processing' section describes the extent of a polypeptide chain in the mature protein following processing or proteolytic cleavage.<p><a href='/help/chain' target='_top'>More...</a></p>ChainiPRO_00000298695 – 1446-pyruvoyl tetrahydrobiopterin synthaseAdd BLAST140

Amino acid modifications

Feature keyPosition(s)DescriptionActionsGraphical viewLength
<p>This subsection of the 'PTM / Processing' section specifies the position and type of each modified residue excluding <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/manual/lipid">lipids</a>, <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/manual/carbohyd">glycans</a> and <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/manual/crosslnk">protein cross-links</a>.<p><a href='/help/mod_res' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Modified residuei18PhosphoserineBy similarity1
Modified residuei27PhosphoserineBy similarity1
Modified residuei127PhosphotyrosineBy similarity1

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/ptm%5Fprocessing%5Fsection">PTM/processing</a> section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs). This subsection <strong>complements</strong> the information provided at the sequence level or describes modifications for which <strong>position-specific data is not yet available</strong>.<p><a href='/help/post-translational_modification' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Post-translational modificationi

Phosphorylation of Ser-18 is required for maximal enzyme activity.By similarity

Keywords - PTMi

Phosphoprotein

Proteomic databases

jPOST - Japan Proteome Standard Repository/Database

More...jPOSTi		P27213

PaxDb, a database of protein abundance averages across all three domains of life

More...PaxDbi		P27213

PTM databases

iPTMnet integrated resource for PTMs in systems biology context

More...iPTMneti		P27213

Comprehensive resource for the study of protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) in human, mouse and rat.

More...PhosphoSitePlusi		P27213

<p>This section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms.<p><a href='/help/expression_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Expressioni

Gene expression databases

Bgee dataBase for Gene Expression Evolution

More...Bgeei		ENSRNOG00000009250, Expressed in kidney and 22 other tissues

Genevisible search portal to normalized and curated expression data from Genevestigator

More...Genevisiblei		P27213, RN

<p>This section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes.<p><a href='/help/interaction_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Interactioni

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/interaction%5Fsection">'Interaction'</a> section provides information about the protein quaternary structure and interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes (with the exception of physiological receptor-ligand interactions which are annotated in the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function%5Fsection">'Function'</a> section).<p><a href='/help/subunit_structure' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subunit structurei

Homohexamer formed of two homotrimers in a head to head fashion.

GO - Molecular functioni

Complete GO annotation on QuickGO ...

Protein-protein interaction databases

STRING: functional protein association networks

More...STRINGi		10116.ENSRNOP00000012434

<p>This section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein.<p><a href='/help/structure_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Structurei

Secondary structure

1144
Legend: HelixTurnBeta strandPDB Structure known for this area
Show more details

3D structure databases

SWISS-MODEL Repository - a database of annotated 3D protein structure models

More...SMRi		P27213

Database of comparative protein structure models

More...ModBasei		Search...

Protein Data Bank in Europe - Knowledge Base

More...PDBe-KBi		Search...

Miscellaneous databases

Relative evolutionary importance of amino acids within a protein sequence

More...EvolutionaryTracei		P27213

<p>This section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain(s) present in a protein.<p><a href='/help/family_and_domains_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Family & Domainsi

<p>This subsection of the 'Family and domains' section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins.<p><a href='/help/sequence_similarities' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence similaritiesi

Belongs to the PTPS family.Curated

Phylogenomic databases

evolutionary genealogy of genes: Non-supervised Orthologous Groups

More...eggNOGi		KOG4105, Eukaryota

Ensembl GeneTree

More...GeneTreei		ENSGT00390000002752

The HOGENOM Database of Homologous Genes from Fully Sequenced Organisms

More...HOGENOMi		CLU_111016_2_0_1

InParanoid: Eukaryotic Ortholog Groups

More...InParanoidi		P27213

Identification of Orthologs from Complete Genome Data

More...OMAi		NIAVVIW

Database of Orthologous Groups

More...OrthoDBi		1502673at2759

Database for complete collections of gene phylogenies

More...PhylomeDBi		P27213

TreeFam database of animal gene trees

More...TreeFami		TF105796

Family and domain databases

Gene3D Structural and Functional Annotation of Protein Families

More...Gene3Di		3.30.479.10, 1 hit

Integrated resource of protein families, domains and functional sites

More...InterProi		View protein in InterPro
IPR007115, 6-PTP_synth/QueD
IPR038418, 6-PTP_synth/QueD_sf
IPR022470, PTPS_Cys_AS
IPR022469, PTPS_His_AS

The PANTHER Classification System

More...PANTHERi		PTHR12589, PTHR12589, 1 hit

Pfam protein domain database

More...Pfami		View protein in Pfam
PF01242, PTPS, 1 hit

PIRSF; a whole-protein classification database

More...PIRSFi		PIRSF006113, PTP_synth, 1 hit

TIGRFAMs; a protein family database

More...TIGRFAMsi		TIGR00039, 6PTHBS, 1 hit

PROSITE; a protein domain and family database

More...PROSITEi		View protein in PROSITE
PS00987, PTPS_1, 1 hit
PS00988, PTPS_2, 1 hit

<p>This section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. It also includes information pertinent to the sequence(s), including <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequence%5Flength">length</a> and <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences">molecular weight</a>. The information is filed in different subsections. The current subsections and their content are listed below:<p><a href='/help/sequences_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequencei

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences%5Fsection">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical%5Fand%5Fisoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is complete or not.<p><a href='/help/sequence_status' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence statusi: Complete.

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences%5Fsection">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical%5Fand%5Fisoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is in its mature form or if it represents the precursor.<p><a href='/help/sequence_processing' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence processingi: The displayed sequence is further processed into a mature form.

P27213-1 [UniParc]FASTAAdd to basket
« Hide
        10         20         30         40         50
MNAAVGLRRR ARLSRLVSFS ASHRLHSPSL SAEENLKVFG KCNNPNGHGH 
        60         70         80         90        100
NYKVVVTIHG EIDPVTGMVM NLTDLKEYME EAIMKPLDHK NLDLDVPYFA 
       110        120        130        140 
DVVSTTENVA VYIWENLQRL LPVGALYKVK VYETDNNIVV YKGE
Length:144
Mass (Da):16,241
Last modified:August 1, 1992 - v1
<p>The checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. It is useful for tracking sequence updates.</p> <p>It should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low.</p> <p>However UniProtKB may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs).</p> <p>The checksum is computed as the sequence 64-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check value (CRC64) using the generator polynomial: x<sup>64</sup> + x<sup>4</sup> + x<sup>3</sup> + x + 1. The algorithm is described in the ISO 3309 standard. </p> <p class="publication">Press W.H., Flannery B.P., Teukolsky S.A. and Vetterling W.T.<br /> <strong>Cyclic redundancy and other checksums</strong><br /> <a href="http://www.nrbook.com/b/bookcpdf.php">Numerical recipes in C 2nd ed., pp896-902, Cambridge University Press (1993)</a>)</p> Checksum:i0657C78F87C6FC3B
GO

Sequence databases

Select the link destinations:

EMBL nucleotide sequence database

More...EMBLi

GenBank nucleotide sequence database

More...GenBanki

DNA Data Bank of Japan; a nucleotide sequence database

More...DDBJi
Links Updated
M77850 mRNA Translation: AAA40625.1
BC059140 mRNA Translation: AAH59140.1

Protein sequence database of the Protein Information Resource

More...PIRi		A39499

NCBI Reference Sequences

More...RefSeqi		NP_058916.1, NM_017220.1

Genome annotation databases

Ensembl eukaryotic genome annotation project

More...Ensembli		ENSRNOT00000012434; ENSRNOP00000012434; ENSRNOG00000009250

Database of genes from NCBI RefSeq genomes

More...GeneIDi		29498

KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes

More...KEGGi		rno:29498

UCSC genome browser

More...UCSCi		RGD:68367, rat

<p>This section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence(s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100%, 90% and 50%) based on their membership in UniProt Reference Clusters (<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/uniref">UniRef</a>).<p><a href='/help/similar_proteins_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Similar proteinsi

<p>This section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than UniProtKB.<p><a href='/help/cross_references_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Cross-referencesi

Sequence databases

Select the link destinations:
EMBLi
GenBanki
DDBJi
Links Updated
M77850 mRNA Translation: AAA40625.1
BC059140 mRNA Translation: AAH59140.1
PIRiA39499
RefSeqiNP_058916.1, NM_017220.1

3D structure databases

Select the link destinations:

Protein Data Bank Europe

More...PDBei

Protein Data Bank RCSB

More...RCSB PDBi

Protein Data Bank Japan

More...PDBji
Links Updated
PDB entryMethodResolution (Å)ChainPositionsPDBsum
1B66X-ray1.90A/B5-144[»]
1B6ZX-ray2.00A/B5-144[»]
1GTQX-ray2.30A/B5-144[»]
SMRiP27213
ModBaseiSearch...
PDBe-KBiSearch...

Protein-protein interaction databases

STRINGi10116.ENSRNOP00000012434

PTM databases

iPTMnetiP27213
PhosphoSitePlusiP27213

Proteomic databases

jPOSTiP27213
PaxDbiP27213

Genome annotation databases

EnsembliENSRNOT00000012434; ENSRNOP00000012434; ENSRNOG00000009250
GeneIDi29498
KEGGirno:29498
UCSCiRGD:68367, rat

Organism-specific databases

Comparative Toxicogenomics Database

More...CTDi		5805
RGDi68367, Pts

Phylogenomic databases

eggNOGiKOG4105, Eukaryota
GeneTreeiENSGT00390000002752
HOGENOMiCLU_111016_2_0_1
InParanoidiP27213
OMAiNIAVVIW
OrthoDBi1502673at2759
PhylomeDBiP27213
TreeFamiTF105796

Enzyme and pathway databases

UniPathwayiUPA00849;UER00819
BRENDAi4.2.3.12, 5301
ReactomeiR-RNO-1474151, Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis, recycling, salvage and regulation

Miscellaneous databases

EvolutionaryTraceiP27213

Protein Ontology

More...PROi		PR:P27213

Gene expression databases

BgeeiENSRNOG00000009250, Expressed in kidney and 22 other tissues
GenevisibleiP27213, RN

Family and domain databases

Gene3Di3.30.479.10, 1 hit
InterProiView protein in InterPro
IPR007115, 6-PTP_synth/QueD
IPR038418, 6-PTP_synth/QueD_sf
IPR022470, PTPS_Cys_AS
IPR022469, PTPS_His_AS
PANTHERiPTHR12589, PTHR12589, 1 hit
PfamiView protein in Pfam
PF01242, PTPS, 1 hit
PIRSFiPIRSF006113, PTP_synth, 1 hit
TIGRFAMsiTIGR00039, 6PTHBS, 1 hit
PROSITEiView protein in PROSITE
PS00987, PTPS_1, 1 hit
PS00988, PTPS_2, 1 hit

MobiDB: a database of protein disorder and mobility annotations

More...MobiDBi		Search...

<p>This section provides general information on the entry.<p><a href='/help/entry_information_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry informationi

<p>This subsection of the 'Entry information' section provides a mnemonic identifier for a UniProtKB entry, but it is not a stable identifier. Each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.<p><a href='/help/entry_name' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry nameiPTPS_RAT
<p>This subsection of the 'Entry information' section provides one or more accession number(s). These are stable identifiers and should be used to cite UniProtKB entries. Upon integration into UniProtKB, each entry is assigned a unique accession number, which is called 'Primary (citable) accession number'.<p><a href='/help/accession_numbers' target='_top'>More...</a></p>AccessioniPrimary (citable) accession number: P27213
<p>This subsection of the 'Entry information' section shows the date of integration of the entry into UniProtKB, the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ('Last modified'). The version number for both the entry and the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical%5Fand%5Fisoforms">canonical sequence</a> are also displayed.<p><a href='/help/entry_history' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry historyiIntegrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: August 1, 1992
Last sequence update: August 1, 1992
Last modified: February 23, 2022
This is version 160 of the entry and version 1 of the sequence. See complete history.
<p>This subsection of the 'Entry information' section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by UniProtKB curators or not, in other words, if the entry belongs to the Swiss-Prot section of UniProtKB (<strong>reviewed</strong>) or to the computer-annotated TrEMBL section (<strong>unreviewed</strong>).<p><a href='/help/entry_status' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry statusiReviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
Annotation programChordata Protein Annotation Program

<p>This section contains any relevant information that doesn't fit in any other defined sections<p><a href='/help/miscellaneous_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Miscellaneousi

Keywords - Technical termi

3D-structure, Direct protein sequencing, Reference proteome

Documents

  1. PATHWAY comments
    Index of metabolic and biosynthesis pathways
  2. PDB cross-references
    Index of Protein Data Bank (PDB) cross-references
  3. SIMILARITY comments
    Index of protein domains and families
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