Platelet factor 4

<p>This section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge.<p><a href='/help/function_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Functionⁱ

<p>The <a href="http://www.geneontology.org/">Gene Ontology (GO)</a> project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories:<p><a href='/help/gene_ontology' target='_top'>More...</a></p>GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• chemokine activity Source: GO_Central <p>Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor</p> <p>A type of phylogenetic evidence whereby an aspect of a descendent is inferred through the characterization of an aspect of a ancestral gene.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#iba">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief. Bioinformatics 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• CXCR3 chemokine receptor binding Source: UniProtKB <p>Inferred from Direct Assay</p> <p>Used to indicate a direct assay for the function, process or component indicated by the GO term.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#ida">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "An alternatively spliced variant of CXCR3 mediates the inhibition of endothelial cell growth induced by IP-10, Mig, and I-TAC, and acts as functional receptor for platelet factor 4."
    Lasagni L., Francalanci M., Annunziato F., Lazzeri E., Giannini S., Cosmi L., Sagrinati C., Mazzinghi B., Orlando C., Maggi E., Marra F., Romagnani S., Serio M., Romagnani P.
    J. Exp. Med. 197:1537-1549(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• heparin binding Source: UniProtKBInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "New insights into the negative regulation of hematopoiesis by chemokine platelet factor 4 and related peptides."
    Lecomte-Raclet L., Alemany M., Sequira-Le Grand A., Amiral J., Quentin G., Vissac A.M., Caen J.P., Han Z.C.
    Blood 91:2772-2780(1998) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

GO - Biological processⁱ

• adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway Source: UniProtKBInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "An alternatively spliced variant of CXCR3 mediates the inhibition of endothelial cell growth induced by IP-10, Mig, and I-TAC, and acts as functional receptor for platelet factor 4."
    Lasagni L., Francalanci M., Annunziato F., Lazzeri E., Giannini S., Cosmi L., Sagrinati C., Mazzinghi B., Orlando C., Maggi E., Marra F., Romagnani S., Serio M., Romagnani P.
    J. Exp. Med. 197:1537-1549(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide Source: UniProtKBInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Platelet factor 4 activity against P. falciparum and its translation to nonpeptidic mimics as antimalarials."
    Love M.S., Millholland M.G., Mishra S., Kulkarni S., Freeman K.B., Pan W., Kavash R.W., Costanzo M.J., Jo H., Daly T.M., Williams D.R., Kowalska M.A., Bergman L.W., Poncz M., DeGrado W.F., Sinnis P., Scott R.W., Greenbaum D.C.
    Cell Host Microbe 12:815-823(2012) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Thrombocidins, microbicidal proteins from human blood platelets, are C-terminal deletion products of CXC chemokines."
    Krijgsveld J., Zaat S.A., Meeldijk J., van Veelen P.A., Fang G., Poolman B., Brandt E., Ehlert J.E., Kuijpers A.J., Engbers G.H., Feijen J., Dankert J.
    J. Biol. Chem. 275:20374-20381(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• cellular response to lipopolysaccharide Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief. Bioinformatics 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• chemokine-mediated signaling pathway Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief. Bioinformatics 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• cytokine-mediated signaling pathway Source: UniProtKBInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Signal transduction of chemokine platelet factor 4 in human erythroleukemia cells."
    Liu Y.J., Lu S.H., Han Z.C.
    Int. J. Hematol. 75:401-406(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• defense response to protozoan Source: UniProtKBInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Platelet factor 4 activity against P. falciparum and its translation to nonpeptidic mimics as antimalarials."
    Love M.S., Millholland M.G., Mishra S., Kulkarni S., Freeman K.B., Pan W., Kavash R.W., Costanzo M.J., Jo H., Daly T.M., Williams D.R., Kowalska M.A., Bergman L.W., Poncz M., DeGrado W.F., Sinnis P., Scott R.W., Greenbaum D.C.
    Cell Host Microbe 12:815-823(2012) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway Source: Reactome
• immune response Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief. Bioinformatics 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• inflammatory response Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief. Bioinformatics 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• killing by host of symbiont cells Source: UniProtKBInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Platelet factor 4 activity against P. falciparum and its translation to nonpeptidic mimics as antimalarials."
    Love M.S., Millholland M.G., Mishra S., Kulkarni S., Freeman K.B., Pan W., Kavash R.W., Costanzo M.J., Jo H., Daly T.M., Williams D.R., Kowalska M.A., Bergman L.W., Poncz M., DeGrado W.F., Sinnis P., Scott R.W., Greenbaum D.C.
    Cell Host Microbe 12:815-823(2012) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• killing of cells of other organism Source: UniProtKBInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Thrombocidins, microbicidal proteins from human blood platelets, are C-terminal deletion products of CXC chemokines."
    Krijgsveld J., Zaat S.A., Meeldijk J., van Veelen P.A., Fang G., Poolman B., Brandt E., Ehlert J.E., Kuijpers A.J., Engbers G.H., Feijen J., Dankert J.
    J. Biol. Chem. 275:20374-20381(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• leukocyte chemotaxis Source: UniProtKBInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Platelet factor 4 is chemotactic for neutrophils and monocytes."
    Deuel T.F., Senior R.M., Chang D., Griffin G.L., Heinrikson R.L., Kaiser E.T.
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78:4584-4587(1981) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of angiogenesis Source: UniProtKBInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Inhibition of angiogenesis by recombinant human platelet factor-4 and related peptides."
    Maione T.E., Gray G.S., Petro J., Hunt A.J., Donner A.L., Bauer S.I., Carson H.F., Sharpe R.J.
    Science 247:77-79(1990) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of cytolysis Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "The CXC-chemokine platelet factor 4 promotes monocyte survival and induces monocyte differentiation into macrophages."
    Scheuerer B., Ernst M., Durrbaum-Landmann I., Fleischer J., Grage-Griebenow E., Brandt E., Flad H.D., Petersen F.
    Blood 95:1158-1166(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "The CXC-chemokine platelet factor 4 promotes monocyte survival and induces monocyte differentiation into macrophages."
    Scheuerer B., Ernst M., Durrbaum-Landmann I., Fleischer J., Grage-Griebenow E., Brandt E., Flad H.D., Petersen F.
    Blood 95:1158-1166(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation Source: UniProtKBInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Negative regulation of human megakaryocytopoiesis by human platelet factor 4 and beta thromboglobulin: comparative analysis in bone marrow cultures from normal individuals and patients with essential thrombocythaemia and immune thrombocytopenic purpura."
    Han Z.C., Bellucci S., Tenza D., Caen J.P.
    Br. J. Haematol. 74:395-401(1990) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "The CXC-chemokine platelet factor 4 promotes monocyte survival and induces monocyte differentiation into macrophages."
    Scheuerer B., Ernst M., Durrbaum-Landmann I., Fleischer J., Grage-Griebenow E., Brandt E., Flad H.D., Petersen F.
    Blood 95:1158-1166(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• neutrophil chemotaxis Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief. Bioinformatics 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• platelet activation Source: UniProtKBInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "The role of platelet factor 4 in platelet aggregation induced by the antibodies implicated in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia."
    Gerotziafas G.T., Elalamy I., Lecrubier C., Lebrazi J., Mirshahi M., Potevin F., Lecompte T., Samama M.M.
    Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis 12:511-520(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• platelet degranulation Source: Reactome
• positive regulation of gene expression Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "The CXC-chemokine platelet factor 4 promotes monocyte survival and induces monocyte differentiation into macrophages."
    Scheuerer B., Ernst M., Durrbaum-Landmann I., Fleischer J., Grage-Griebenow E., Brandt E., Flad H.D., Petersen F.
    Blood 95:1158-1166(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Induction of dendritic cell-like phenotype in macrophages during foam cell formation."
    Cho H.J., Shashkin P., Gleissner C.A., Dunson D., Jain N., Lee J.K., Miller Y., Ley K.
    Physiol. Genomics 29:149-160(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of macrophage differentiation Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "The CXC-chemokine platelet factor 4 promotes monocyte survival and induces monocyte differentiation into macrophages."
    Scheuerer B., Ernst M., Durrbaum-Landmann I., Fleischer J., Grage-Griebenow E., Brandt E., Flad H.D., Petersen F.
    Blood 95:1158-1166(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II Source: UniProtKBInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "An alternatively spliced variant of CXCR3 mediates the inhibition of endothelial cell growth induced by IP-10, Mig, and I-TAC, and acts as functional receptor for platelet factor 4."
    Lasagni L., Francalanci M., Annunziato F., Lazzeri E., Giannini S., Cosmi L., Sagrinati C., Mazzinghi B., Orlando C., Maggi E., Marra F., Romagnani S., Serio M., Romagnani P.
    J. Exp. Med. 197:1537-1549(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "The CXC-chemokine platelet factor 4 promotes monocyte survival and induces monocyte differentiation into macrophages."
    Scheuerer B., Ernst M., Durrbaum-Landmann I., Fleischer J., Grage-Griebenow E., Brandt E., Flad H.D., Petersen F.
    Blood 95:1158-1166(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of cell population proliferation Source: UniProtKBInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "An alternatively spliced variant of CXCR3 mediates the inhibition of endothelial cell growth induced by IP-10, Mig, and I-TAC, and acts as functional receptor for platelet factor 4."
    Lasagni L., Francalanci M., Annunziato F., Lazzeri E., Giannini S., Cosmi L., Sagrinati C., Mazzinghi B., Orlando C., Maggi E., Marra F., Romagnani S., Serio M., Romagnani P.
    J. Exp. Med. 197:1537-1549(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation Source: Reactome

<p>UniProtKB Keywords constitute a <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/keywords">controlled vocabulary</a> with a hierarchical structure. Keywords summarise the content of a UniProtKB entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest.<p><a href='/help/keywords' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Keywordsⁱ

Enzyme and pathway databases

<p>This section provides information about the protein and gene name(s) and synonym(s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/names_and_taxonomy_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Names & Taxonomyⁱ

Organism-specific databases

<p>This section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell.<p><a href='/help/subcellular_location_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subcellular locationⁱ

Keywords - Cellular componentⁱ

<p>This section provides information on the disease(s) and phenotype(s) associated with a protein.<p><a href='/help/pathology_and_biotech_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Pathology & Biotechⁱ

Organism-specific databases

Miscellaneous databases

Chemistry databases

Polymorphism and mutation databases

<p>This section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs) and/or processing events.<p><a href='/help/ptm_processing_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>PTM / Processingⁱ

Molecule processing

Amino acid modifications

Keywords - PTMⁱ

Proteomic databases

2D gel databases

PTM databases

<p>This section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms.<p><a href='/help/expression_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Expressionⁱ

Gene expression databases

Organism-specific databases

<p>This section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes.<p><a href='/help/interaction_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Interactionⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/interaction_section">'Interaction'</a> section provides information about the protein quaternary structure and interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes (with the exception of physiological receptor-ligand interactions which are annotated in the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function_section">'Function'</a> section).<p><a href='/help/subunit_structure' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subunit structureⁱ

<p>This subsection of the '<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/interaction_section%27">Interaction</a> section provides information about binary protein-protein interactions. The data presented in this section are a quality-filtered subset of binary interactions automatically derived from the <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/">IntAct database</a>. It is updated on a monthly basis. Each binary interaction is displayed on a separate line.<p><a href='/help/binary_interactions' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Binary interactionsⁱ

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• chemokine activity Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief. Bioinformatics 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• CXCR3 chemokine receptor binding Source: UniProtKBInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "An alternatively spliced variant of CXCR3 mediates the inhibition of endothelial cell growth induced by IP-10, Mig, and I-TAC, and acts as functional receptor for platelet factor 4."
    Lasagni L., Francalanci M., Annunziato F., Lazzeri E., Giannini S., Cosmi L., Sagrinati C., Mazzinghi B., Orlando C., Maggi E., Marra F., Romagnani S., Serio M., Romagnani P.
    J. Exp. Med. 197:1537-1549(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

Protein-protein interaction databases

Chemistry databases

Miscellaneous databases

<p>This section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein.<p><a href='/help/structure_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Structureⁱ

Secondary structure

3D structure databases

Miscellaneous databases

<p>This section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain(s) present in a protein.<p><a href='/help/family_and_domains_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Family & Domainsⁱ

Region

<p>This subsection of the ‘Family and domains’ section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins.<p><a href='/help/sequence_similarities' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence similaritiesⁱ

Keywords - Domainⁱ

Phylogenomic databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. It also includes information pertinent to the sequence(s), including <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequence_length">length</a> and <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences">molecular weight</a>. The information is filed in different subsections. The current subsections and their content are listed below:<p><a href='/help/sequences_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequenceⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences_section">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical_and_isoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is complete or not.<p><a href='/help/sequence_status' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence statusⁱ: Complete.

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences_section">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical_and_isoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is in its mature form or if it represents the precursor.<p><a href='/help/sequence_processing' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence processingⁱ: The displayed sequence is further processed into a mature form.

        10         20         30         40         50
MSSAAGFCAS RPGLLFLGLL LLPLVVAFAS AEAEEDGDLQ CLCVKTTSQV 
        60         70         80         90        100
RPRHITSLEV IKAGPHCPTA QLIATLKNGR KICLDLQAPL YKKIIKKLLE 

S                                                      

Experimental Info

<p>This subsection of the ‘Sequence’ section reports information derived from mass spectrometry experiments done on the entire protein or on biologically active derived peptide(s).<p><a href='/help/mass_spectrometry' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Mass spectrometryⁱ

Sequence databases

Genome annotation databases

<p>This section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence(s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100%, 90% and 50%) based on their membership in UniProt Reference Clusters (<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/uniref">UniRef</a>).<p><a href='/help/similar_proteins_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Similar proteinsⁱ

• 100% Identity
• 90% Identity
• 50% Identity

<p>This section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than UniProtKB.<p><a href='/help/cross_references_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Cross-referencesⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/manual/cross_references_section">Cross-references</a> section provides links to various web resources that are relevant for a specific protein.<p><a href='/help/web_resource' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Web resourcesⁱ

Sequence databases

3D structure databases

Protein-protein interaction databases

Chemistry databases

PTM databases

Polymorphism and mutation databases

2D gel databases

Proteomic databases

Protocols and materials databases

Genome annotation databases

Organism-specific databases

Phylogenomic databases

Enzyme and pathway databases

Miscellaneous databases

Gene expression databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section provides general information on the entry.<p><a href='/help/entry_information_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry informationⁱ

<p>This section contains any relevant information that doesn’t fit in any other defined sections<p><a href='/help/miscellaneous_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Miscellaneousⁱ

Keywords - Technical termⁱ

Documents

1. PDB cross-references
   Index of Protein Data Bank (PDB) cross-references
2. SIMILARITY comments
   Index of protein domains and families
3. Human chromosome 4
   Human chromosome 4: entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM
4. MIM cross-references
   Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM) cross-references in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot