Interleukin-2

<p>This section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge.<p><a href='/help/function_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Functionⁱ

<p>The <a href="http://www.geneontology.org/">Gene Ontology (GO)</a> project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories:<p><a href='/help/gene_ontology' target='_top'>More...</a></p>GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• carbohydrate binding Source: RGD <p>Inferred from Direct Assay</p> <p>Used to indicate a direct assay for the function, process or component indicated by the GO term.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#ida">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Binding of interleukin 2 to gangliosides."
    Parker J., Caldini G., Krishnamurti C., Ahrens P.B., Ankel H.
    FEBS Lett. 170:391-395(1984) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• cytokine activity Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Purification and initial characterization of rat interleukin 2."
    Di Sabato G.
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79:3020-3023(1982) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• glycosphingolipid binding Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Binding of interleukin 2 to gangliosides."
    Parker J., Caldini G., Krishnamurti C., Ahrens P.B., Ankel H.
    FEBS Lett. 170:391-395(1984) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• growth factor activity Source: UniProtKB-KW
• interleukin-2 receptor binding Source: RGD <p>Inferred from Mutant Phenotype</p> <p>Describes annotations that are concluded from looking at variations or changes in a gene product such as mutations or abnormal levels and includes techniques such as knockouts, overexpression, anti-sense experiments and use of specific protein inhibitors.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#imp">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Interleukin 2 and a lactogen regulate proliferation and protein phosphorylation in Nb2 cells."
    Rayhel E.J., Fields T.J., Albright J.W., Diamantstein T., Hughes J.P.
    Biochem. J. 249:333-338(1988) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• kappa-type opioid receptor binding Source: RGDInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Opioid receptor-mediated effects of interleukin-2 on the [Ca2+]i transient and contraction in isolated ventricular myocytes of the rat."
    Cao C.M., Xia Q., Chen Y.Y., Zhang X., Shen Y.L.
    Pflugers Arch. 443:635-642(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

GO - Biological processⁱ

• adaptive immune response Source: UniProtKB-KW
• extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Proapoptotic activity of ITM2B(s), a BH3-only protein induced upon IL-2-deprivation which interacts with Bcl-2."
    Fleischer A., Ayllon V., Dumoutier L., Renauld J.C., Rebollo A.
    Oncogene 21:3181-3189(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway Source: RGDInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Opioid receptor-mediated effects of interleukin-2 on the [Ca2+]i transient and contraction in isolated ventricular myocytes of the rat."
    Cao C.M., Xia Q., Chen Y.Y., Zhang X., Shen Y.L.
    Pflugers Arch. 443:635-642(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• leukocyte activation involved in immune response Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "HMGN2: a novel antimicrobial effector molecule of human mononuclear leukocytes?"
    Feng Y., Huang N., Wu Q., Wang B.
    J. Leukoc. Biol. 78:1136-1141(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of B cell apoptotic process Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "The apoptosis and proliferation of SAC-activated B cells by IL-10 are associated with changes in Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1 expression."
    Li L., Krajewski S., Reed J.C., Choi Y.S.
    Cell. Immunol. 178:33-41(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of heart contraction Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Opioid receptor-mediated effects of interleukin-2 on the [Ca2+]i transient and contraction in isolated ventricular myocytes of the rat."
    Cao C.M., Xia Q., Chen Y.Y., Zhang X., Shen Y.L.
    Pflugers Arch. 443:635-642(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of inflammatory response Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Evidence that CD4+, but not CD8+ T cells are responsible for murine interleukin-2-deficient colitis."
    Simpson S.J., Mizoguchi E., Allen D., Bhan A.K., Terhorst C.
    Eur. J. Immunol. 25:2618-2625(1995) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Ulcerative colitis-like disease in mice with a disrupted interleukin-2 gene."
    Sadlack B., Merz H., Schorle H., Schimpl A., Feller A.C., Horak I.
    Cell 75:253-261(1993) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of lymphocyte proliferation Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "A function for interleukin 2 in Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells."
    Fontenot J.D., Rasmussen J.P., Gavin M.A., Rudensky A.Y.
    Nat. Immunol. 6:1142-1151(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of protein phosphorylation Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Interleukin 2 and a lactogen regulate proliferation and protein phosphorylation in Nb2 cells."
    Rayhel E.J., Fields T.J., Albright J.W., Diamantstein T., Hughes J.P.
    Biochem. J. 249:333-338(1988) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of T-helper 17 cell differentiation Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "MicroRNA-21 promotes Th17 differentiation and mediates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis."
    Murugaiyan G., da Cunha A.P., Ajay A.K., Joller N., Garo L.P., Kumaradevan S., Yosef N., Vaidya V.S., Weiner H.L.
    J. Clin. Invest. 125:1069-1080(2015) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of activated T cell proliferation Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Stat5 is required for IL-2-induced cell cycle progression of peripheral T cells."
    Moriggl R., Topham D.J., Teglund S., Sexl V., McKay C., Wang D., Hoffmeyer A., van Deursen J., Sangster M.Y., Bunting K.D., Grosveld G.C., Ihle J.N.
    Immunity 10:249-259(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Stat5 activation is uniquely associated with cytokine signaling in peripheral T cells."
    Moriggl R., Sexl V., Piekorz R., Topham D., Ihle J.N.
    Immunity 11:225-230(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Development and function of T cells in mice rendered interleukin-2 deficient by gene targeting."
    Schorle H., Holtschke T., Hunig T., Schimpl A., Horak I.
    Nature 352:621-624(1991) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain regulates the size and content of the peripheral lymphoid compartment."
    Willerford D.M., Chen J., Ferry J.A., Davidson L., Ma A., Alt F.W.
    Immunity 3:521-530(1995) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of B cell proliferation Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "The apoptosis and proliferation of SAC-activated B cells by IL-10 are associated with changes in Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1 expression."
    Li L., Krajewski S., Reed J.C., Choi Y.S.
    Cell. Immunol. 178:33-41(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Opioid receptor-mediated effects of interleukin-2 on the [Ca2+]i transient and contraction in isolated ventricular myocytes of the rat."
    Cao C.M., Xia Q., Chen Y.Y., Zhang X., Shen Y.L.
    Pflugers Arch. 443:635-642(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of dendritic spine development Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Interleukin-2 enhances dendritic development and spinogenesis in cultured hippocampal neurons."
    Shen Y., Liu S.S., Zhan M.Y., Luo J.H., Zhu L.J.
    Anat Rec (Hoboken) 293:1017-1023(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of immunoglobulin secretion Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Development and function of T cells in mice rendered interleukin-2 deficient by gene targeting."
    Schorle H., Holtschke T., Hunig T., Schimpl A., Horak I.
    Nature 352:621-624(1991) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of interferon-gamma production Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "FcRL6, a new ITIM-bearing receptor on cytolytic cells, is broadly expressed by lymphocytes following HIV-1 infection."
    Wilson T.J., Presti R.M., Tassi I., Overton E.T., Cella M., Colonna M.
    Blood 109:3786-3793(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of interleukin-17 production Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Divergent effects of IL-12 and IL-23 on the production of IL-17 by human T cells."
    Hoeve M.A., Savage N.D., de Boer T., Langenberg D.M., de Waal Malefyt R., Ottenhoff T.H., Verreck F.A.
    Eur. J. Immunol. 36:661-670(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypes Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Development and function of T cells in mice rendered interleukin-2 deficient by gene targeting."
    Schorle H., Holtschke T., Hunig T., Schimpl A., Horak I.
    Nature 352:621-624(1991) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of protein phosphorylation Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Interleukin 2 and a lactogen regulate proliferation and protein phosphorylation in Nb2 cells."
    Rayhel E.J., Fields T.J., Albright J.W., Diamantstein T., Hughes J.P.
    Biochem. J. 249:333-338(1988) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Induction of suppressor T cells by interleukin 2."
    Ting C.C., Yang S.S., Hargrove M.E.
    J. Immunol. 133:261-266(1984) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of T cell differentiation Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Role of IL-2 in rat fetal thymocyte development."
    Varas A., Vicente A., Romo T., Zapata A.G.
    Int. Immunol. 9:1589-1599(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of T cell proliferation Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Binding of interleukin 2 to gangliosides."
    Parker J., Caldini G., Krishnamurti C., Ahrens P.B., Ankel H.
    FEBS Lett. 170:391-395(1984) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "The biochemical study of rat T-cell growth factor (interleukin 2)."
    Nesmeyanov V.A., Valyakina T.I., Alexenko A.P., Lavrova N.V., Lakhtina O.E., Chikirdina E.E., Kulshin V.A.
    Immunol. Lett. 7:273-277(1984) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Purification and initial characterization of rat interleukin 2."
    Di Sabato G.
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79:3020-3023(1982) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Stat5 activation is uniquely associated with cytokine signaling in peripheral T cells."
    Moriggl R., Sexl V., Piekorz R., Topham D., Ihle J.N.
    Immunity 11:225-230(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "Stat5 activation is uniquely associated with cytokine signaling in peripheral T cells."
    Moriggl R., Sexl V., Piekorz R., Topham D., Ihle J.N.
    Immunity 11:225-230(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "IL-23 modulates CD56+/CD3- NK cell and CD56+/CD3+ NK-like T cell function differentially from IL-12."
    van de Wetering D., de Paus R.A., van Dissel J.T., van de Vosse E.
    Int. Immunol. 21:145-153(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• protein kinase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway Source: RGDInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Regulation of heat-shock protein (hsp70) gene expression by hGH and IL2 in rat Nb2 lymphoma cells."
    Horn S., Cohen R., Gertler A.
    Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 105:139-146(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation Source: RGDInferred from sequence orthologyⁱ
  • "A function for interleukin 2 in Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells."
    Fontenot J.D., Rasmussen J.P., Gavin M.A., Rudensky A.Y.
    Nat. Immunol. 6:1142-1151(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to ethanol Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Mechanism of the impaired T-cell proliferation in adult rats exposed to alcohol in utero."
    Chang M.P., Yamaguchi D.T., Yeh M., Taylor A.N., Norman D.C.
    Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 16:345-357(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

<p>UniProtKB Keywords constitute a <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/keywords">controlled vocabulary</a> with a hierarchical structure. Keywords summarise the content of a UniProtKB entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest.<p><a href='/help/keywords' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Keywordsⁱ

<p>This section provides information about the protein and gene name(s) and synonym(s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/names_and_taxonomy_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Names & Taxonomyⁱ

Organism-specific databases

<p>This section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell.<p><a href='/help/subcellular_location_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subcellular locationⁱ

Keywords - Cellular componentⁱ

<p>This section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs) and/or processing events.<p><a href='/help/ptm_processing_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>PTM / Processingⁱ

Molecule processing

Amino acid modifications

Keywords - PTMⁱ

Proteomic databases

<p>This section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms.<p><a href='/help/expression_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Expressionⁱ

Gene expression databases

<p>This section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes.<p><a href='/help/interaction_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Interactionⁱ

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• cytokine activity Source: RGDInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Purification and initial characterization of rat interleukin 2."
    Di Sabato G.
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79:3020-3023(1982) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• growth factor activity Source: UniProtKB-KW
• interleukin-2 receptor binding Source: RGDInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Interleukin 2 and a lactogen regulate proliferation and protein phosphorylation in Nb2 cells."
    Rayhel E.J., Fields T.J., Albright J.W., Diamantstein T., Hughes J.P.
    Biochem. J. 249:333-338(1988) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• kappa-type opioid receptor binding Source: RGDInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Opioid receptor-mediated effects of interleukin-2 on the [Ca2+]i transient and contraction in isolated ventricular myocytes of the rat."
    Cao C.M., Xia Q., Chen Y.Y., Zhang X., Shen Y.L.
    Pflugers Arch. 443:635-642(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

Protein-protein interaction databases

<p>This section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein.<p><a href='/help/structure_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Structureⁱ

3D structure databases

<p>This section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain(s) present in a protein.<p><a href='/help/family_and_domains_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Family & Domainsⁱ

<p>This subsection of the ‘Family and domains’ section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins.<p><a href='/help/sequence_similarities' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence similaritiesⁱ

Keywords - Domainⁱ

Phylogenomic databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. It also includes information pertinent to the sequence(s), including <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequence_length">length</a> and <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences">molecular weight</a>. The information is filed in different subsections. The current subsections and their content are listed below:<p><a href='/help/sequences_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequenceⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences_section">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical_and_isoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is complete or not.<p><a href='/help/sequence_status' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence statusⁱ: Complete.

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences_section">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical_and_isoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is in its mature form or if it represents the precursor.<p><a href='/help/sequence_processing' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence processingⁱ: The displayed sequence is further processed into a mature form.

        10         20         30         40         50
MYSMQLASCV ALTLVLLVNS APTSSPAKET QQHLEQLLLD LQVLLRGIDN 
        60         70         80         90        100
YKNLKLPMML TFKFYLPKQA TELKHLQCLE NELGALQRVL DLTQSKSFHL 
       110        120        130        140        150
EDAGNFISNI RVTVVKLKGS ENKFECQFDD EPATVVEFLR RWIAICQSII 

STMTQ                                                  

Sequence databases

Genome annotation databases

<p>This section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence(s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100%, 90% and 50%) based on their membership in UniProt Reference Clusters (<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/uniref">UniRef</a>).<p><a href='/help/similar_proteins_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Similar proteinsⁱ

• 50% Identity

<p>This section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than UniProtKB.<p><a href='/help/cross_references_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Cross-referencesⁱ

Sequence databases

3D structure databases

Protein-protein interaction databases

Proteomic databases

Genome annotation databases

Organism-specific databases

Phylogenomic databases

Miscellaneous databases

Gene expression databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section provides general information on the entry.<p><a href='/help/entry_information_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry informationⁱ

<p>This section contains any relevant information that doesn’t fit in any other defined sections<p><a href='/help/miscellaneous_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Miscellaneousⁱ

Keywords - Technical termⁱ

Documents

1. SIMILARITY comments
   Index of protein domains and families