Transforming growth factor beta-2 proprotein

<p>This section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge.<p><a href='/help/function_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Functionⁱ

<p>The <a href="http://www.geneontology.org/">Gene Ontology (GO)</a> project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories:<p><a href='/help/gene_ontology' target='_top'>More...</a></p>GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• amyloid-beta binding Source: UniProtKB
• cytokine activity Source: GO_Central <p>Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor</p> <p>A type of phylogenetic evidence whereby an aspect of a descendent is inferred through the characterization of an aspect of a ancestral gene.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide%2Dgo%2Devidence%2Dcodes#iba">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief Bioinform 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• growth factor activity Source: UniProtKB <p>Traceable Author Statement</p> <p>Used for information from review articles where the original experiments are traceable through that article and also for information from text books or dictionaries.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide%2Dgo%2Devidence%2Dcodes#tas">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Traceable author statementⁱ
  • "Transforming growth factor beta2 haploinsufficient mice develop age-related nigrostriatal dopamine deficits."
    Andrews Z.B., Zhao H., Frugier T., Meguro R., Grattan D.R., Koishi K., McLennan I.S.
    Neurobiol Dis 21:568-575(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• identical protein binding Source: MGI
• protein-containing complex binding Source: MGI
• protein homodimerization activity Source: UniProtKB
• protein N-terminus binding Source: MGI
• signaling receptor binding Source: UniProtKB
• transforming growth factor beta receptor binding Source: UniProtKB
• type III transforming growth factor beta receptor binding Source: AgBase
• type II transforming growth factor beta receptor binding Source: UniProtKB

GO - Biological processⁱ

• activation of protein kinase activity Source: UniProtKB
• ascending aorta morphogenesis Source: BHF-UCL <p>Inferred from Mutant Phenotype</p> <p>Describes annotations that are concluded from looking at variations or changes in a gene product such as mutations or abnormal levels and includes techniques such as knockouts, overexpression, anti-sense experiments and use of specific protein inhibitors.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide%2Dgo%2Devidence%2Dcodes#imp">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "TGFbeta2 knockout mice have multiple developmental defects that are non-overlapping with other TGFbeta knockout phenotypes."
    Sanford L.P., Ormsby I., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C., Sariola H., Friedman R., Boivin G.P., Cardell E.L., Doetschman T.
    Development 124:2659-2670(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• atrial septum morphogenesis Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "TGFbeta2 knockout mice have multiple developmental defects that are non-overlapping with other TGFbeta knockout phenotypes."
    Sanford L.P., Ormsby I., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C., Sariola H., Friedman R., Boivin G.P., Cardell E.L., Doetschman T.
    Development 124:2659-2670(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• atrial septum primum morphogenesis Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Double-outlet right ventricle and overriding tricuspid valve reflect disturbances of looping, myocardialization, endocardial cushion differentiation, and apoptosis in TGF-beta(2)-knockout mice."
    Bartram U., Molin D.G., Wisse L.J., Mohamad A., Sanford L.P., Doetschman T., Speer C.P., Poelmann R.E., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C.
    Circulation 103:2745-2752(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• atrioventricular valve morphogenesis Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "TGFbeta2 knockout mice have multiple developmental defects that are non-overlapping with other TGFbeta knockout phenotypes."
    Sanford L.P., Ormsby I., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C., Sariola H., Friedman R., Boivin G.P., Cardell E.L., Doetschman T.
    Development 124:2659-2670(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• axon guidance Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Transforming growth factor beta-SMAD2 signaling regulates aortic arch innervation and development."
    Molin D.G., Poelmann R.E., DeRuiter M.C., Azhar M., Doetschman T., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C.
    Circ Res 95:1109-1117(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• blood vessel development Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Transforming growth factor beta-SMAD2 signaling regulates aortic arch innervation and development."
    Molin D.G., Poelmann R.E., DeRuiter M.C., Azhar M., Doetschman T., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C.
    Circ Res 95:1109-1117(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• blood vessel remodeling Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Altered apoptosis pattern during pharyngeal arch artery remodelling is associated with aortic arch malformations in Tgfbeta2 knock-out mice."
    Molin D.G., DeRuiter M.C., Wisse L.J., Azhar M., Doetschman T., Poelmann R.E., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C.
    Cardiovasc Res 56:312-322(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• BMP signaling pathway Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief Bioinform 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• cardiac epithelial to mesenchymal transition Source: UniProtKB
• cardiac left ventricle morphogenesis Source: DFLATTraceable author statementⁱ
  • "Epicardial-myocardial signaling directing coronary vasculogenesis."
    Olivey H.E., Svensson E.C.
    Circ Res 106:818-832(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• cardiac muscle cell proliferation Source: UniProtKB
• cardiac right ventricle morphogenesis Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "TGFbeta2 knockout mice have multiple developmental defects that are non-overlapping with other TGFbeta knockout phenotypes."
    Sanford L.P., Ormsby I., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C., Sariola H., Friedman R., Boivin G.P., Cardell E.L., Doetschman T.
    Development 124:2659-2670(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• cardioblast differentiation Source: UniProtKB
• cartilage condensation Source: MGI <p>Inferred from Genetic Interaction</p> <p>Used to describe "traditional" genetic interactions such as suppressors and synthetic lethals as well as other techniques such as functional complementation, rescue experiments, or inferences about a gene drawn from the phenotype of a mutation in a different gene.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide%2Dgo%2Devidence%2Dcodes#igi">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from genetic interactionⁱ
  • "Alterations in somite patterning of Myf-5-deficient mice: a possible role for FGF-4 and FGF-6."
    Grass S., Arnold H.H., Braun T.
    Development 122:141-150(1996) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• cell-cell junction organization Source: UniProtKB
• cell cycle arrest Source: UniProtKB
• cell death Source: UniProtKB
• cell migration Source: UniProtKB
• cell morphogenesis Source: UniProtKB
• collagen fibril organization Source: UniProtKB
• cranial skeletal system development Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "TGFbeta2 knockout mice have multiple developmental defects that are non-overlapping with other TGFbeta knockout phenotypes."
    Sanford L.P., Ormsby I., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C., Sariola H., Friedman R., Boivin G.P., Cardell E.L., Doetschman T.
    Development 124:2659-2670(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• dopamine biosynthetic process Source: UniProtKBInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Transforming growth factor beta2 haploinsufficient mice develop age-related nigrostriatal dopamine deficits."
    Andrews Z.B., Zhao H., Frugier T., Meguro R., Grattan D.R., Koishi K., McLennan I.S.
    Neurobiol Dis 21:568-575(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• embryonic digestive tract development Source: AgBase
• embryonic limb morphogenesis Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "TGFbeta2 knockout mice have multiple developmental defects that are non-overlapping with other TGFbeta knockout phenotypes."
    Sanford L.P., Ormsby I., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C., Sariola H., Friedman R., Boivin G.P., Cardell E.L., Doetschman T.
    Development 124:2659-2670(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• embryonic neurocranium morphogenesis Source: MGI
• endocardial cushion fusion Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Double-outlet right ventricle and overriding tricuspid valve reflect disturbances of looping, myocardialization, endocardial cushion differentiation, and apoptosis in TGF-beta(2)-knockout mice."
    Bartram U., Molin D.G., Wisse L.J., Mohamad A., Sanford L.P., Doetschman T., Speer C.P., Poelmann R.E., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C.
    Circulation 103:2745-2752(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• endocardial cushion morphogenesis Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Double-outlet right ventricle and overriding tricuspid valve reflect disturbances of looping, myocardialization, endocardial cushion differentiation, and apoptosis in TGF-beta(2)-knockout mice."
    Bartram U., Molin D.G., Wisse L.J., Mohamad A., Sanford L.P., Doetschman T., Speer C.P., Poelmann R.E., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C.
    Circulation 103:2745-2752(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Ligand-specific function of transforming growth factor beta in epithelial-mesenchymal transition in heart development."
    Azhar M., Runyan R.B., Gard C., Sanford L.P., Miller M.L., Andringa A., Pawlowski S., Rajan S., Doetschman T.
    Dev Dyn 238:431-442(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• epithelial to mesenchymal transition Source: UniProtKB
• extracellular matrix organization Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "TGFbeta2 in corneal morphogenesis during mouse embryonic development."
    Saika S., Saika S., Liu C.Y., Azhar M., Sanford L.P., Doetschman T., Gendron R.L., Kao C.W., Kao W.W.
    Dev Biol 240:419-432(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Transforming growth factor beta-SMAD2 signaling regulates aortic arch innervation and development."
    Molin D.G., Poelmann R.E., DeRuiter M.C., Azhar M., Doetschman T., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C.
    Circ Res 95:1109-1117(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway Source: BHF-UCL
• eye development Source: UniProtKB
• face morphogenesis Source: UniProtKB <p>Inferred from Expression Pattern</p> <p>Covers cases where the annotation is inferred from the timing or location of expression of a gene.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide%2Dgo%2Devidence%2Dcodes#iep">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from expression patternⁱ
  • "The role of transforming growth factor-beta signalling in the patterning of the proximal processes of the murine dentary."
    Anthwal N., Chai Y., Tucker A.S.
    Dev Dyn 237:1604-1613(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• glial cell migration Source: UniProtKB
• hair follicle development Source: UniProtKBInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "The TGF-beta2 isoform is both a required and sufficient inducer of murine hair follicle morphogenesis."
    Foitzik K., Paus R., Doetschman T., Dotto G.P.
    Dev Biol 212:278-289(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• hair follicle morphogenesis Source: UniProtKBInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "The TGF-beta2 isoform is both a required and sufficient inducer of murine hair follicle morphogenesis."
    Foitzik K., Paus R., Doetschman T., Dotto G.P.
    Dev Biol 212:278-289(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• heart development Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Transforming growth factor beta-SMAD2 signaling regulates aortic arch innervation and development."
    Molin D.G., Poelmann R.E., DeRuiter M.C., Azhar M., Doetschman T., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C.
    Circ Res 95:1109-1117(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• heart morphogenesis Source: UniProtKB
• heart valve morphogenesis Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Double-outlet right ventricle and overriding tricuspid valve reflect disturbances of looping, myocardialization, endocardial cushion differentiation, and apoptosis in TGF-beta(2)-knockout mice."
    Bartram U., Molin D.G., Wisse L.J., Mohamad A., Sanford L.P., Doetschman T., Speer C.P., Poelmann R.E., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C.
    Circulation 103:2745-2752(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• hemopoiesis Source: UniProtKBInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Quantitative trait analysis reveals transforming growth factor-beta2 as a positive regulator of early hematopoietic progenitor and stem cell function."
    Langer J.C., Henckaerts E., Orenstein J., Snoeck H.W.
    J Exp Med 199:5-14(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• inner ear development Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "TGFbeta2 knockout mice have multiple developmental defects that are non-overlapping with other TGFbeta knockout phenotypes."
    Sanford L.P., Ormsby I., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C., Sariola H., Friedman R., Boivin G.P., Cardell E.L., Doetschman T.
    Development 124:2659-2670(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• kidney development Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "TGFbeta2 knockout mice have multiple developmental defects that are non-overlapping with other TGFbeta knockout phenotypes."
    Sanford L.P., Ormsby I., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C., Sariola H., Friedman R., Boivin G.P., Cardell E.L., Doetschman T.
    Development 124:2659-2670(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• male gonad development Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "TGFbeta2 knockout mice have multiple developmental defects that are non-overlapping with other TGFbeta knockout phenotypes."
    Sanford L.P., Ormsby I., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C., Sariola H., Friedman R., Boivin G.P., Cardell E.L., Doetschman T.
    Development 124:2659-2670(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• membranous septum morphogenesis Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Double-outlet right ventricle and overriding tricuspid valve reflect disturbances of looping, myocardialization, endocardial cushion differentiation, and apoptosis in TGF-beta(2)-knockout mice."
    Bartram U., Molin D.G., Wisse L.J., Mohamad A., Sanford L.P., Doetschman T., Speer C.P., Poelmann R.E., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C.
    Circulation 103:2745-2752(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity Source: UniProtKB
• negative regulation of angiogenesis Source: MGI
• negative regulation of apoptotic process Source: MGI
• negative regulation of cartilage development Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Transforming growth factor Beta2 is required for valve remodeling during heart development."
    Azhar M., Brown K., Gard C., Chen H., Rajan S., Elliott D.A., Stevens M.V., Camenisch T.D., Conway S.J., Doetschman T.
    Dev Dyn 240:2127-2141(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of cell growth Source: AgBase
• negative regulation of cell population proliferation Source: UniProtKB
• negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation Source: UniProtKB
• negative regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition involved in endocardial cushion formation Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Ligand-specific function of transforming growth factor beta in epithelial-mesenchymal transition in heart development."
    Azhar M., Runyan R.B., Gard C., Sanford L.P., Miller M.L., Andringa A., Pawlowski S., Rajan S., Doetschman T.
    Dev Dyn 238:431-442(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of gene expression Source: UniProtKB <p>Inferred from Direct Assay</p> <p>Used to indicate a direct assay for the function, process or component indicated by the GO term.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide%2Dgo%2Devidence%2Dcodes#ida">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "TGF-beta-induced mesenchymal transition of MS-1 endothelial cells requires Smad-dependent cooperative activation of Rho signals and MRTF-A."
    Mihira H., Suzuki H.I., Akatsu Y., Yoshimatsu Y., Igarashi T., Miyazono K., Watabe T.
    J Biochem 151:145-156(2012) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of immune response Source: MGI
• negative regulation of keratinocyte differentiation Source: UniProtKB <p>Non-traceable Author Statement</p> <p>Used for statements in the abstract, introduction or discussion of a paper that cannot be traced back to another publication.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide%2Dgo%2Devidence%2Dcodes#nas">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Non-traceable author statementⁱ
  • "The TGF-beta2 isoform is both a required and sufficient inducer of murine hair follicle morphogenesis."
    Foitzik K., Paus R., Doetschman T., Dotto G.P.
    Dev Biol 212:278-289(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of macrophage cytokine production Source: UniProtKB
• negative regulation of Ras protein signal transduction Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Ligand-specific function of transforming growth factor beta in epithelial-mesenchymal transition in heart development."
    Azhar M., Runyan R.B., Gard C., Sanford L.P., Miller M.L., Andringa A., Pawlowski S., Rajan S., Doetschman T.
    Dev Dyn 238:431-442(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol Source: MGI
• neural retina development Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "TGFbeta2 knockout mice have multiple developmental defects that are non-overlapping with other TGFbeta knockout phenotypes."
    Sanford L.P., Ormsby I., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C., Sariola H., Friedman R., Boivin G.P., Cardell E.L., Doetschman T.
    Development 124:2659-2670(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• neural tube closure Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "TGFbeta2 knockout mice have multiple developmental defects that are non-overlapping with other TGFbeta knockout phenotypes."
    Sanford L.P., Ormsby I., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C., Sariola H., Friedman R., Boivin G.P., Cardell E.L., Doetschman T.
    Development 124:2659-2670(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• neuron development Source: UniProtKBInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Transforming growth factor beta2 haploinsufficient mice develop age-related nigrostriatal dopamine deficits."
    Andrews Z.B., Zhao H., Frugier T., Meguro R., Grattan D.R., Koishi K., McLennan I.S.
    Neurobiol Dis 21:568-575(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• neuron fate commitment Source: MGIInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Transforming growth factor beta 2 promotes the formation of the mouse cochleovestibular ganglion in organ culture."
    Okano J., Takigawa T., Seki K., Suzuki S., Shiota K., Ishibashi M.
    Int J Dev Biol 49:23-31(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• neutrophil chemotaxis Source: UniProtKB
• outflow tract morphogenesis Source: DFLATTraceable author statementⁱ
  • "Epicardial-myocardial signaling directing coronary vasculogenesis."
    Olivey H.E., Svensson E.C.
    Circ Res 106:818-832(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• outflow tract septum morphogenesis Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Double-outlet right ventricle and overriding tricuspid valve reflect disturbances of looping, myocardialization, endocardial cushion differentiation, and apoptosis in TGF-beta(2)-knockout mice."
    Bartram U., Molin D.G., Wisse L.J., Mohamad A., Sanford L.P., Doetschman T., Speer C.P., Poelmann R.E., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C.
    Circulation 103:2745-2752(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "TGFbeta2 knockout mice have multiple developmental defects that are non-overlapping with other TGFbeta knockout phenotypes."
    Sanford L.P., Ormsby I., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C., Sariola H., Friedman R., Boivin G.P., Cardell E.L., Doetschman T.
    Development 124:2659-2670(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Heart and liver defects and reduced transforming growth factor beta2 sensitivity in transforming growth factor beta type III receptor-deficient embryos."
    Stenvers K.L., Tursky M.L., Harder K.W., Kountouri N., Amatayakul-Chantler S., Grail D., Small C., Weinberg R.A., Sizeland A.M., Zhu H.J.
    Mol Cell Biol 23:4371-4385(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• pharyngeal arch artery morphogenesis Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Double-outlet right ventricle and overriding tricuspid valve reflect disturbances of looping, myocardialization, endocardial cushion differentiation, and apoptosis in TGF-beta(2)-knockout mice."
    Bartram U., Molin D.G., Wisse L.J., Mohamad A., Sanford L.P., Doetschman T., Speer C.P., Poelmann R.E., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C.
    Circulation 103:2745-2752(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of activation-induced cell death of T cells Source: MGIInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Transforming growth factor-beta 2 induces apoptosis of murine T cell clones without down-regulating bcl-2 mRNA expression."
    Weller M., Constam D.B., Malipiero U., Fontana A.
    Eur J Immunol 24:1293-1300(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of apoptotic process Source: MGI
• positive regulation of cardioblast differentiation Source: UniProtKB
• positive regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin Source: UniProtKB
• positive regulation of cell cycle Source: UniProtKBInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Quantitative trait analysis reveals transforming growth factor-beta2 as a positive regulator of early hematopoietic progenitor and stem cell function."
    Langer J.C., Henckaerts E., Orenstein J., Snoeck H.W.
    J Exp Med 199:5-14(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of cell division Source: UniProtKB-KW
• positive regulation of cell growth Source: UniProtKB
• positive regulation of cell migration Source: MGI
• positive regulation of cell population proliferation Source: UniProtKB
• positive regulation of epithelial cell migration Source: UniProtKB
• positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition Source: UniProtKB
• positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition involved in endocardial cushion formation Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Ligand-specific function of transforming growth factor beta in epithelial-mesenchymal transition in heart development."
    Azhar M., Runyan R.B., Gard C., Sanford L.P., Miller M.L., Andringa A., Pawlowski S., Rajan S., Doetschman T.
    Dev Dyn 238:431-442(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly Source: UniProtKBInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "TGF-beta-induced mesenchymal transition of MS-1 endothelial cells requires Smad-dependent cooperative activation of Rho signals and MRTF-A."
    Mihira H., Suzuki H.I., Akatsu Y., Yoshimatsu Y., Igarashi T., Miyazono K., Watabe T.
    J Biochem 151:145-156(2012) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand Source: MGIInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Transforming growth factor-beta 2 induces apoptosis of murine T cell clones without down-regulating bcl-2 mRNA expression."
    Weller M., Constam D.B., Malipiero U., Fontana A.
    Eur J Immunol 24:1293-1300(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of gene expression Source: UniProtKBInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "The role of transforming growth factor-beta signalling in the patterning of the proximal processes of the murine dentary."
    Anthwal N., Chai Y., Tucker A.S.
    Dev Dyn 237:1604-1613(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "TGF-beta-induced mesenchymal transition of MS-1 endothelial cells requires Smad-dependent cooperative activation of Rho signals and MRTF-A."
    Mihira H., Suzuki H.I., Akatsu Y., Yoshimatsu Y., Igarashi T., Miyazono K., Watabe T.
    J Biochem 151:145-156(2012) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of GTP binding Source: UniProtKBInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "TGF-beta-induced mesenchymal transition of MS-1 endothelial cells requires Smad-dependent cooperative activation of Rho signals and MRTF-A."
    Mihira H., Suzuki H.I., Akatsu Y., Yoshimatsu Y., Igarashi T., Miyazono K., Watabe T.
    J Biochem 151:145-156(2012) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of heart contraction Source: UniProtKB
• positive regulation of immune response Source: UniProtKB
• positive regulation of integrin biosynthetic process Source: UniProtKB
• positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process Source: UniProtKB
• positive regulation of Notch signaling pathway Source: MGI
• positive regulation of ossification Source: AgBase
• positive regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief Bioinform 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling Source: UniProtKB
• positive regulation of pri-miRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II Source: MGI
• positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus Source: UniProtKBInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "TGF-beta-induced mesenchymal transition of MS-1 endothelial cells requires Smad-dependent cooperative activation of Rho signals and MRTF-A."
    Mihira H., Suzuki H.I., Akatsu Y., Yoshimatsu Y., Igarashi T., Miyazono K., Watabe T.
    J Biochem 151:145-156(2012) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of protein secretion Source: UniProtKB
• positive regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade Source: UniProtKB
• positive regulation of timing of catagen Source: UniProtKB
• protein phosphorylation Source: UniProtKB
• pulmonary valve morphogenesis Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "TGFbeta2 knockout mice have multiple developmental defects that are non-overlapping with other TGFbeta knockout phenotypes."
    Sanford L.P., Ormsby I., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C., Sariola H., Friedman R., Boivin G.P., Cardell E.L., Doetschman T.
    Development 124:2659-2670(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization Source: UniProtKBInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "TGF-beta-induced mesenchymal transition of MS-1 endothelial cells requires Smad-dependent cooperative activation of Rho signals and MRTF-A."
    Mihira H., Suzuki H.I., Akatsu Y., Yoshimatsu Y., Igarashi T., Miyazono K., Watabe T.
    J Biochem 151:145-156(2012) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of apoptotic process Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Altered apoptosis pattern during pharyngeal arch artery remodelling is associated with aortic arch malformations in Tgfbeta2 knock-out mice."
    Molin D.G., DeRuiter M.C., Wisse L.J., Azhar M., Doetschman T., Poelmann R.E., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C.
    Cardiovasc Res 56:312-322(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Double-outlet right ventricle and overriding tricuspid valve reflect disturbances of looping, myocardialization, endocardial cushion differentiation, and apoptosis in TGF-beta(2)-knockout mice."
    Bartram U., Molin D.G., Wisse L.J., Mohamad A., Sanford L.P., Doetschman T., Speer C.P., Poelmann R.E., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C.
    Circulation 103:2745-2752(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of cell population proliferation Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief Bioinform 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of extracellular matrix organization Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Transforming growth factor Beta2 is required for valve remodeling during heart development."
    Azhar M., Brown K., Gard C., Chen H., Rajan S., Elliott D.A., Stevens M.V., Camenisch T.D., Conway S.J., Doetschman T.
    Dev Dyn 240:2127-2141(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of timing of catagen Source: UniProtKB
• regulation of transforming growth factor beta2 production Source: UniProtKB
• response to drug Source: UniProtKB
• response to estrogen Source: MGI
• response to hypoxia Source: UniProtKB
• response to progesterone Source: UniProtKB
• response to wounding Source: AgBase
• salivary gland morphogenesis Source: AgBase
• secondary palate development Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "TGFbeta2 knockout mice have multiple developmental defects that are non-overlapping with other TGFbeta knockout phenotypes."
    Sanford L.P., Ormsby I., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C., Sariola H., Friedman R., Boivin G.P., Cardell E.L., Doetschman T.
    Development 124:2659-2670(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• skeletal system development Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "TGFbeta2 knockout mice have multiple developmental defects that are non-overlapping with other TGFbeta knockout phenotypes."
    Sanford L.P., Ormsby I., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C., Sariola H., Friedman R., Boivin G.P., Cardell E.L., Doetschman T.
    Development 124:2659-2670(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• SMAD protein signal transduction Source: BHF-UCL
• somatic stem cell division Source: UniProtKBInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Quantitative trait analysis reveals transforming growth factor-beta2 as a positive regulator of early hematopoietic progenitor and stem cell function."
    Langer J.C., Henckaerts E., Orenstein J., Snoeck H.W.
    J Exp Med 199:5-14(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• substantia propria of cornea development Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "TGFbeta2 knockout mice have multiple developmental defects that are non-overlapping with other TGFbeta knockout phenotypes."
    Sanford L.P., Ormsby I., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C., Sariola H., Friedman R., Boivin G.P., Cardell E.L., Doetschman T.
    Development 124:2659-2670(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway Source: UniProtKB
• uterus development Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "TGFbeta2 knockout mice have multiple developmental defects that are non-overlapping with other TGFbeta knockout phenotypes."
    Sanford L.P., Ormsby I., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C., Sariola H., Friedman R., Boivin G.P., Cardell E.L., Doetschman T.
    Development 124:2659-2670(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• ventricular septum morphogenesis Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "TGFbeta2 knockout mice have multiple developmental defects that are non-overlapping with other TGFbeta knockout phenotypes."
    Sanford L.P., Ormsby I., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C., Sariola H., Friedman R., Boivin G.P., Cardell E.L., Doetschman T.
    Development 124:2659-2670(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• ventricular trabecula myocardium morphogenesis Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "TGFbeta2 knockout mice have multiple developmental defects that are non-overlapping with other TGFbeta knockout phenotypes."
    Sanford L.P., Ormsby I., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C., Sariola H., Friedman R., Boivin G.P., Cardell E.L., Doetschman T.
    Development 124:2659-2670(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• wound healing Source: UniProtKB

<p>UniProtKB Keywords constitute a <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/keywords">controlled vocabulary</a> with a hierarchical structure. Keywords summarise the content of a UniProtKB entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest.<p><a href='/help/keywords' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Keywordsⁱ

Enzyme and pathway databases

<p>This section provides information about the protein and gene name(s) and synonym(s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/names_and_taxonomy_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Names & Taxonomyⁱ

Organism-specific databases

<p>This section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell.<p><a href='/help/subcellular_location_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subcellular locationⁱ

Keywords - Cellular componentⁱ

<p>This section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs) and/or processing events.<p><a href='/help/ptm_processing_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>PTM / Processingⁱ

Molecule processing

Amino acid modifications

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/ptm%5Fprocessing%5Fsection">PTM/processing</a> section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs). This subsection <strong>complements</strong> the information provided at the sequence level or describes modifications for which <strong>position-specific data is not yet available</strong>.<p><a href='/help/post-translational_modification' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Post-translational modificationⁱ

Keywords - PTMⁱ

Proteomic databases

PTM databases

<p>This section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms.<p><a href='/help/expression_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Expressionⁱ

Gene expression databases

<p>This section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes.<p><a href='/help/interaction_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Interactionⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/interaction%5Fsection">'Interaction'</a> section provides information about the protein quaternary structure and interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes (with the exception of physiological receptor-ligand interactions which are annotated in the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function%5Fsection">'Function'</a> section).<p><a href='/help/subunit_structure' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subunit structureⁱ

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• cytokine activity Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief Bioinform 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• growth factor activity Source: UniProtKBTraceable author statementⁱ
  • "Transforming growth factor beta2 haploinsufficient mice develop age-related nigrostriatal dopamine deficits."
    Andrews Z.B., Zhao H., Frugier T., Meguro R., Grattan D.R., Koishi K., McLennan I.S.
    Neurobiol Dis 21:568-575(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• identical protein binding Source: MGI
• protein homodimerization activity Source: UniProtKB
• protein N-terminus binding Source: MGI
• signaling receptor binding Source: UniProtKB
• transforming growth factor beta receptor binding Source: UniProtKB
• type III transforming growth factor beta receptor binding Source: AgBase
• type II transforming growth factor beta receptor binding Source: UniProtKB

Protein-protein interaction databases

Miscellaneous databases

<p>This section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein.<p><a href='/help/structure_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Structureⁱ

Secondary structure

3D structure databases

<p>This section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain(s) present in a protein.<p><a href='/help/family_and_domains_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Family & Domainsⁱ

<p>This subsection of the 'Family and domains' section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins.<p><a href='/help/sequence_similarities' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence similaritiesⁱ

Keywords - Domainⁱ

Phylogenomic databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. It also includes information pertinent to the sequence(s), including <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequence%5Flength">length</a> and <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences">molecular weight</a>. The information is filed in different subsections. The current subsections and their content are listed below:<p><a href='/help/sequences_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence (1+)ⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences%5Fsection">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical%5Fand%5Fisoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is complete or not.<p><a href='/help/sequence_status' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence statusⁱ: Complete.

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences%5Fsection">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical%5Fand%5Fisoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is in its mature form or if it represents the precursor.<p><a href='/help/sequence_processing' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence processingⁱ: The displayed sequence is further processed into a mature form.

This entry has 1 described isoform and 1 potential isoform that is computationally mapped.Show allAlign All

        10         20         30         40         50
MHYCVLSTFL LLHLVPVALS LSTCSTLDMD QFMRKRIEAI RGQILSKLKL 
        60         70         80         90        100
TSPPEDYPEP DEVPPEVISI YNSTRDLLQE KASRRAAACE RERSDEEYYA 
       110        120        130        140        150
KEVYKIDMPS HLPSENAIPP TFYRPYFRIV RFDVSTMEKN ASNLVKAEFR 
       160        170        180        190        200
VFRLQNPKAR VAEQRIELYQ ILKSKDLTSP TQRYIDSKVV KTRAEGEWLS 
       210        220        230        240        250
FDVTDAVQEW LHHKDRNLGF KISLHCPCCT FVPSNNYIIP NKSEELEARF 
       260        270        280        290        300
AGIDGTSTYA SGDQKTIKST RKKTSGKTPH LLLMLLPSYR LESQQSSRRK 
       310        320        330        340        350
KRALDAAYCF RNVQDNCCLR PLYIDFKRDL GWKWIHEPKG YNANFCAGAC 
       360        370        380        390        400
PYLWSSDTQH TKVLSLYNTI NPEASASPCC VSQDLEPLTI LYYIGNTPKI 
       410 
EQLSNMIVKS CKCS                                        

Experimental Info

Sequence databases

Genome annotation databases

<p>This section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence(s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100%, 90% and 50%) based on their membership in UniProt Reference Clusters (<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/uniref">UniRef</a>).<p><a href='/help/similar_proteins_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Similar proteinsⁱ

• 100% Identity
• 90% Identity
• 50% Identity

<p>This section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than UniProtKB.<p><a href='/help/cross_references_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Cross-referencesⁱ

Sequence databases

3D structure databases

Protein-protein interaction databases

PTM databases

Proteomic databases

Protocols and materials databases

Genome annotation databases

Organism-specific databases

Phylogenomic databases

Enzyme and pathway databases

Miscellaneous databases

Gene expression databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section provides general information on the entry.<p><a href='/help/entry_information_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry informationⁱ

<p>This section contains any relevant information that doesn't fit in any other defined sections<p><a href='/help/miscellaneous_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Miscellaneousⁱ

Keywords - Technical termⁱ

Documents

1. MGD cross-references
   Mouse Genome Database (MGD) cross-references in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
2. PDB cross-references
   Index of Protein Data Bank (PDB) cross-references
3. SIMILARITY comments
   Index of protein domains and families