Period circadian protein

<p>This section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge.<p><a href='/help/function_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Functionⁱ

<p>The <a href="http://www.geneontology.org/">Gene Ontology (GO)</a> project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories:<p><a href='/help/gene_ontology' target='_top'>More...</a></p>GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• identical protein binding Source: IntAct <p>Inferred from Physical Interaction</p> <p>Covers physical interactions between the gene product of interest and another molecule (or ion, or complex).</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#ipi">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from physical interactionⁱ
  • "A role for the PERIOD:PERIOD homodimer in the Drosophila circadian clock."
    Landskron J., Chen K.F., Wolf E., Stanewsky R.
    PLoS Biol 7:e3-e3(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Structural and functional analyses of PAS domain interactions of the clock proteins Drosophila PERIOD and mouse PERIOD2."
    Hennig S., Strauss H.M., Vanselow K., Yildiz O., Schulze S., Arens J., Kramer A., Wolf E.
    PLoS Biol. 7:E94-E94(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• protein heterodimerization activity Source: FlyBaseInferred from physical interactionⁱ
  • "PER and TIM inhibit the DNA binding activity of a Drosophila CLOCK-CYC/dBMAL1 heterodimer without disrupting formation of the heterodimer: a basis for circadian transcription."
    Lee C., Bae K., Edery I.
    Mol Cell Biol 19:5316-5325(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• protein homodimerization activity Source: FlyBaseInferred from physical interactionⁱ
  • "A role for the PERIOD:PERIOD homodimer in the Drosophila circadian clock."
    Landskron J., Chen K.F., Wolf E., Stanewsky R.
    PLoS Biol 7:e3-e3(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• transcription cis-regulatory region binding Source: GO_Central <p>Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor</p> <p>A type of phylogenetic evidence whereby an aspect of a descendent is inferred through the characterization of an aspect of a ancestral gene.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#iba">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief Bioinform 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• transcription coregulator activity Source: FlyBase <p>Non-traceable Author Statement</p> <p>Used for statements in the abstract, introduction or discussion of a paper that cannot be traced back to another publication.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#nas">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Non-traceable author statementⁱ
  • "Drosophila: genetics meets behaviour."
    Sokolowski M.B.
    Nat Rev Genet 2:879-890(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• transcription corepressor activity Source: FlyBase <p>Traceable Author Statement</p> <p>Used for information from review articles where the original experiments are traceable through that article and also for information from text books or dictionaries.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#tas">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Traceable author statementⁱ
  • "Genetic analysis of the circadian system in Drosophila melanogaster and mammals."
    Stanewsky R.
    J Neurobiol 54:111-147(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• transcription corepressor binding Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief Bioinform 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• transcription factor binding Source: FlyBaseInferred from physical interactionⁱ
  • "PER and TIM inhibit the DNA binding activity of a Drosophila CLOCK-CYC/dBMAL1 heterodimer without disrupting formation of the heterodimer: a basis for circadian transcription."
    Lee C., Bae K., Edery I.
    Mol Cell Biol 19:5316-5325(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

GO - Biological processⁱ

• age-dependent response to oxidative stress Source: FlyBase <p>Inferred from Mutant Phenotype</p> <p>Describes annotations that are concluded from looking at variations or changes in a gene product such as mutations or abnormal levels and includes techniques such as knockouts, overexpression, anti-sense experiments and use of specific protein inhibitors.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#imp">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "The circadian clock gene period extends healthspan in aging Drosophila melanogaster."
    Krishnan N., Kretzschmar D., Rakshit K., Chow E., Giebultowicz J.M.
    Aging (Albany NY) 1:937-948(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• behavioral response to cocaine Source: FlyBaseNon-traceable author statementⁱ
  • "Drosophila: genetics meets behaviour."
    Sokolowski M.B.
    Nat Rev Genet 2:879-890(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• circadian behavior Source: FlyBaseInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Involvement of the period gene in developmental time-memory: effect of the perShort mutation on phase shifts induced by light pulses delivered to Drosophila larvae."
    Kaneko M., Hamblen M.J., Hall J.C.
    J Biol Rhythms 15:13-30(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• circadian regulation of gene expression Source: FlyBaseInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Fbxl4 Serves as a Clock Output Molecule that Regulates Sleep through Promotion of Rhythmic Degradation of the GABAA Receptor."
    Li Q., Li Y., Wang X., Qi J., Jin X., Tong H., Zhou Z., Zhang Z.C., Han J.
    Curr. Biol. 27:3616-3625.e5(2017) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• circadian rhythm Source: FlyBaseInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Genome-wide expression analysis in Drosophila reveals genes controlling circadian behavior."
    Ceriani M.F., Hogenesch J.B., Yanovsky M., Panda S., Straume M., Kay S.A.
    J Neurosci 22:9305-9319(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Novel insights into the regulation of the timeless protein."
    Ashmore L.J., Sathyanarayanan S., Silvestre D.W., Emerson M.M., Schotland P., Sehgal A.
    J Neurosci 23:7810-7819(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "In vivo circadian function of casein kinase 2 phosphorylation sites in Drosophila PERIOD."
    Lin J.M., Schroeder A., Allada R.
    J Neurosci 25:11175-11183(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Activating PER repressor through a DBT-directed phosphorylation switch."
    Kivimae S., Saez L., Young M.W.
    PLoS Biol 6:e183-e183(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• circadian sleep/wake cycle Source: FlyBaseTraceable author statementⁱ
  • "Clock mechanisms in Drosophila."
    Stanewsky R.
    Cell Tissue Res 309:11-26(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• circadian temperature homeostasis Source: FlyBaseInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Circadian rhythm of temperature preference and its neural control in Drosophila."
    Kaneko H., Head L.M., Ling J., Tang X., Liu Y., Hardin P.E., Emery P., Hamada F.N.
    Curr Biol 22:1851-1857(2012) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• copulation Source: FlyBaseInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Regulation of copulation duration by period and timeless in Drosophila melanogaster."
    Beaver L.M., Giebultowicz J.M.
    Curr Biol 14:1492-1497(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• courtship behavior Source: FlyBaseNon-traceable author statementⁱ
  • "Drosophila: genetics meets behaviour."
    Sokolowski M.B.
    Nat Rev Genet 2:879-890(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• determination of adult lifespan Source: FlyBaseInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "The circadian clock gene period extends healthspan in aging Drosophila melanogaster."
    Krishnan N., Kretzschmar D., Rakshit K., Chow E., Giebultowicz J.M.
    Aging (Albany NY) 1:937-948(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• eclosion rhythm Source: FlyBaseInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Defining the role of Drosophila lateral neurons in the control of circadian rhythms in motor activity and eclosion by targeted genetic ablation and PERIOD protein overexpression."
    Blanchardon E., Grima B., Klarsfeld A., Chelot E., Hardin P.E., Preat T., Rouyer F.
    Eur J Neurosci 13:871-888(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• entrainment of circadian clock Source: FlyBaseInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Temperature synchronization of the Drosophila circadian clock."
    Glaser F.T., Stanewsky R.
    Curr Biol 15:1352-1363(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiod Source: FlyBaseInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Disruption of Cryptochrome partially restores circadian rhythmicity to the arrhythmic period mutant of Drosophila."
    Collins B.H., Dissel S., Gaten E., Rosato E., Kyriacou C.P.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:19021-19026(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• locomotor rhythm Source: FlyBaseInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Defining the role of Drosophila lateral neurons in the control of circadian rhythms in motor activity and eclosion by targeted genetic ablation and PERIOD protein overexpression."
    Blanchardon E., Grima B., Klarsfeld A., Chelot E., Hardin P.E., Preat T., Rouyer F.
    Eur J Neurosci 13:871-888(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "A DOUBLETIME kinase binding domain on the Drosophila PERIOD protein is essential for its hyperphosphorylation, transcriptional repression, and circadian clock function."
    Kim E.Y., Ko H.W., Yu W., Hardin P.E., Edery I.
    Mol Cell Biol 27:5014-5028(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Light activates output from evening neurons and inhibits output from morning neurons in the Drosophila circadian clock."
    Picot M., Cusumano P., Klarsfeld A., Ueda R., Rouyer F.
    PLoS Biol 5:e315-e315(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "A role for the PERIOD:PERIOD homodimer in the Drosophila circadian clock."
    Landskron J., Chen K.F., Wolf E., Stanewsky R.
    PLoS Biol 7:e3-e3(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• long-term memory Source: FlyBaseInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "A clock gene, period, plays a key role in long-term memory formation in Drosophila."
    Sakai T., Tamura T., Kitamoto T., Kidokoro Y.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:16058-16063(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Visualizing long-term memory formation in two neurons of the Drosophila brain."
    Chen C.C., Wu J.K., Lin H.W., Pai T.P., Fu T.F., Wu C.L., Tully T., Chiang A.S.
    Science 335:678-685(2012) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• male courtship behavior, veined wing generated song production Source: FlyBaseTraceable author statementⁱ
  • "Genetic basis of male sexual behavior."
    Emmons S.W., Lipton J.
    J Neurobiol 54:93-110(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• mating behavior Source: FlyBaseInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Circadian rhythms of female mating activity governed by clock genes in Drosophila."
    Sakai T., Ishida N.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:9221-9225(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated Source: FlyBase <p>Inferred from Direct Assay</p> <p>Used to indicate a direct assay for the function, process or component indicated by the GO term.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#ida">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "A DOUBLETIME kinase binding domain on the Drosophila PERIOD protein is essential for its hyperphosphorylation, transcriptional repression, and circadian clock function."
    Kim E.Y., Ko H.W., Yu W., Hardin P.E., Edery I.
    Mol Cell Biol 27:5014-5028(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "A role for the PERIOD:PERIOD homodimer in the Drosophila circadian clock."
    Landskron J., Chen K.F., Wolf E., Stanewsky R.
    PLoS Biol 7:e3-e3(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II Source: FlyBaseInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "PER and TIM inhibit the DNA binding activity of a Drosophila CLOCK-CYC/dBMAL1 heterodimer without disrupting formation of the heterodimer: a basis for circadian transcription."
    Lee C., Bae K., Edery I.
    Mol Cell Biol 19:5316-5325(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Clockwork Orange is a transcriptional repressor and a new Drosophila circadian pacemaker component."
    Kadener S., Stoleru D., McDonald M., Nawathean P., Rosbash M.
    Genes Dev. 21:1675-1686(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "A functional genomics strategy reveals clockwork orange as a transcriptional regulator in the Drosophila circadian clock."
    Matsumoto A., Ukai-Tadenuma M., Yamada R.G., Houl J., Uno K.D., Kasukawa T., Dauwalder B., Itoh T.Q., Takahashi K., Ueda R., Hardin P.E., Tanimura T., Ueda H.R.
    Genes Dev. 21:1687-1700(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding Source: FlyBaseInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "PER and TIM inhibit the DNA binding activity of a Drosophila CLOCK-CYC/dBMAL1 heterodimer without disrupting formation of the heterodimer: a basis for circadian transcription."
    Lee C., Bae K., Edery I.
    Mol Cell Biol 19:5316-5325(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of circadian rhythm Source: FlyBaseInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "A DOUBLETIME kinase binding domain on the Drosophila PERIOD protein is essential for its hyperphosphorylation, transcriptional repression, and circadian clock function."
    Kim E.Y., Ko H.W., Yu W., Hardin P.E., Edery I.
    Mol Cell Biol 27:5014-5028(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "DOUBLETIME plays a noncatalytic role to mediate CLOCK phosphorylation and repress CLOCK-dependent transcription within the Drosophila circadian clock."
    Yu W., Zheng H., Price J.L., Hardin P.E.
    Mol Cell Biol 29:1452-1458(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "A role for the PERIOD:PERIOD homodimer in the Drosophila circadian clock."
    Landskron J., Chen K.F., Wolf E., Stanewsky R.
    PLoS Biol 7:e3-e3(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep Source: FlyBaseInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Stress response genes protect against lethal effects of sleep deprivation in Drosophila."
    Shaw P.J., Tononi G., Greenspan R.J., Robinson D.F.
    Nature 417:287-291(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "A novel pathway for sensory-mediated arousal involves splicing of an intron in the period clock gene."
    Cao W., Edery I.
    Sleep 38:41-51(2015) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of locomotor rhythm Source: FlyBaseInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Cooperative interaction between phosphorylation sites on PERIOD maintains circadian period in Drosophila."
    Garbe D.S., Fang Y., Zheng X., Sowcik M., Anjum R., Gygi S.P., Sehgal A.
    PLoS Genet 9:e1003749-e1003749(2013) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of protein phosphorylation Source: FlyBaseInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Cooperative interaction between phosphorylation sites on PERIOD maintains circadian period in Drosophila."
    Garbe D.S., Fang Y., Zheng X., Sowcik M., Anjum R., Gygi S.P., Sehgal A.
    PLoS Genet 9:e1003749-e1003749(2013) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to light stimulus Source: FlyBaseTraceable author statementⁱ
  • "Invited review: Sleeping flies don't lie: the use of Drosophila melanogaster to study sleep and circadian rhythms."
    Hendricks J.C.
    J Appl Physiol (1985) 94:1660-1672(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to oxidative stress Source: FlyBaseInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Circadian regulation of response to oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster."
    Krishnan N., Davis A.J., Giebultowicz J.M.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun 374:299-303(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to temperature stimulus Source: FlyBaseTraceable author statementⁱ
  • "Invited review: Sleeping flies don't lie: the use of Drosophila melanogaster to study sleep and circadian rhythms."
    Hendricks J.C.
    J Appl Physiol (1985) 94:1660-1672(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• rhythmic behavior Source: FlyBaseTraceable author statementⁱ
  • "Genetic analysis of the circadian system in Drosophila melanogaster and mammals."
    Stanewsky R.
    J Neurobiol 54:111-147(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

<p>UniProtKB Keywords constitute a <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/keywords">controlled vocabulary</a> with a hierarchical structure. Keywords summarise the content of a UniProtKB entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest.<p><a href='/help/keywords' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Keywordsⁱ

Enzyme and pathway databases

<p>This section provides information about the protein and gene name(s) and synonym(s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/names_and_taxonomy_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Names & Taxonomyⁱ

Organism-specific databases

<p>This section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell.<p><a href='/help/subcellular_location_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subcellular locationⁱ

• UniProt annotation
• GO - Cellular component

Keywords - Cellular componentⁱ

<p>This section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs) and/or processing events.<p><a href='/help/ptm_processing_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>PTM / Processingⁱ

Molecule processing

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/ptm%5Fprocessing%5Fsection">PTM/processing</a> section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs). This subsection <strong>complements</strong> the information provided at the sequence level or describes modifications for which <strong>position-specific data is not yet available</strong>.<p><a href='/help/post-translational_modification' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Post-translational modificationⁱ

Keywords - PTMⁱ

Proteomic databases

PTM databases

<p>This section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms.<p><a href='/help/expression_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Expressionⁱ

<p>This subsection of the 'Expression' section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms. By default, the information is derived from experiments at the mRNA level, unless specified 'at protein level'.<br></br>Examples: <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P92958#expression">P92958</a>, <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8TDN4#expression">Q8TDN4</a>, <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O14734#expression">O14734</a><p><a href='/help/tissue_specificity' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Tissue specificityⁱ

<p>This subsection of the 'Expression' section reports the experimentally proven effects of inducers and repressors (usually chemical compounds or environmental factors) on the level of protein (or mRNA) expression (up-regulation, down-regulation, constitutive expression).<p><a href='/help/induction' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Inductionⁱ

Gene expression databases

<p>This section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes.<p><a href='/help/interaction_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Interactionⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/interaction%5Fsection">'Interaction'</a> section provides information about the protein quaternary structure and interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes (with the exception of physiological receptor-ligand interactions which are annotated in the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function%5Fsection">'Function'</a> section).<p><a href='/help/subunit_structure' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subunit structureⁱ

<p>This subsection of the '<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/interaction%5Fsection">Interaction</a>' section provides information about binary protein-protein interactions. The data presented in this section are a quality-filtered subset of binary interactions automatically derived from the <a href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/">IntAct database</a>. It is updated at every <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/synchronization">UniProt release</a>.<p><a href='/help/binary_interactions' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Binary interactionsⁱ

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• identical protein binding Source: IntActInferred from physical interactionⁱ
  • "A role for the PERIOD:PERIOD homodimer in the Drosophila circadian clock."
    Landskron J., Chen K.F., Wolf E., Stanewsky R.
    PLoS Biol 7:e3-e3(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Structural and functional analyses of PAS domain interactions of the clock proteins Drosophila PERIOD and mouse PERIOD2."
    Hennig S., Strauss H.M., Vanselow K., Yildiz O., Schulze S., Arens J., Kramer A., Wolf E.
    PLoS Biol. 7:E94-E94(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• protein heterodimerization activity Source: FlyBaseInferred from physical interactionⁱ
  • "PER and TIM inhibit the DNA binding activity of a Drosophila CLOCK-CYC/dBMAL1 heterodimer without disrupting formation of the heterodimer: a basis for circadian transcription."
    Lee C., Bae K., Edery I.
    Mol Cell Biol 19:5316-5325(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• protein homodimerization activity Source: FlyBaseInferred from physical interactionⁱ
  • "A role for the PERIOD:PERIOD homodimer in the Drosophila circadian clock."
    Landskron J., Chen K.F., Wolf E., Stanewsky R.
    PLoS Biol 7:e3-e3(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• transcription corepressor binding Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief Bioinform 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• transcription factor binding Source: FlyBaseInferred from physical interactionⁱ
  • "PER and TIM inhibit the DNA binding activity of a Drosophila CLOCK-CYC/dBMAL1 heterodimer without disrupting formation of the heterodimer: a basis for circadian transcription."
    Lee C., Bae K., Edery I.
    Mol Cell Biol 19:5316-5325(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

Protein-protein interaction databases

<p>This section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein.<p><a href='/help/structure_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Structureⁱ

Secondary structure

3D structure databases

Miscellaneous databases

<p>This section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain(s) present in a protein.<p><a href='/help/family_and_domains_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Family & Domainsⁱ

Domains and Repeats

Region

Motif

Compositional bias

<p>This subsection of the 'Family and domains' section provides general information on the biological role of a domain. The term 'domain' is intended here in its wide acceptation, it may be a structural domain, a transmembrane region or a functional domain. Several domains are described in this subsection.<p><a href='/help/domain_cc' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Domainⁱ

Keywords - Domainⁱ

Phylogenomic databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. It also includes information pertinent to the sequence(s), including <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequence%5Flength">length</a> and <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences">molecular weight</a>. The information is filed in different subsections. The current subsections and their content are listed below:<p><a href='/help/sequences_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequences (6+)ⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences%5Fsection">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical%5Fand%5Fisoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is complete or not.<p><a href='/help/sequence_status' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence statusⁱ: Complete.

This entry has 6 described isoforms and 1 potential isoform that is computationally mapped.Show allAlign All

        10         20         30         40         50
MEGGESTEST HNTKVSDSAY SNSCSNSQSQ RSGSSKSRLS GSHSSGSSGY 
        60         70         80         90        100
GGKPSTQASS SDMIIKRNKD KSRKKKKNKG AGQGAGQAQT LISASTSLEG 
       110        120        130        140        150
RDEEKPRPSG TGCVEQQICR ELQDQQHGED HSEPQAIEQL QQEEEEDQSG 
       160        170        180        190        200
SESEADRVEG VAKSEAAQSF PIPSPLSVTI VPPSMGGCGG VGHAAGLDSG 
       210        220        230        240        250
LAKFDKTWEA GPGKLESMTG VGAAAAGTGQ RGERVKEDSF CCVISMHDGI 
       260        270        280        290        300
VLYTTPSITD VLGYPRDMWL GRSFIDFVHL KDRATFASQI TTGIPIAESR 
       310        320        330        340        350
GSVPKDAKST FCVMLRRYRG LKSGGFGVIG RPVSYEPFRL GLTFREAPEE 
       360        370        380        390        400
ARPDNYMVSN GTNMLLVICA TPIKSSYKVP DEILSQKSPK FAIRHTATGI 
       410        420        430        440        450
ISHVDSAAVS ALGYLPQDLI GRSIMDFYHH EDLSVMKETY ETVMKKGQTA 
       460        470        480        490        500
GASFCSKPYR FLIQNGCYVL LETEWTSFVN PWSRKLEFVV GHHRVFQGPK 
       510        520        530        540        550
QCNVFEAAPT CKLKISEEAQ SRNTRIKEDI VKRLAETVSR PSDTVKQEVS 
       560        570        580        590        600
RRCQALASFM ETLMDEVSRA DLKLELPHEN ELTVSERDSV MLGEISPHHD 
       610        620        630        640        650
YYDSKSSTET PPSYNQLNYN ENLLRFFNSK PVTAPAELDP PKTEPPEPRG 
       660        670        680        690        700
TCVSGASGPM SPVHEGSGGS GSSGNFTTAS NIHMSSVTNT SIAGTGGTGT 
       710        720        730        740        750
GTGTGTGTGT GTGTGTGTGT GTGTGTGTGT GTGTGTGTGT GTGNGTNSGT 
       760        770        780        790        800
GTGTASSSKG GTAAIPPVTL TESLLNKHND EMEKFMLKKH RESRGRTGEK 
       810        820        830        840        850
SKKSANDTLK MLEYSGPGHG IKRGGSHSWE GEANKPKQQL TLGTDAIKGA 
       860        870        880        890        900
AGSAGGAVGT GGVGSGGAGV AGGGGSGTGV AGTPEGRATT TSGTGTPGGA 
       910        920        930        940        950
GGGGGAGAAA AAGASSSVGS STPGPSSYPT CTQNINLWPP FSVGITPPVH 
       960        970        980        990       1000
STHTAMAQSS FSSAGLFPTF YYIPASLTPT SPTRSPRMHK HPHKGGTDMP 
      1010       1020       1030       1040       1050
TTSQQAAAAA AQAMPLQYMA GVMYPHPSLF YTHPAAAAAT AMMYQPMPFP 
      1060       1070       1080       1090       1100
GMANALQIPE RPLGSQSAYN KSVYTTTPAS MTKKVPGAFH SVTTPAQVQR 
      1110       1120       1130       1140       1150
PSSQSASVKT EPGSSAAVSD PCKKEVPDSS PIPSVMGDYN SDPPCSSSNP 
      1160       1170       1180       1190       1200
ANNKKYTDSN GNSDDMDGSS FSSFYSSFIK TTDGSESPPD TEKDPKHRKL 
      1210       1220 
KSMSTSESKI MEHPEEDQTQ HGDG                             

        10         20         30         40         50
MIIKRNKDKS RKKKKNKGAG QGAGQAQTLI SASTSLEGRD EEKPRPSGTG 
        60         70         80         90        100
CVEQQICREL QDQQHGEDHS EPQAIEQLQQ EEEEDQSGSE SEADRVEGVA 
       110        120        130        140        150
KSEAAQSFPI PSPLSVTIVP PSMGGCGGVG HAAGLDSGLA KFDKTWEAGP 
       160        170        180        190        200
GKLESMTGVG AAAAGTGQRG ERVKEDSFCC VISMHDGIVL YTTPSITDVL 
       210        220        230        240        250
GYPRDMWLGR SFIDFVHLKD RATFASQITT GIPIAESRGS VPKDAKSTFC 
       260        270        280        290        300
VMLRRYRGLK SGGFGVIGRP VSYEPFRLGL TFREAPEEAR PDNYMVSNGT 
       310        320        330        340        350
NMLLVICATP IKSSYKVPDE ILSQKSPKFA IRHTATGIIS HVDSAAVSAL 
       360        370        380        390        400
GYLPQDLIGR SIMDFYHHED LSVMKETYET VMKKGQTAGA SFCSKPYRFL 
       410        420        430        440        450
IQNGCYVLLE TEWTSFVNPW SRKLEFVVGH HRVFQGPKQC NVFEAAPTCK 
       460        470        480        490        500
LKISEEAQSR NTRIKEDIVK RLAETVSRPS DTVKQEVSRR CQALASFMET 
       510        520        530        540        550
LMDEVSRADL KLELPHENEL TVSERDSVML GEISPHHDYY DSKSSTETPP 
       560        570        580        590        600
SYNQLNYNEN LLRFFNSKPV TAPAELDPPK TEPPEPRGTC VSGASGPMSP 
       610        620        630        640        650
VHEGSGGSGS SGNFTTASNI HMSSVTNTSI AGTGGTGTGT GTGTGTGTGT 
       660        670        680        690        700
GTGTGTGTGT GTGTGTGTGT GTGTGTGTGT GNGTNSGTGT GTASSSKGGT 
       710        720        730        740        750
AAIPPVTLTE SLLNKHNDEM EKFMLKKHRE SRGRTGEKSK KSANDTLKML 
       760        770        780        790        800
EYSGPGHGIK RGGSHSWEGE ANKPKQQLTL GTDAIKGAAG SAGGAVGTGG 
       810        820        830        840        850
VGSGGAGVAG GGGSGTGVAG TPEGRATTTS GTGTPGGAGG GGGAGAAAAA 
       860        870        880        890        900
GASSSVGSST PGPSSYPTCT QNINLWPPFS VGITPPVHST HTAMAQSSFS 
       910        920        930        940        950
SAGLFPTFYY IPASLTPTSP TRSPRMHKHP HKGGTDMPTT SQQAAAAAAQ 
       960        970        980        990       1000
AMPLQYMAGV MYPHPSLFYT HPAAAAATAM MYQPMPFPGM ANALQIPERP 
      1010       1020       1030       1040       1050
LGSQSAYNKS VYTTTPASMT KKVPGAFHSV TTPAQVQRPS SQSASVKTEP 
      1060       1070       1080       1090       1100
GSSAAVSDPC KKEVPDSSPI PSVMGDYNSD PPCSSSNPAN NKKYTDSNGN 
      1110       1120       1130       1140       1150
SDDMDGSSFS SFYSSFIKTT DGSESPPDTE KDPKHRKLKS MSTSESKIME 
      1160 
HPEEDQTQHG DG                                          

        10         20         30         40         50
MEGGESTEST HNTKVSDSAY SNSCSNSQSQ RSGSSKSRLS GSHSSGSSGY 
        60         70         80         90        100
GGKPSTQASS SDMIIKRNKD KSRKKKKNKG AGQGAGQAQT LISASTSLEG 
       110        120        130        140        150
RDEEKPRPSG TGCVEQQICR ELQDQQHGED HSEPQAIEQL QQEEEEDQSG 
       160        170        180        190        200
SESEADRVEG VAKSEAAQSF PIPSPLSVTI VPPSMGGCGG VGHAAGLDSG 
       210        220        230        240        250
LAKFDKTWEA GPGKLESMTG VGAAAAGTGQ RGERVKEDSF CCVISMHDGI 
       260        270        280        290        300
VLYTTPSITD VLGYPRDMWL GRSFIDFVHL KDRATFASQI TTGIPIAESR 
       310        320        330        340        350
GSVPKDAKST FCVMLRRYRG LKSGGFGVIG RPVSYEPFRL GLTFREAPEE 
       360        370        380        390        400
ARPDNYMVSN GTNMLLVICA TPIKSSYKVP DEILSQKSPK FAIRHTATGI 
       410        420        430        440        450
ISHVDSAAVS ALGYLPQDLI GRSIMDFYHH EDLSVMKETY ETVMKKGQTA 
       460        470        480        490        500
GASFCSKPYR FLIQNGCYVL LETEWTSFVN PWSRKLEFVV GHHRVFQGPK 
       510        520        530        540        550
QCNVFEAAPT CKLKISEEAQ SRNTRIKEDI VKRLAETVSR PSDTVKQEVS 
       560        570        580        590        600
RRCQALASFM ETLMDEVSRA DLKLELPHEN ELTVSERDSV MLGEISPHHD 
       610        620        630        640        650
YYDSKSSTET PPSYNQLNYN ENLLRFFNSK PVTAPAELDP PKTEPPEPRG 
       660        670        680        690        700
TCVSGASGPM SPVHEGSGGS GSSGNFTTAS NIHMSSVTNT SIAGTGGTGT 
       710        720        730        740        750
GTGTGTGTGT GTGTGTGTGT GTGTGTGTGT GTGTGTGTGT GTGNGTNSGT 
       760        770        780        790        800
GTGTASSSKG GTAAIPPVTL TESLLNKHND EMEKFMLKKH RESRGRTGEK 
       810        820        830        840        850
SKKSANDTLK MLEYSGPGHG IKRGGSHSWE GEANKPKQQL TLGTDAIKGA 
       860        870        880        890        900
AGSAGGAVGT GGVGSGGAGL FPTFYYIPAS LTPTSPTRSP RMHKHPHKGG 
       910        920        930        940        950
TDMPTTSQQA AAAAAQAMPL QYMAGVMYPH PSLFYTHPAA AAATAMMYQP 
       960        970        980        990       1000
MPFPGMANAL QIPERPLGSQ SAYNKSVYTT TPASMTKKVP GAFHSVTTPA 
      1010       1020       1030       1040       1050
QVQRPSSQSA SVKTEPGSSA AVSDPCKKEV PDSSPIPSVM GDYNSDPPCS 
      1060       1070       1080       1090       1100
SSNPANNKKY TDSNGNSDDM DGSSFSSFYS SFIKTTDGSE SPPDTEKDPK 
      1110       1120 
HRKLKSMSTS ESKIMEHPEE DQTQHGDG                         

        10         20         30         40         50
MEGGESTEST HNTKVSDSAY SNSCSNSQSQ RSGSSKSRLS GSHSSGSSGY 
        60         70         80         90        100
GGKPSTQASS SDMIIKRNKD KSRKKKKNKG AGQGAGQAQT LISASTSLEG 
       110        120        130        140        150
RDEEKPRPSG TGCVEQQICR ELQDQQHGED HSEPQAIEQL QQEEEEDQSG 
       160        170        180        190        200
SESEADRVEG VAKSEAAQSF PIPSPLSVTI VPPSMGGCGG VGHAAGLDSG 
       210        220        230        240        250
LAKFDKTWEA GPGKLESMTG VGAAAAGTGQ RGERVKEDSF CCVISMHDGI 
       260        270        280        290        300
VLYTTPSITD VLGYPRDMWL GRSFIDFVHL KDRATFASQI TTGIPIAESR 
       310        320        330        340        350
GSVPKDAKST FCVMLRRYRG LKSGGFGVIG RPVSYEPFRL GLTFREAPEE 
       360        370        380        390        400
ARPDNYMVSN GTNMLLVICA TPIKSSYKVP DEILSQKSPK FAIRHTATGI 
       410        420        430        440        450
ISHVDSAAVS ALGYLPQDLI GRSIMDFYHH EDLSVMKETY ETVMKKGQTA 
       460        470        480        490        500
GASFCSKPYR FLIQNGCYVL LETEWTSFVN PWSRKLEFVV GHHRVFQGPK 
       510        520        530        540        550
QCNVFEAAPT CKLKISEEAQ SRNTRIKEDI VKRLAETVSR PSDTVKQEVS 
       560        570        580        590        600
RRCQALASFM ETLMDEVSRA DLKLELPHEN ELTVSERDSV MLGEISPHHD 
       610        620        630        640        650
YYDSKSSTET PPSYNQLNYN ENLLRFFNSK PVTAPAELDP PKTEPPEPRG 
       660        670        680        690        700
TCVSGASGPM SPVHEGSGGS GSSGNFTTAS NIHMSSVTNT SIAGTGGTGT 
       710        720        730        740        750
GTGTGTGTGT GTGTGTGTGT GTGTGTGTGT GTGTGTGTGT GTGNGTNSGT 
       760        770        780        790        800
GTGTASSSKG GTAAIPPVTL TESLLNKHND EMEKFMLKKH RESRGRTGEK 
       810        820        830        840        850
SKKSANDTLK MLEYSGPGHG IKRGGSHSWE GEANKPKQQL TLGTDAIKGA 
       860        870        880        890        900
AGSAGGAVGT GGVGSGGAGV AGGGGSGTGV AGTPEGRATT TSGTGTPGGA 
       910        920        930        940        950
GGGGGAGAAA AAGASSSVGS STPGPSSYPT CTQNINLWPP FSVGITPPVH 
       960        970        980        990       1000
STHTAMAQSS FSSAGLFPTF YYIPASLTPT SPTRSPRMHK HPHKGGTDMP 
      1010       1020       1030       1040       1050
TTSQQAAAAA AQAMPLQYMA GVMYPHPSLF YTHPAAAAAT AMMYQPMPFP 
      1060       1070       1080       1090       1100
GMANALQIPE RPLGSQSAYN KSVYTVSQWP VVPHRTVLTP TPTPYSSIDH 
      1110       1120       1130       1140       1150
AGVHDEEGAG CIPLGHHSCP GAASLLAERI RQDGAGLQCS GIRSLQEGGA 
      1160       1170       1180 
GLLAHSLRDG RLQLRPALQQ QQSRQQQGML YE                    

        10         20         30         40         50
MEGGESTEST HNTKVSDSAY SNSCSNSQSQ RSGSSKSRLS GSHSSGSSGY 
        60         70         80         90        100
GGKPSTQASS SDMIIKRNKD KSRKKKKNKG AGQGAGQAQT LISASTSLEG 
       110        120        130        140        150
RDEEKPRPSG TGCVEQQICR ELQDQQHGED HSEPQAIEQL QQEEEEDQSG 
       160        170        180        190        200
SESEADRVEG VAKSEAAQSF PIPSPLSVTI VPPSMGGCGG VGHAAGLDSG 
       210        220        230        240        250
LAKFDKTWEA GPGKLESMTG VGAAAAGTGQ RGERVKEDSF CCVISMHDGI 
       260        270        280        290        300
VLYTTPSITD VLGYPRDMWL GRSFIDFVHL KDRATFASQI TTGIPIAESR 
       310        320        330        340        350
GSVPKDAKST FCVMLRRYRG LKSGGFGVIG RPVSYEPFRL GLTFREAPEE 
       360        370        380        390        400
ARPDNYMVSN GTNMLLVICA TPIKSSYKVP DEILSQKSPK FAIRHTATGI 
       410        420        430        440        450
ISHVDSAAVS ALGYLPQDLI GRSIMDFYHH EDLSVMKETY ETVMKKGQTA 
       460        470        480        490        500
GASFCSKPYR FLIQNGCYVL LETEWTSFVN PWSRKLEFVV GHHRVFQGPK 
       510        520        530        540        550
QCNVFEAAPT CKLKISEEAQ SRNTRIKEDI VKRLAETVSR PSDTVKQEVS 
       560        570        580        590        600
RRCQALASFM ETLMDEVSRA DLKLELPHEN ELTVSERDSV MLGEISPHHD 
       610        620        630        640        650
YYDSKSSTET PPSYNQLNYN ENLLRFFNSK PVTAPAELDP PKTEPPEPRG 
       660        670        680        690        700
TCVSGASGPM SPVHEGSGGS GSSGNFTTAS NIHMSSVTNT SIAGTGGTGT 
       710        720        730        740        750
GTGTGTGTGT GTGTGTGTGT GTGTGTGTGT GTGTGTGTGT GTGNGTNSGT 
       760        770        780        790        800
GTGTASSSKG GTAAIPPVTL TESLLNKHND EMEKFMLKKH RESRGRTGEK 
       810        820        830        840        850
SKKSANDTLK MLEYSGPGHG IKRGGSHSWE GEANKPKQQL TLGTDAIKGA 
       860        870        880        890        900
AGSAGGAVGT GGSSFSSAGL FPTFYYIPAS LTPTSPTRSP RMHKHPHKGG 
       910        920        930        940        950
TDMPTTSQQA AAAAAQAMPL QYMAGVMYPH PSLFYTHPAA AAATAMMYQP 
       960        970        980        990       1000
MPFPGMANAL QIPERPLGSQ SAYNKSVYTT TPASMTKKVP GAFHSVTTPA 
      1010       1020       1030       1040       1050
QVQRPSSQSA SVKTEPGSSA AVSDPCKKEV PDSSPIPSVM GDYNSDPPCS 
      1060       1070       1080       1090       1100
SSNPANNKKY TDSNGNSDDM DGSSFSSFYS SFIKTTDGSE SPPDTEKDPK 
      1110       1120 
HRKLKSMSTS ESKIMEHPEE DQTQHGDG                         

        10         20         30         40         50
MEGGESTEST HNTKVSDSAY SNSCSNSQSQ RSGSSKSRLS GSHSSGSSGY 
        60         70         80         90        100
GGKPSTQASS SDMIIKRNKD KSRKKKKNKG AGQGAGQAQT LISASTSLEG 
       110        120        130        140        150
RDEEKPRPSG TGCVEQQICR ELQDQQHGED HSEPQAIEQL QQEEEEDQSG 
       160        170        180        190        200
SESEADRVEG VAKSEAAQSF PIPSPLSVTI VPPSMGGCGG VGHAAGLDSG 
       210        220        230        240        250
LAKFDKTWEA GPGKLESMTG VGAAAAGTGQ RGERVKEDSF CCVISMHDGI 
       260        270        280        290        300
VLYTTPSITD VLGYPRDMWL GRSFIDFVHL KDRATFASQI TTGIPIAESR 
       310        320        330        340        350
GSVPKDAKST FCVMLRRYRG LKSGGFGVIG RPVSYEPFRL GLTFREAPEE 
       360        370        380        390        400
ARPDNYMVSN GTNMLLVICA TPIKSSYKVP DEILSQKSPK FAIRHTATGI 
       410        420        430        440        450
ISHVDSAAVS ALGYLPQDLI GRSIMDFYHH EDLSVMKETY ETVMKKGQTA 
       460        470        480        490        500
GASFCSKPYR FLIQNGCYVL LETEWTSFVN PWSRKLEFVV GHHRVFQGPK 
       510        520        530        540        550
QCNVFEAAPT CKLKISEEAQ SRNTRIKEDI VKRLAETVSR PSDTVKQEVS 
       560        570        580        590        600
RRCQALASFM ETLMDEVSRA DLKLELPHEN ELTVSERDSV MLGEISPHHD 
       610        620        630        640        650
YYDSKSSTET PPSYNQLNYN ENLLRFFNSK PVTAPAELDP PKTEPPEPRG 
       660        670        680        690        700
TCVSGASGPM SPVHEGSGGS GSSGNFTTAS NIHMSSVTNT SIAGTGGTGT 
       710        720        730        740        750
GTGTGTGTGT GTGTGTGTGT GTGTGTGTGT GTGTGTGTGT GTGNGTNSGT 
       760        770        780        790        800
GTGTASSSKG GTAAIPPVTL TESLLNKHND EMEKFMLKKH RESRGRTGEK 
       810        820        830        840        850
SKKSANDTLK MLEYSGPGHG IKRGGSHSWE GEANKPKQQL TLGTDAIKGA 
       860        870        880        890        900
AGSAGGAVGT GGSSFSSAGL FPTFYYIPAS LTPTSPTRSP RMHKHPHKGG 
       910        920        930        940        950
TDMPTTSQQA AAAAAQAMPL QYMAGVMYPH PSLFYTHPAA AAATAMMYQP 
       960        970        980        990       1000
MPFPGMANAL QIPERPLGSQ SAYNKSVYTT TPASMTKKVP GAFHSVTTPA 
      1010       1020       1030       1040       1050
QVQRPSSQSA SVKTEPGSSA AVSDPCKKEV PDSSPIPSVM GDYNSDPPCS 
      1060 
SSNPANNKVC YTNEVHW                                     

<p>This subsection of the 'Sequence' section reports difference(s) between the protein sequence shown in the UniProtKB entry and other available protein sequences derived from the same gene.<p><a href='/help/sequence_caution' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence cautionⁱ

Experimental Info

Natural variant

Alternative sequence

Sequence databases

Genome annotation databases

Keywords - Coding sequence diversityⁱ

<p>This section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence(s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100%, 90% and 50%) based on their membership in UniProt Reference Clusters (<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/uniref">UniRef</a>).<p><a href='/help/similar_proteins_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Similar proteinsⁱ

• 100% Identity
• 90% Identity
• 50% Identity

<p>This section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than UniProtKB.<p><a href='/help/cross_references_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Cross-referencesⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/manual/cross%5Freferences%5Fsection">Cross-references</a> section provides links to various web resources that are relevant for a specific protein.<p><a href='/help/web_resource' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Web resourcesⁱ

Sequence databases

3D structure databases

Protein-protein interaction databases

PTM databases

Proteomic databases

Genome annotation databases

Organism-specific databases

Phylogenomic databases

Enzyme and pathway databases

Miscellaneous databases

Gene expression databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section provides general information on the entry.<p><a href='/help/entry_information_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry informationⁱ

<p>This section contains any relevant information that doesn't fit in any other defined sections<p><a href='/help/miscellaneous_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Miscellaneousⁱ

Keywords - Technical termⁱ

Documents

1. Drosophila
   Drosophila: entries, gene names and cross-references to FlyBase
2. PDB cross-references
   Index of Protein Data Bank (PDB) cross-references
3. Protein Spotlight
   Protein Spotlight articles and cited UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries