Endothelin-1

<p>This section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge.<p><a href='/help/function_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Functionⁱ

<p>The <a href="http://www.geneontology.org/">Gene Ontology (GO)</a> project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories:<p><a href='/help/gene_ontology' target='_top'>More...</a></p>GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• cytokine activity Source: BHF-UCL <p>Inferred from Direct Assay</p> <p>Used to indicate a direct assay for the function, process or component indicated by the GO term.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide%2Dgo%2Devidence%2Dcodes#ida">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Kruppel-like factor 15 regulates BMPER in endothelial cells."
    Helbing T., Volkmar F., Goebel U., Heinke J., Diehl P., Pahl H.L., Bode C., Patterson C., Moser M.
    Cardiovasc. Res. 85:551-559(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• endothelin A receptor binding Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Expression and biological effects of endothelin-1 in human gonadotropin-releasing hormone-secreting neurons."
    Maggi M., Barni T., Fantoni G., Mancina R., Pupilli C., Luconi M., Crescioli C., Serio M., Vannelli G.B.
    J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85:1658-1665(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• endothelin B receptor binding Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Expression and biological effects of endothelin-1 in human gonadotropin-releasing hormone-secreting neurons."
    Maggi M., Barni T., Fantoni G., Mancina R., Pupilli C., Luconi M., Crescioli C., Serio M., Vannelli G.B.
    J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85:1658-1665(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• hormone activity Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Expression and biological effects of endothelin-1 in human gonadotropin-releasing hormone-secreting neurons."
    Maggi M., Barni T., Fantoni G., Mancina R., Pupilli C., Luconi M., Crescioli C., Serio M., Vannelli G.B.
    J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85:1658-1665(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • Ref.8

    "The human endothelin family: three structurally and pharmacologically distinct isopeptides predicted by three separate genes."
    Inoue A., Yanagisawa M., Kimura S., Kasuya Y., Miyauchi T., Goto K., Masaki T.
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86:2863-2867(1989) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

    Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] OF 27-67.

GO - Biological processⁱ

• adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway Source: Ensembl
• artery smooth muscle contraction Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Characterization of endothelin receptors in the human umbilical artery and vein."
    Bogoni G., Rizzi A., Calo G., Campobasso C., D'Orleans-Juste P., Regoli D.
    Br. J. Pharmacol. 119:1600-1604(1996) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• body fluid secretion Source: Ensembl
• branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis Source: Ensembl
• calcium-mediated signaling Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Expression and biological effects of endothelin-1 in human gonadotropin-releasing hormone-secreting neurons."
    Maggi M., Barni T., Fantoni G., Mancina R., Pupilli C., Luconi M., Crescioli C., Serio M., Vannelli G.B.
    J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85:1658-1665(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Effects of endothelins on signal transduction and proliferation in human melanocytes."
    Yada Y., Higuchi K., Imokawa G.
    J. Biol. Chem. 266:18352-18357(1991) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• cartilage development Source: Ensembl
• cell-cell signaling Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Effects of endothelin-1 on release of adrenomedullin and C-type natriuretic peptide from individual human vascular endothelial cells."
    Evans J.J., Youssef A.H., Yandle T.G., Lewis L.K., Nicholls M.G.
    J. Endocrinol. 175:225-232(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• cell surface receptor signaling pathway Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Cloning and functional expression of human cDNA for the ETB endothelin receptor."
    Sakamoto A., Yanagisawa M., Sakurai T., Takuwa Y., Yanagisawa H., Masaki T.
    Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 178:656-663(1991) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• cellular response to calcium ion Source: Ensembl
• cellular response to drug Source: Ensembl
• cellular response to fatty acid Source: Ensembl
• cellular response to glucocorticoid stimulus Source: Ensembl
• cellular response to hypoxia Source: Ensembl
• cellular response to interferon-gamma Source: Ensembl
• cellular response to interleukin-1 Source: Ensembl
• cellular response to mineralocorticoid stimulus Source: Ensembl
• cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus Source: Ensembl
• cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus Source: Ensembl
• cellular response to tumor necrosis factor Source: Ensembl
• dorsal/ventral pattern formation Source: Ensembl
• endothelin receptor signaling pathway Source: UniProtKB <p>Inferred from Mutant Phenotype</p> <p>Describes annotations that are concluded from looking at variations or changes in a gene product such as mutations or abnormal levels and includes techniques such as knockouts, overexpression, anti-sense experiments and use of specific protein inhibitors.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide%2Dgo%2Devidence%2Dcodes#imp">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • Ref.14

    "Pyk2 mediates endothelin-1 signaling via p130Cas/BCAR3 cascade and regulates human glomerular mesangial cell adhesion and spreading."
    Rufanova V.A., Alexanian A., Wakatsuki T., Lerner A., Sorokin A.
    J. Cell. Physiol. 219:45-56(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

    Cited for: FUNCTION.
• epithelial fluid transport Source: Ensembl
• G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Mechanisms of endothelin 1-stimulated proliferation in colorectal cancer cell lines."
    Grant K., Knowles J., Dawas K., Burnstock G., Taylor I., Loizidou M.
    Br J Surg 94:106-112(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• heart development Source: Ensembl
• histamine secretion Source: Ensembl
• inositol phosphate-mediated signaling Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Effects of endothelins on signal transduction and proliferation in human melanocytes."
    Yada Y., Higuchi K., Imokawa G.
    J. Biol. Chem. 266:18352-18357(1991) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• in utero embryonic development Source: Ensembl
• leukocyte activation Source: BHF-UCL <p>Traceable Author Statement</p> <p>Used for information from review articles where the original experiments are traceable through that article and also for information from text books or dictionaries.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide%2Dgo%2Devidence%2Dcodes#tas">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Traceable author statementⁱ
  • "Elevated endothelin-1 levels impair nitric oxide homeostasis through a PKC-dependent pathway."
    Ramzy D., Rao V., Tumiati L.C., Xu N., Sheshgiri R., Miriuka S., Delgado D.H., Ross H.J.
    Circulation 114:I319-26(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• maternal process involved in parturition Source: Ensembl
• membrane depolarization Source: Ensembl
• middle ear morphogenesis Source: Ensembl
• multicellular organism aging Source: Ensembl
• negative regulation of blood coagulation Source: BHF-UCLTraceable author statementⁱ
  • "Elevated endothelin-1 levels impair nitric oxide homeostasis through a PKC-dependent pathway."
    Ramzy D., Rao V., Tumiati L.C., Xu N., Sheshgiri R., Miriuka S., Delgado D.H., Ross H.J.
    Circulation 114:I319-26(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of cellular protein metabolic process Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Kruppel-like factor 15 regulates BMPER in endothelial cells."
    Helbing T., Volkmar F., Goebel U., Heinke J., Diehl P., Pahl H.L., Bode C., Patterson C., Moser M.
    Cardiovasc. Res. 85:551-559(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of hormone secretion Source: Ensembl
• negative regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Elevated endothelin-1 levels impair nitric oxide homeostasis through a PKC-dependent pathway."
    Ramzy D., Rao V., Tumiati L.C., Xu N., Sheshgiri R., Miriuka S., Delgado D.H., Ross H.J.
    Circulation 114:I319-26(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process Source: Ensembl
• negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Kruppel-like factor 15 regulates BMPER in endothelial cells."
    Helbing T., Volkmar F., Goebel U., Heinke J., Diehl P., Pahl H.L., Bode C., Patterson C., Moser M.
    Cardiovasc. Res. 85:551-559(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• neural crest cell development Source: Ensembl
• nitric oxide transport Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Elevated endothelin-1 levels impair nitric oxide homeostasis through a PKC-dependent pathway."
    Ramzy D., Rao V., Tumiati L.C., Xu N., Sheshgiri R., Miriuka S., Delgado D.H., Ross H.J.
    Circulation 114:I319-26(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• peptide hormone secretion Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Expression and biological effects of endothelin-1 in human gonadotropin-releasing hormone-secreting neurons."
    Maggi M., Barni T., Fantoni G., Mancina R., Pupilli C., Luconi M., Crescioli C., Serio M., Vannelli G.B.
    J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85:1658-1665(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Mechanisms of endothelin 1-stimulated proliferation in colorectal cancer cell lines."
    Grant K., Knowles J., Dawas K., Burnstock G., Taylor I., Loizidou M.
    Br J Surg 94:106-112(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• phospholipase D-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway Source: Ensembl
• positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of caveolin-3 inhibits rat cardiomyocyte hypertrophy."
    Koga A., Oka N., Kikuchi T., Miyazaki H., Kato S., Imaizumi T.
    Hypertension 42:213-219(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "The miR-19a/b family positively regulates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by targeting atrogin-1 and MuRF-1."
    Song D.W., Ryu J.Y., Kim J.O., Kwon E.J., Kim D.H.
    Biochem. J. 457:151-162(2014) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of cell migration Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "The involvement of protein kinase G in stimulation of neutrophil migration by endothelins."
    Elferink J.G., De Koster B.M.
    Eur. J. Pharmacol. 350:285-291(1998) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of cell population proliferation Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Mechanisms of endothelin 1-stimulated proliferation in colorectal cancer cell lines."
    Grant K., Knowles J., Dawas K., Burnstock G., Taylor I., Loizidou M.
    Br J Surg 94:106-112(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Effects of endothelins on signal transduction and proliferation in human melanocytes."
    Yada Y., Higuchi K., Imokawa G.
    J. Biol. Chem. 266:18352-18357(1991) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of cell size Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of caveolin-3 inhibits rat cardiomyocyte hypertrophy."
    Koga A., Oka N., Kikuchi T., Miyazaki H., Kato S., Imaizumi T.
    Hypertension 42:213-219(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of chemokine-mediated signaling pathway Source: BHF-UCL <p>Inferred by Curator</p> <p>Used for cases where an annotation is not supported by any evidence but can be reasonably inferred by a curator from other GO annotations for which evidence<br />is available.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide%2Dgo%2Devidence%2Dcodes#ic">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred by curatorⁱ
  • "Endothelins induce CCR7 expression by breast tumor cells via endothelin receptor A and hypoxia-inducible factor-1."
    Wilson J.L., Burchell J., Grimshaw M.J.
    Cancer Res. 66:11802-11807(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Effects of endothelins on signal transduction and proliferation in human melanocytes."
    Yada Y., Higuchi K., Imokawa G.
    J. Biol. Chem. 266:18352-18357(1991) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration involved in phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled signaling pathway Source: Ensembl
• positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "The miR-19a/b family positively regulates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by targeting atrogin-1 and MuRF-1."
    Song D.W., Ryu J.Y., Kim J.O., Kwon E.J., Kim D.H.
    Biochem. J. 457:151-162(2014) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of endothelial cell migration Source: BHF-UCLTraceable author statementⁱ
  • "Permissive role of nitric oxide in endothelin-induced migration of endothelial cells."
    Noiri E., Hu Y., Bahou W.F., Keese C.R., Giaever I., Goligorsky M.S.
    J. Biol. Chem. 272:1747-1752(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of heart rate Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • Ref.8

    "The human endothelin family: three structurally and pharmacologically distinct isopeptides predicted by three separate genes."
    Inoue A., Yanagisawa M., Kimura S., Kasuya Y., Miyauchi T., Goto K., Masaki T.
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86:2863-2867(1989) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

    Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] OF 27-67.
• positive regulation of hormone secretion Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Expression and biological effects of endothelin-1 in human gonadotropin-releasing hormone-secreting neurons."
    Maggi M., Barni T., Fantoni G., Mancina R., Pupilli C., Luconi M., Crescioli C., Serio M., Vannelli G.B.
    J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85:1658-1665(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of JUN kinase activity Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of caveolin-3 inhibits rat cardiomyocyte hypertrophy."
    Koga A., Oka N., Kikuchi T., Miyazaki H., Kato S., Imaizumi T.
    Hypertension 42:213-219(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of MAP kinase activity Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Expression and biological effects of endothelin-1 in human gonadotropin-releasing hormone-secreting neurons."
    Maggi M., Barni T., Fantoni G., Mancina R., Pupilli C., Luconi M., Crescioli C., Serio M., Vannelli G.B.
    J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85:1658-1665(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of caveolin-3 inhibits rat cardiomyocyte hypertrophy."
    Koga A., Oka N., Kikuchi T., Miyazaki H., Kato S., Imaizumi T.
    Hypertension 42:213-219(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Expression and biological effects of endothelin-1 in human gonadotropin-releasing hormone-secreting neurons."
    Maggi M., Barni T., Fantoni G., Mancina R., Pupilli C., Luconi M., Crescioli C., Serio M., Vannelli G.B.
    J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85:1658-1665(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis Source: Ensembl
• positive regulation of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling Source: Ensembl
• positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process Source: BHF-UCLTraceable author statementⁱ
  • "Permissive role of nitric oxide in endothelin-induced migration of endothelial cells."
    Noiri E., Hu Y., Bahou W.F., Keese C.R., Giaever I., Goligorsky M.S.
    J. Biol. Chem. 272:1747-1752(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of odontogenesis Source: Ensembl
• positive regulation of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 contributes to the endothelin/sarafotoxin-induced prostaglandin E2 synthesis in mouse osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1): evidence for a protein tyrosine kinase-signaling pathway and involvement of protein kinase C."
    Leis H.J., Zach D., Huber E., Windischhofer W.
    Endocrinology 139:1268-1277(1998) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of prostaglandin secretion Source: Ensembl
• positive regulation of receptor biosynthetic process Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Endothelins induce CCR7 expression by breast tumor cells via endothelin receptor A and hypoxia-inducible factor-1."
    Wilson J.L., Burchell J., Grimshaw M.J.
    Cancer Res. 66:11802-11807(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of renal sodium excretion Source: Ensembl
• positive regulation of sarcomere organization Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of caveolin-3 inhibits rat cardiomyocyte hypertrophy."
    Koga A., Oka N., Kikuchi T., Miyazaki H., Kato S., Imaizumi T.
    Hypertension 42:213-219(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Endothelin-1 potentiates human smooth muscle cell growth to PDGF: effects of ETA and ETB receptor blockade."
    Yang Z., Krasnici N., Luscher T.F.
    Circulation 100:5-8(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction Source: Ensembl
• positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "The miR-19a/b family positively regulates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by targeting atrogin-1 and MuRF-1."
    Song D.W., Ryu J.Y., Kim J.O., Kwon E.J., Kim D.H.
    Biochem. J. 457:151-162(2014) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of urine volume Source: Ensembl
• positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation Source: Ensembl
• prostaglandin biosynthetic process Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 contributes to the endothelin/sarafotoxin-induced prostaglandin E2 synthesis in mouse osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1): evidence for a protein tyrosine kinase-signaling pathway and involvement of protein kinase C."
    Leis H.J., Zach D., Huber E., Windischhofer W.
    Endocrinology 139:1268-1277(1998) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• protein kinase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway Source: Ensembl
• protein kinase C deactivation Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Elevated endothelin-1 levels impair nitric oxide homeostasis through a PKC-dependent pathway."
    Ramzy D., Rao V., Tumiati L.C., Xu N., Sheshgiri R., Miriuka S., Delgado D.H., Ross H.J.
    Circulation 114:I319-26(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of glucose transmembrane transport Source: Ensembl
• regulation of pH Source: Ensembl
• regulation of sensory perception of pain Source: Ensembl
• regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by endothelin Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • Ref.8

    "The human endothelin family: three structurally and pharmacologically distinct isopeptides predicted by three separate genes."
    Inoue A., Yanagisawa M., Kimura S., Kasuya Y., Miyauchi T., Goto K., Masaki T.
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86:2863-2867(1989) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

    Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] OF 27-67.
• regulation of vasoconstriction Source: InterPro
• respiratory gaseous exchange by respiratory system Source: Ensembl
• response to activity Source: Ensembl
• response to amino acid Source: Ensembl
• response to dexamethasone Source: Ensembl
• response to leptin Source: Ensembl
• response to lipopolysaccharide Source: Ensembl
• response to muscle stretch Source: Ensembl
• response to nicotine Source: Ensembl
• response to ozone Source: Ensembl
• response to prostaglandin F Source: Ensembl
• response to salt Source: Ensembl
• response to testosterone Source: Ensembl
• rhythmic excitation Source: Ensembl
• sensory perception of pain Source: Ensembl
• superoxide anion generation Source: Ensembl
• vasoconstriction Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Effect of adrenomedullin on the production of endothelin-1 and on its vasoconstrictor action in resistance arteries: evidence for a receptor-specific functional interaction in patients with heart failure."
    Hillier C., Petrie M.C., Love M.P., Johnston F., MacLean M.R., McMurray J.J.
    Clin. Sci. 101:45-51(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • Ref.8

    "The human endothelin family: three structurally and pharmacologically distinct isopeptides predicted by three separate genes."
    Inoue A., Yanagisawa M., Kimura S., Kasuya Y., Miyauchi T., Goto K., Masaki T.
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86:2863-2867(1989) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

    Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] OF 27-67.
• vein smooth muscle contraction Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Endothelin converting enzyme (ECE) activity in human vascular smooth muscle."
    Maguire J.J., Johnson C.M., Mockridge J.W., Davenport A.P.
    Br. J. Pharmacol. 122:1647-1654(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

<p>UniProtKB Keywords constitute a <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/keywords">controlled vocabulary</a> with a hierarchical structure. Keywords summarise the content of a UniProtKB entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest.<p><a href='/help/keywords' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Keywordsⁱ

Enzyme and pathway databases

<p>This section provides information about the protein and gene name(s) and synonym(s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/names_and_taxonomy_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Names & Taxonomyⁱ

Organism-specific databases

<p>This section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell.<p><a href='/help/subcellular_location_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subcellular locationⁱ

Keywords - Cellular componentⁱ

<p>This section provides information on the disease(s) and phenotype(s) associated with a protein.<p><a href='/help/pathology_and_biotech_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Pathology & Biotechⁱ

<p>This subsection of the 'Pathology and Biotech' section provides information on the disease(s) associated with genetic variations in a given protein. The information is extracted from the scientific literature and diseases that are also described in the <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=omim">OMIM</a> database are represented with a <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/diseases">controlled vocabulary</a> in the following way:<p><a href='/help/involvement_in_disease' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Involvement in diseaseⁱ

Keywords - Diseaseⁱ

Organism-specific databases

Miscellaneous databases

Chemistry databases

Polymorphism and mutation databases

<p>This section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs) and/or processing events.<p><a href='/help/ptm_processing_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>PTM / Processingⁱ

Molecule processing

Amino acid modifications

Sites

Keywords - PTMⁱ

Proteomic databases

PTM databases

<p>This section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms.<p><a href='/help/expression_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Expressionⁱ

<p>This subsection of the 'Expression' section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms. By default, the information is derived from experiments at the mRNA level, unless specified 'at protein level'.<br></br>Examples: <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P92958#expression">P92958</a>, <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8TDN4#expression">Q8TDN4</a>, <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O14734#expression">O14734</a><p><a href='/help/tissue_specificity' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Tissue specificityⁱ

Gene expression databases

Organism-specific databases

<p>This section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes.<p><a href='/help/interaction_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Interactionⁱ

<p>This subsection of the '<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/interaction%5Fsection%27">Interaction</a> section provides information about binary protein-protein interactions. The data presented in this section are a quality-filtered subset of binary interactions automatically derived from the <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/">IntAct database</a>. It is updated on a monthly basis. Each binary interaction is displayed on a separate line.<p><a href='/help/binary_interactions' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Binary interactionsⁱ

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• cytokine activity Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Kruppel-like factor 15 regulates BMPER in endothelial cells."
    Helbing T., Volkmar F., Goebel U., Heinke J., Diehl P., Pahl H.L., Bode C., Patterson C., Moser M.
    Cardiovasc. Res. 85:551-559(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• endothelin A receptor binding Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Expression and biological effects of endothelin-1 in human gonadotropin-releasing hormone-secreting neurons."
    Maggi M., Barni T., Fantoni G., Mancina R., Pupilli C., Luconi M., Crescioli C., Serio M., Vannelli G.B.
    J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85:1658-1665(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• endothelin B receptor binding Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Expression and biological effects of endothelin-1 in human gonadotropin-releasing hormone-secreting neurons."
    Maggi M., Barni T., Fantoni G., Mancina R., Pupilli C., Luconi M., Crescioli C., Serio M., Vannelli G.B.
    J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85:1658-1665(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• hormone activity Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Expression and biological effects of endothelin-1 in human gonadotropin-releasing hormone-secreting neurons."
    Maggi M., Barni T., Fantoni G., Mancina R., Pupilli C., Luconi M., Crescioli C., Serio M., Vannelli G.B.
    J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85:1658-1665(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • Ref.8

    "The human endothelin family: three structurally and pharmacologically distinct isopeptides predicted by three separate genes."
    Inoue A., Yanagisawa M., Kimura S., Kasuya Y., Miyauchi T., Goto K., Masaki T.
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86:2863-2867(1989) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

    Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] OF 27-67.

Protein-protein interaction databases

Chemistry databases

Miscellaneous databases

<p>This section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein.<p><a href='/help/structure_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Structureⁱ

Secondary structure

3D structure databases

Miscellaneous databases

<p>This section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain(s) present in a protein.<p><a href='/help/family_and_domains_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Family & Domainsⁱ

Region

<p>This subsection of the 'Family and domains' section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins.<p><a href='/help/sequence_similarities' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence similaritiesⁱ

Keywords - Domainⁱ

Phylogenomic databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. It also includes information pertinent to the sequence(s), including <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequence%5Flength">length</a> and <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences">molecular weight</a>. The information is filed in different subsections. The current subsections and their content are listed below:<p><a href='/help/sequences_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequenceⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences%5Fsection">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical%5Fand%5Fisoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is complete or not.<p><a href='/help/sequence_status' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence statusⁱ: Complete.

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences%5Fsection">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical%5Fand%5Fisoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is in its mature form or if it represents the precursor.<p><a href='/help/sequence_processing' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence processingⁱ: The displayed sequence is further processed into a mature form.

        10         20         30         40         50
MDYLLMIFSL LFVACQGAPE TAVLGAELSA VGENGGEKPT PSPPWRLRRS 
        60         70         80         90        100
KRCSCSSLMD KECVYFCHLD IIWVNTPEHV VPYGLGSPRS KRALENLLPT 
       110        120        130        140        150
KATDRENRCQ CASQKDKKCW NFCQAGKELR AEDIMEKDWN NHKKGKDCSK 
       160        170        180        190        200
LGKKCIYQQL VRGRKIRRSS EEHLRQTRSE TMRNSVKSSF HDPKLKGKPS 
       210 
RERYVTHNRA HW                                          

Natural variant

Sequence databases

Genome annotation databases

Keywords - Coding sequence diversityⁱ

<p>This section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence(s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100%, 90% and 50%) based on their membership in UniProt Reference Clusters (<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/uniref">UniRef</a>).<p><a href='/help/similar_proteins_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Similar proteinsⁱ

• 100% Identity
• 90% Identity
• 50% Identity

<p>This section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than UniProtKB.<p><a href='/help/cross_references_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Cross-referencesⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/manual/cross%5Freferences%5Fsection">Cross-references</a> section provides links to various web resources that are relevant for a specific protein.<p><a href='/help/web_resource' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Web resourcesⁱ

Sequence databases

3D structure databases

Protein-protein interaction databases

Chemistry databases

PTM databases

Polymorphism and mutation databases

Proteomic databases

Protocols and materials databases

Genome annotation databases

Organism-specific databases

Phylogenomic databases

Enzyme and pathway databases

Miscellaneous databases

Gene expression databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section provides general information on the entry.<p><a href='/help/entry_information_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry informationⁱ

<p>This section contains any relevant information that doesn't fit in any other defined sections<p><a href='/help/miscellaneous_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Miscellaneousⁱ

Keywords - Technical termⁱ

Documents

1. PDB cross-references
   Index of Protein Data Bank (PDB) cross-references
2. SIMILARITY comments
   Index of protein domains and families
3. Human chromosome 6
   Human chromosome 6: entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM
4. Human entries with polymorphisms or disease mutations
   List of human entries with polymorphisms or disease mutations
5. Human polymorphisms and disease mutations
   Index of human polymorphisms and disease mutations
6. MIM cross-references
   Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM) cross-references in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot