Insulin-2

<p>This section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge.<p><a href='/help/function_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Functionⁱ

<p>The <a href="http://www.geneontology.org/">Gene Ontology (GO)</a> project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories:<p><a href='/help/gene_ontology' target='_top'>More...</a></p>GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• hormone activity Source: MGI
• identical protein binding Source: MGI
• insulin-like growth factor receptor binding Source: MGI
• insulin receptor binding Source: MGI
• protease binding Source: MGI
• protein-containing complex binding Source: MGI

GO - Biological processⁱ

• activation of MAPK activity Source: MGI <p>Inferred from Direct Assay</p> <p>Used to indicate a direct assay for the function, process or component indicated by the GO term.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#ida">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Proinsulin C-peptide activates cAMP response element-binding proteins through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in mouse lung capillary endothelial cells."
    Kitamura T., Kimura K., Jung B.D., Makondo K., Sakane N., Yoshida T., Saito M.
    Biochem. J. 366:737-744(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• activation of protein kinase B activity Source: MGI
• acute-phase response Source: MGI
• alpha-beta T cell activation Source: MGI
• canonical Wnt signaling pathway Source: MGI <p>Inferred from Genetic Interaction</p> <p>Used to describe “traditional” genetic interactions such as suppressors and synthetic lethals as well as other techniques such as functional complementation, rescue experiments, or inferences about a gene drawn from the phenotype of a mutation in a different gene.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#igi">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from genetic interactionⁱ
  • "Insulin and wnt1 pathways cooperate to induce reserve cell activation in differentiation and myotube hypertrophy."
    Rochat A., Fernandez A., Vandromme M., Moles J.P., Bouschet T., Carnac G., Lamb N.J.
    Mol. Biol. Cell 15:4544-4555(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• ER overload response Source: MGI <p>Inferred from Mutant Phenotype</p> <p>Describes annotations that are concluded from looking at variations or changes in a gene product such as mutations or abnormal levels and includes techniques such as knockouts, overexpression, anti-sense experiments and use of specific protein inhibitors.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#imp">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Targeted disruption of the Chop gene delays endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated diabetes."
    Oyadomari S., Koizumi A., Takeda K., Gotoh T., Akira S., Araki E., Mori M.
    J. Clin. Invest. 109:525-532(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• fatty acid homeostasis Source: MGI
• glucose homeostasis Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Stimulation of autophagy improves endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced diabetes."
    Bachar-Wikstrom E., Wikstrom J.D., Ariav Y., Tirosh B., Kaiser N., Cerasi E., Leibowitz G.
    Diabetes 62:1227-1237(2013) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• glucose metabolic process Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Targeted disruption of the Chop gene delays endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated diabetes."
    Oyadomari S., Koizumi A., Takeda K., Gotoh T., Akira S., Araki E., Mori M.
    J. Clin. Invest. 109:525-532(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• glucose transmembrane transport Source: MGI <p>Traceable Author Statement</p> <p>Used for information from review articles where the original experiments are traceable through that article and also for information from text books or dictionaries.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#tas">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Traceable author statementⁱ
  • "Cellular munc18c levels can modulate glucose transport rate and GLUT4 translocation in 3T3L1 cells."
    Macaulay S.L., Grusovin J., Stoichevska V., Ryan J.M., Castelli L.A., Ward C.W.
    FEBS Lett. 528:154-160(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway Source: MGI
• insulin receptor signaling pathway Source: MGIInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Ras-GRF1 signaling is required for normal beta-cell development and glucose homeostasis."
    Font de Mora J., Esteban L.M., Burks D.J., Nunez A., Garces C., Garcia-Barrado M.J., Iglesias-Osma M.C., Moratinos J., Ward J.M., Santos E.
    EMBO J. 22:3039-3049(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress Source: MGIInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Targeted disruption of the Chop gene delays endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated diabetes."
    Oyadomari S., Koizumi A., Takeda K., Gotoh T., Akira S., Araki E., Mori M.
    J. Clin. Invest. 109:525-532(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• lipid catabolic process Source: MGIInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Ras-GRF1 signaling is required for normal beta-cell development and glucose homeostasis."
    Font de Mora J., Esteban L.M., Burks D.J., Nunez A., Garces C., Garcia-Barrado M.J., Iglesias-Osma M.C., Moratinos J., Ward J.M., Santos E.
    EMBO J. 22:3039-3049(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• myoblast fusion Source: MGIInferred from genetic interactionⁱ
  • "Insulin and wnt1 pathways cooperate to induce reserve cell activation in differentiation and myotube hypertrophy."
    Rochat A., Fernandez A., Vandromme M., Moles J.P., Bouschet T., Carnac G., Lamb N.J.
    Mol. Biol. Cell 15:4544-4555(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• myotube differentiation Source: MGIInferred from genetic interactionⁱ
  • "Insulin and wnt1 pathways cooperate to induce reserve cell activation in differentiation and myotube hypertrophy."
    Rochat A., Fernandez A., Vandromme M., Moles J.P., Bouschet T., Carnac G., Lamb N.J.
    Mol. Biol. Cell 15:4544-4555(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of acute inflammatory response Source: MGI
• negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic process Source: MGI
• negative regulation of feeding behavior Source: MGI
• negative regulation of glycogen catabolic process Source: MGI
• negative regulation of lipid catabolic process Source: MGI
• negative regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity Source: MGI
• negative regulation of protein catabolic process Source: MGI
• negative regulation of protein oligomerization Source: MGI
• negative regulation of protein secretion Source: MGI
• negative regulation of proteolysis Source: MGI
• negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process Source: MGI
• negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response Source: MGI
• negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II Source: MGIInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 acts as an accessory factor to enhance the inhibitory action of insulin on mouse glucose-6-phosphatase gene transcription."
    Streeper R.S., Eaton E.M., Ebert D.H., Chapman S.C., Svitek C.A., O'Brien R.M.
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95:9208-9213(1998) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• neuron projection maintenance Source: MGI
• positive regulation of cell population proliferation Source: MGI
• positive regulation of cellular protein metabolic process Source: MGI
• positive regulation of cytokine secretion Source: MGI
• positive regulation of dendritic spine maintenance Source: MGI
• positive regulation of gene expression Source: MGI
• positive regulation of glucose import Source: MGI
• positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process Source: MGI
• positive regulation of glycolytic process Source: MGI
• positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway Source: MGI
• positive regulation of MAPK cascade Source: MGI
• positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division Source: MGI
• positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity Source: MGI
• positive regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction Source: MGI
• positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation Source: MGIInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Serine phosphorylation sites on IRS2 activated by angiotensin II and protein kinase C to induce selective insulin resistance in endothelial cells."
    Park K., Li Q., Rask-Madsen C., Mima A., Mizutani K., Winnay J., Maeda Y., D'Aquino K., White M.F., Feener E.P., King G.L.
    Mol. Cell. Biol. 33:3227-3241(2013) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity Source: MGIInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Subcellular localization of insulin receptor substrate family proteins associated with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity and alterations in lipolysis in primary mouse adipocytes from IRS-1 null mice."
    Tsuji Y., Kaburagi Y., Terauchi Y., Satoh S., Kubota N., Tamemoto H., Kraemer F.B., Sekihara H., Aizawa S., Akanuma Y., Tobe K., Kimura S., Kadowaki T.
    Diabetes 50:1455-1463(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling Source: MGI
• positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling Source: MGI
• positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus Source: MGI
• positive regulation of respiratory burst Source: MGI
• regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process Source: MGI
• regulation of gene expression Source: MGIInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Regulated renin release from 3T3-L1 adipocytes."
    Fowler J.D., Johnson N.D., Haroldson T.A., Brintnall J.A., Herrera J.E., Katz S.A., Bernlohr D.A.
    Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 296:E1383-91(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of phosphorylation Source: MGIInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Proinsulin C-peptide activates cAMP response element-binding proteins through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in mouse lung capillary endothelial cells."
    Kitamura T., Kimura K., Jung B.D., Makondo K., Sakane N., Yoshida T., Saito M.
    Biochem. J. 366:737-744(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of protein binding Source: MGIInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Identification of sirm, a novel insulin-regulated SH3 binding protein that associates with Grb-2 and FYN."
    Salvatore P., Hanash C.R., Kido Y., Imai Y., Accili D.
    J. Biol. Chem. 273:6989-6997(1998) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• regulation of protein localization Source: MGI
• regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane Source: MGI
• regulation of protein secretion Source: MGI
• regulation of transmembrane transporter activity Source: MGI
• response to organic substance Source: GO_Central <p>Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor</p> <p>A type of phylogenetic evidence whereby an aspect of a descendent is inferred through the characterization of an aspect of a ancestral gene.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#iba">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief. Bioinformatics 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• wound healing Source: MGI

<p>UniProtKB Keywords constitute a <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/keywords">controlled vocabulary</a> with a hierarchical structure. Keywords summarise the content of a UniProtKB entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest.<p><a href='/help/keywords' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Keywordsⁱ

Enzyme and pathway databases

<p>This section provides information about the protein and gene name(s) and synonym(s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/names_and_taxonomy_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Names & Taxonomyⁱ

Organism-specific databases

<p>This section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell.<p><a href='/help/subcellular_location_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subcellular locationⁱ

Keywords - Cellular componentⁱ

<p>This section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs) and/or processing events.<p><a href='/help/ptm_processing_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>PTM / Processingⁱ

Molecule processing

Amino acid modifications

Keywords - PTMⁱ

Proteomic databases

PTM databases

Miscellaneous databases

<p>This section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms.<p><a href='/help/expression_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Expressionⁱ

Gene expression databases

<p>This section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes.<p><a href='/help/interaction_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Interactionⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/interaction_section">'Interaction'</a> section provides information about the protein quaternary structure and interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes (with the exception of physiological receptor-ligand interactions which are annotated in the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function_section">'Function'</a> section).<p><a href='/help/subunit_structure' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subunit structureⁱ

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• hormone activity Source: MGI
• identical protein binding Source: MGI
• insulin-like growth factor receptor binding Source: MGI
• insulin receptor binding Source: MGI
• protease binding Source: MGI

Protein-protein interaction databases

<p>This section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein.<p><a href='/help/structure_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Structureⁱ

3D structure databases

<p>This section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain(s) present in a protein.<p><a href='/help/family_and_domains_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Family & Domainsⁱ

<p>This subsection of the ‘Family and domains’ section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins.<p><a href='/help/sequence_similarities' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence similaritiesⁱ

Keywords - Domainⁱ

Phylogenomic databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. It also includes information pertinent to the sequence(s), including <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequence_length">length</a> and <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences">molecular weight</a>.<p><a href='/help/sequences_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence (1+)ⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences_section">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical_and_isoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is complete or not.<p><a href='/help/sequence_status' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence statusⁱ: Complete.

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences_section">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical_and_isoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is in its mature form or if it represents the precursor.<p><a href='/help/sequence_processing' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence processingⁱ: The displayed sequence is further processed into a mature form.

This entry has 1 described isoform and 4 potential isoforms that are computationally mapped.Show allAlign All

        10         20         30         40         50
MALWMRFLPL LALLFLWESH PTQAFVKQHL CGSHLVEALY LVCGERGFFY 
        60         70         80         90        100
TPMSRREVED PQVAQLELGG GPGAGDLQTL ALEVAQQKRG IVDQCCTSIC 
       110
SLYQLENYCN                                             

Sequence databases

Genome annotation databases

<p>This section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence(s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100%, 90% and 50%) based on their membership in UniProt Reference Clusters (<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/uniref">UniRef</a>).<p><a href='/help/similar_proteins_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Similar proteinsⁱ

• 100% Identity
• 90% Identity
• 50% Identity

<p>This section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than UniProtKB.<p><a href='/help/cross_references_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Cross-referencesⁱ

Sequence databases

3D structure databases

Protein-protein interaction databases

PTM databases

Proteomic databases

Protocols and materials databases

Genome annotation databases

Organism-specific databases

Phylogenomic databases

Enzyme and pathway databases

Miscellaneous databases

Gene expression databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section provides general information on the entry.<p><a href='/help/entry_information_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry informationⁱ

<p>This section contains any relevant information that doesn’t fit in any other defined sections<p><a href='/help/miscellaneous_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Miscellaneousⁱ

Keywords - Technical termⁱ

Documents

1. SIMILARITY comments
   Index of protein domains and families
2. MGD cross-references
   Mouse Genome Database (MGD) cross-references in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot