Beta-2-microglobulin

<p>This section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge.<p><a href='/help/function_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Functionⁱ

<p>The <a href="http://www.geneontology.org/">Gene Ontology (GO)</a> project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories:<p><a href='/help/gene_ontology' target='_top'>More...</a></p>GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• identical protein binding Source: MGI
• protein homodimerization activity Source: Ensembl

GO - Biological processⁱ

• T cell differentiation in thymus Source: MGI <p>Inferred from Genetic Interaction</p> <p>Used to describe “traditional” genetic interactions such as suppressors and synthetic lethals as well as other techniques such as functional complementation, rescue experiments, or inferences about a gene drawn from the phenotype of a mutation in a different gene.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#igi">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from genetic interactionⁱ
  • "Distinct functions for the transcription factors GATA-3 and ThPOK during intrathymic differentiation of CD4(+) T cells."
    Wang L., Wildt K.F., Zhu J., Zhang X., Feigenbaum L., Tessarollo L., Paul W.E., Fowlkes B.J., Bosselut R.
    Nat. Immunol. 9:1122-1130(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• amyloid fibril formation Source: Ensembl
• antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I Source: MGI
• antigen processing and presentation of exogenous protein antigen via MHC class Ib, TAP-dependent Source: MGI <p>Inferred from Mutant Phenotype</p> <p>Describes annotations that are concluded from looking at variations or changes in a gene product such as mutations or abnormal levels and includes techniques such as knockouts, overexpression, anti-sense experiments and use of specific protein inhibitors.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#imp">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "H2-M3 major histocompatibility complex class Ib-restricted CD8 T cells induced by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection recognize proteins released by Salmonella serovar Typhimurium."
    Ugrinovic S., Brooks C.G., Robson J., Blacklaws B.A., Hormaeche C.E., Robinson J.H.
    Infect. Immun. 73:8002-8008(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• cellular defense response Source: MGI <p>Traceable Author Statement</p> <p>Used for information from review articles where the original experiments are traceable through that article and also for information from text books or dictionaries.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#tas">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Traceable author statementⁱ
  • "Germ-line transmission of a disrupted beta 2-microglobulin gene produced by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells."
    Zijlstra M., Li E., Sajjadi F., Subramani S., Jaenisch R.
    Nature 342:435-438(1989) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• cellular response to iron ion Source: MGI
• cellular response to iron(III) ion Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Adaptive response of iron absorption to anemia, increased erythropoiesis, iron deficiency, and iron loading in beta2-microglobulin knockout mice."
    Santos M., Clevers H., de Sousa M., Marx J.J.
    Blood 91:3059-3065(1998) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• cellular response to nicotine Source: Ensembl
• immune response Source: InterPro
• iron ion homeostasis Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "A new mouse liver-specific gene, encoding a protein homologous to human antimicrobial peptide hepcidin, is overexpressed during iron overload."
    Pigeon C., Ilyin G., Courselaud B., Leroyer P., Turlin B., Brissot P., Loreal O.
    J. Biol. Chem. 276:7811-7819(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• iron ion transport Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Adaptive response of iron absorption to anemia, increased erythropoiesis, iron deficiency, and iron loading in beta2-microglobulin knockout mice."
    Santos M., Clevers H., de Sousa M., Marx J.J.
    Blood 91:3059-3065(1998) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• learning or memory Source: ARUK-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "beta2-microglobulin is a systemic pro-aging factor that impairs cognitive function and neurogenesis."
    Smith L.K., He Y., Park J.S., Bieri G., Snethlage C.E., Lin K., Gontier G., Wabl R., Plambeck K.E., Udeochu J., Wheatley E.G., Bouchard J., Eggel A., Narasimha R., Grant J.L., Luo J., Wyss-Coray T., Villeda S.A.
    Nat. Med. 21:932-937(2015) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Mice lacking hippocampal left-right asymmetry show non-spatial learning deficits."
    Shimbo A., Kosaki Y., Ito I., Watanabe S.
    Behav. Brain Res. 336:156-165(2018) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• modulation of age-related behavioral decline Source: ARUK-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "beta2-microglobulin is a systemic pro-aging factor that impairs cognitive function and neurogenesis."
    Smith L.K., He Y., Park J.S., Bieri G., Snethlage C.E., Lin K., Gontier G., Wabl R., Plambeck K.E., Udeochu J., Wheatley E.G., Bouchard J., Eggel A., Narasimha R., Grant J.L., Luo J., Wyss-Coray T., Villeda S.A.
    Nat. Med. 21:932-937(2015) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• multicellular organism development Source: ARUK-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Effect of B2m gene disruption on MHC-determined odortypes."
    Bard J., Yamazaki K., Curran M., Boyse E.A., Beauchamp G.K.
    Immunogenetics 51:514-518(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation Source: Ensembl
• negative regulation of forebrain neuron differentiation Source: ARUK-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "beta2-microglobulin is a systemic pro-aging factor that impairs cognitive function and neurogenesis."
    Smith L.K., He Y., Park J.S., Bieri G., Snethlage C.E., Lin K., Gontier G., Wabl R., Plambeck K.E., Udeochu J., Wheatley E.G., Bouchard J., Eggel A., Narasimha R., Grant J.L., Luo J., Wyss-Coray T., Villeda S.A.
    Nat. Med. 21:932-937(2015) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of neurogenesis Source: ARUK-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "beta2-microglobulin is a systemic pro-aging factor that impairs cognitive function and neurogenesis."
    Smith L.K., He Y., Park J.S., Bieri G., Snethlage C.E., Lin K., Gontier G., Wabl R., Plambeck K.E., Udeochu J., Wheatley E.G., Bouchard J., Eggel A., Narasimha R., Grant J.L., Luo J., Wyss-Coray T., Villeda S.A.
    Nat. Med. 21:932-937(2015) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of neuron projection development Source: MGIInferred from genetic interactionⁱ
  • "Neurons preferentially respond to self-MHC class I allele products regardless of peptide presented."
    Escande-Beillard N., Washburn L., Zekzer D., Wu Z.P., Eitan S., Ivkovic S., Lu Y., Dang H., Middleton B., Bilousova T.V., Yoshimura Y., Evans C.J., Joyce S., Tian J., Kaufman D.L.
    J. Immunol. 184:816-823(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of receptor binding Source: MGI
• positive regulation of T cell cytokine production Source: MGI
• positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "H2-M3 major histocompatibility complex class Ib-restricted CD8 T cells induced by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection recognize proteins released by Salmonella serovar Typhimurium."
    Ugrinovic S., Brooks C.G., Robson J., Blacklaws B.A., Hormaeche C.E., Robinson J.H.
    Infect. Immun. 73:8002-8008(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of cellular senescence Source: Ensembl
• positive regulation of ferrous iron binding Source: MGI
• positive regulation of protein binding Source: MGI
• positive regulation of receptor binding Source: MGI
• positive regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis Source: MGI
• positive regulation of transferrin receptor binding Source: MGI
• protein homotetramerization Source: Ensembl
• protein refolding Source: MGI <p>Inferred from Direct Assay</p> <p>Used to indicate a direct assay for the function, process or component indicated by the GO term.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#ida">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "MHC class I-like MILL molecules are beta2-microglobulin-associated, GPI-anchored glycoproteins that do not require TAP for cell surface expression."
    Kajikawa M., Baba T., Tomaru U., Watanabe Y., Koganei S., Tsuji-Kawahara S., Matsumoto N., Yamamoto K., Miyazawa M., Maenaka K., Ishizu A., Kasahara M.
    J. Immunol. 177:3108-3115(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of erythrocyte differentiation Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Adaptive response of iron absorption to anemia, increased erythropoiesis, iron deficiency, and iron loading in beta2-microglobulin knockout mice."
    Santos M., Clevers H., de Sousa M., Marx J.J.
    Blood 91:3059-3065(1998) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of iron ion transport Source: MGI
• response to cadmium ion Source: Ensembl
• response to molecule of bacterial origin Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "H2-M3 major histocompatibility complex class Ib-restricted CD8 T cells induced by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection recognize proteins released by Salmonella serovar Typhimurium."
    Ugrinovic S., Brooks C.G., Robson J., Blacklaws B.A., Hormaeche C.E., Robinson J.H.
    Infect. Immun. 73:8002-8008(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

<p>UniProtKB Keywords constitute a <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/keywords">controlled vocabulary</a> with a hierarchical structure. Keywords summarise the content of a UniProtKB entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest.<p><a href='/help/keywords' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Keywordsⁱ

Enzyme and pathway databases

<p>This section provides information about the protein and gene name(s) and synonym(s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/names_and_taxonomy_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Names & Taxonomyⁱ

Organism-specific databases

<p>This section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell.<p><a href='/help/subcellular_location_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subcellular locationⁱ

Keywords - Cellular componentⁱ

<p>This section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs) and/or processing events.<p><a href='/help/ptm_processing_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>PTM / Processingⁱ

Molecule processing

Amino acid modifications

Keywords - PTMⁱ

Proteomic databases

2D gel databases

PTM databases

Miscellaneous databases

<p>This section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms.<p><a href='/help/expression_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Expressionⁱ

Gene expression databases

<p>This section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes.<p><a href='/help/interaction_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Interactionⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/interaction_section">'Interaction'</a> section provides information about the protein quaternary structure and interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes (with the exception of physiological receptor-ligand interactions which are annotated in the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function_section">'Function'</a> section).<p><a href='/help/subunit_structure' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subunit structureⁱ

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• identical protein binding Source: MGI
• protein homodimerization activity Source: Ensembl

Protein-protein interaction databases

<p>This section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein.<p><a href='/help/structure_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Structureⁱ

Secondary structure

3D structure databases

Miscellaneous databases

<p>This section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain(s) present in a protein.<p><a href='/help/family_and_domains_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Family & Domainsⁱ

Domains and Repeats

<p>This subsection of the ‘Family and domains’ section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins.<p><a href='/help/sequence_similarities' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence similaritiesⁱ

Keywords - Domainⁱ

Phylogenomic databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. It also includes information pertinent to the sequence(s), including <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequence_length">length</a> and <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences">molecular weight</a>. The information is filed in different subsections. The current subsections and their content are listed below:<p><a href='/help/sequences_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequenceⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences_section">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical_and_isoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is complete or not.<p><a href='/help/sequence_status' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence statusⁱ: Complete.

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences_section">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical_and_isoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is in its mature form or if it represents the precursor.<p><a href='/help/sequence_processing' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence processingⁱ: The displayed sequence is further processed into a mature form.

        10         20         30         40         50
MARSVTLVFL VLVSLTGLYA IQKTPQIQVY SRHPPENGKP NILNCYVTQF 
        60         70         80         90        100
HPPHIEIQML KNGKKIPKVE MSDMSFSKDW SFYILAHTEF TPTETDTYAC 
       110 
RVKHASMAEP KTVYWDRDM                                   

<p>This subsection of the ‘Sequence’ section provides information on polymorphic variants. If the variant is associated with a disease state, the description of the latter can be found in the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/manual/involvement_in_disease">'Involvement in disease'</a> subsection.<p><a href='/help/polymorphism' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Polymorphismⁱ

Natural variant

Sequence databases

Genome annotation databases

Keywords - Coding sequence diversityⁱ

<p>This section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence(s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100%, 90% and 50%) based on their membership in UniProt Reference Clusters (<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/uniref">UniRef</a>).<p><a href='/help/similar_proteins_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Similar proteinsⁱ

• 100% Identity
• 90% Identity
• 50% Identity

<p>This section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than UniProtKB.<p><a href='/help/cross_references_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Cross-referencesⁱ

Sequence databases

3D structure databases

Protein-protein interaction databases

PTM databases

2D gel databases

Proteomic databases

Protocols and materials databases

Genome annotation databases

Organism-specific databases

Phylogenomic databases

Enzyme and pathway databases

Miscellaneous databases

Gene expression databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section provides general information on the entry.<p><a href='/help/entry_information_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry informationⁱ

<p>This section contains any relevant information that doesn’t fit in any other defined sections<p><a href='/help/miscellaneous_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Miscellaneousⁱ

Keywords - Technical termⁱ

Documents

1. PDB cross-references
   Index of Protein Data Bank (PDB) cross-references
2. SIMILARITY comments
   Index of protein domains and families
3. MGD cross-references
   Mouse Genome Database (MGD) cross-references in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot