Insulin

<p>This section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge.<p><a href='/help/function_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Functionⁱ

<p>The <a href="http://www.geneontology.org/">Gene Ontology (GO)</a> project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories:<p><a href='/help/gene_ontology' target='_top'>More...</a></p>GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• hormone activity Source: UniProtKB-KW
• identical protein binding Source: IntAct <p>Inferred from Physical Interaction</p> <p>Covers physical interactions between the gene product of interest and another molecule (or ion, or complex).</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide%2Dgo%2Devidence%2Dcodes#ipi">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from physical interactionⁱ
  • "Small heat shock protein AgsA forms dynamic fibrils."
    Shi X., Wang Z., Yan L., Ezemaduka A.N., Fan G., Wang R., Fu X., Yin C., Chang Z.
    FEBS Lett. 585:3396-3402(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Amino acid sequence determinants in self-assembly of insulin chiral amyloid superstructures: role of C-terminus of B-chain in association of fibrils."
    Babenko V., Dzwolak W.
    FEBS Lett. 587:625-630(2013) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• insulin receptor binding Source: AgBase <p>Inferred from Direct Assay</p> <p>Used to indicate a direct assay for the function, process or component indicated by the GO term.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide%2Dgo%2Devidence%2Dcodes#ida">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Changes in bovine mammary insulin binding during pregnancy and lactation."
    Campbell P.G., Frey D.M., Baumrucker C.R.
    Comp. Biochem. Physiol., B 87:649-653(1987) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

GO - Biological processⁱ

• estradiol secretion Source: AgBaseInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Insulin increases 17 beta-estradiol production by the dominant follicle of the first postpartum follicle wave in dairy cows."
    Butler S.T., Pelton S.H., Butler W.R.
    Reproduction 127:537-545(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• feeding behavior Source: AgBaseInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "The role of insulin in the regulation of milk protein synthesis in dairy cows."
    Griinari J.M., McGuire M.A., Dwyer D.A., Bauman D.E., Barbano D.M., House W.A.
    J. Dairy Sci. 80:2361-2371(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• glucose import in response to insulin stimulus Source: AgBaseInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Insulin stimulates glucose uptake via a phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase-linked signaling pathway in bovine mammary epithelial cells."
    Zhao K., Liu H.Y., Zhou M.M., Zhao F.Q., Liu J.X.
    J. Dairy Sci. 97:3660-3665(2014) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• glucose metabolic process Source: UniProtKB-KW
• negative regulation of apoptotic process Source: AgBase <p>Inferred from Mutant Phenotype</p> <p>Describes annotations that are concluded from looking at variations or changes in a gene product such as mutations or abnormal levels and includes techniques such as knockouts, overexpression, anti-sense experiments and use of specific protein inhibitors.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide%2Dgo%2Devidence%2Dcodes#imp">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Role of prolactin, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 in mammary gland involution in the dairy cow."
    Accorsi P.A., Pacioni B., Pezzi C., Forni M., Flint D.J., Seren E.
    J. Dairy Sci. 85:507-513(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of appetite Source: AgBaseInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Effect of insulin and growth hormone on plasma leptin in periparturient dairy cows."
    Leury B.J., Baumgard L.H., Block S.S., Segoale N., Ehrhardt R.A., Rhoads R.P., Bauman D.E., Bell A.W., Boisclair Y.R.
    Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 285:R1107-15(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of lactation Source: AgBaseInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Effects of insulin, recombinant bovine somatotropin, and their interaction on insulin-like growth factor-I secretion and milk protein production in dairy cows."
    Molento C.F., Block E., Cue R.I., Petitclerc D.
    J. Dairy Sci. 85:738-747(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of lipid catabolic process Source: AgBaseInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Short communication: Regulation of milk fat yield and fatty acid composition by insulin."
    Corl B.A., Butler S.T., Butler W.R., Bauman D.E.
    J. Dairy Sci. 89:4172-4175(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Somatotropin in lactating cows: effect on response to epinephrine and insulin."
    Sechen S.J., Dunshea F.R., Bauman D.E.
    Am. J. Physiol. 258:E582-8(1990) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of blood circulation Source: AgBaseInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Effects of insulin and postruminal supply of protein on use of amino acids by the mammary gland for milk protein synthesis."
    Mackle T.R., Dwyer D.A., Ingvartsen K.L., Chouinard P.Y., Ross D.A., Bauman D.E.
    J. Dairy Sci. 83:93-105(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of cell maturation Source: AgBaseInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Insulin increases the expression of contractile phenotypic markers in airway smooth muscle."
    Schaafsma D., McNeill K.D., Stelmack G.L., Gosens R., Baarsma H.A., Dekkers B.G., Frohwerk E., Penninks J.M., Sharma P., Ens K.M., Nelemans S.A., Zaagsma J., Halayko A.J., Meurs H.
    Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. 293:C429-39(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of gene expression Source: AgBaseInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Insulin increases the expression of contractile phenotypic markers in airway smooth muscle."
    Schaafsma D., McNeill K.D., Stelmack G.L., Gosens R., Baarsma H.A., Dekkers B.G., Frohwerk E., Penninks J.M., Sharma P., Ens K.M., Nelemans S.A., Zaagsma J., Halayko A.J., Meurs H.
    Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. 293:C429-39(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of insulin secretion Source: AgBaseInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Effect of insulin and growth hormone on plasma leptin in periparturient dairy cows."
    Leury B.J., Baumgard L.H., Block S.S., Segoale N., Ehrhardt R.A., Rhoads R.P., Bauman D.E., Bell A.W., Boisclair Y.R.
    Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 285:R1107-15(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of lactation Source: AgBaseInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Effects of insulin and postruminal supply of protein on use of amino acids by the mammary gland for milk protein synthesis."
    Mackle T.R., Dwyer D.A., Ingvartsen K.L., Chouinard P.Y., Ross D.A., Bauman D.E.
    J. Dairy Sci. 83:93-105(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Effects of insulin, recombinant bovine somatotropin, and their interaction on insulin-like growth factor-I secretion and milk protein production in dairy cows."
    Molento C.F., Block E., Cue R.I., Petitclerc D.
    J. Dairy Sci. 85:738-747(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation Source: AgBaseInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Insulin stimulates glucose uptake via a phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase-linked signaling pathway in bovine mammary epithelial cells."
    Zhao K., Liu H.Y., Zhou M.M., Zhao F.Q., Liu J.X.
    J. Dairy Sci. 97:3660-3665(2014) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion Source: AgBaseInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Effect of insulin and growth hormone on plasma leptin in periparturient dairy cows."
    Leury B.J., Baumgard L.H., Block S.S., Segoale N., Ehrhardt R.A., Rhoads R.P., Bauman D.E., Bell A.W., Boisclair Y.R.
    Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 285:R1107-15(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling Source: AgBaseInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Insulin increases the expression of contractile phenotypic markers in airway smooth muscle."
    Schaafsma D., McNeill K.D., Stelmack G.L., Gosens R., Baarsma H.A., Dekkers B.G., Frohwerk E., Penninks J.M., Sharma P., Ens K.M., Nelemans S.A., Zaagsma J., Halayko A.J., Meurs H.
    Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. 293:C429-39(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of protein secretion Source: AgBaseInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Effects of insulin and postruminal supply of protein on use of amino acids by the mammary gland for milk protein synthesis."
    Mackle T.R., Dwyer D.A., Ingvartsen K.L., Chouinard P.Y., Ross D.A., Bauman D.E.
    J. Dairy Sci. 83:93-105(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Effects of insulin, recombinant bovine somatotropin, and their interaction on insulin-like growth factor-I secretion and milk protein production in dairy cows."
    Molento C.F., Block E., Cue R.I., Petitclerc D.
    J. Dairy Sci. 85:738-747(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "The role of insulin in the regulation of milk protein synthesis in dairy cows."
    Griinari J.M., McGuire M.A., Dwyer D.A., Bauman D.E., Barbano D.M., House W.A.
    J. Dairy Sci. 80:2361-2371(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of Rho protein signal transduction Source: AgBaseInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Insulin increases the expression of contractile phenotypic markers in airway smooth muscle."
    Schaafsma D., McNeill K.D., Stelmack G.L., Gosens R., Baarsma H.A., Dekkers B.G., Frohwerk E., Penninks J.M., Sharma P., Ens K.M., Nelemans S.A., Zaagsma J., Halayko A.J., Meurs H.
    Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. 293:C429-39(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• protein secretion Source: AgBaseInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "In vivo and in vitro studies on sex steroid binding protein (SBP) regulation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): influence of sex steroid hormones and of factors linked to growth and metabolism."
    Foucher J.L., Niu P.D., Mourot B., Vaillant C., Le Gac F.
    J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 39:975-986(1991) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to butyrate Source: AgBaseInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Insulin and glucagon secretion in lactating cows during heat exposure."
    Itoh F., Obara Y., Rose M.T., Fuse H., Hashimoto H.
    J. Anim. Sci. 76:2182-2189(1998) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to food Source: AgBaseInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Effect of suckling on the release of oxytocin, prolactin, cortisol, gastrin, cholecystokinin, somatostatin and insulin in dairy cows and their calves."
    Lupoli B., Johansson B., Uvnas-Moberg K., Svennersten-Sjaunja K.
    J. Dairy Res. 68:175-187(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Overfeeding Dairy Cattle During Late-Pregnancy Alters Hepatic PPARalpha-Regulated Pathways Including Hepatokines: Impact on Metabolism and Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity."
    Khan M.J., Jacometo C.B., Graugnard D.E., Correa M.N., Schmitt E., Cardoso F., Loor J.J.
    Gene Regul Syst Bio 8:97-111(2014) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to glucose Source: AgBaseInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone treatment on milk production and plasma hormones and metabolites in lactating Japanese Black cows under negative energy balance."
    Shingu H., Hodate K., Kushibiki S., Touno E., Oshibe A., Ueda Y., Shinoda M., Ohashi S.
    J. Anim. Sci. 87:1247-1253(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to growth hormone Source: AgBaseInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Effect of insulin and growth hormone on plasma leptin in periparturient dairy cows."
    Leury B.J., Baumgard L.H., Block S.S., Segoale N., Ehrhardt R.A., Rhoads R.P., Bauman D.E., Bell A.W., Boisclair Y.R.
    Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 285:R1107-15(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to heat Source: AgBaseInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Insulin and glucagon secretion in lactating cows during heat exposure."
    Itoh F., Obara Y., Rose M.T., Fuse H., Hashimoto H.
    J. Anim. Sci. 76:2182-2189(1998) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to L-arginine Source: AgBaseInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Arginine infusion stimulates prolactin, growth hormone, insulin, and subsequent lactation in pregnant dairy cows."
    Chew B.P., Eisenman J.R., Tanaka T.S.
    J. Dairy Sci. 67:2507-2518(1984) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• response to nutrient levels Source: AgBaseInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Effects of intake and postruminal casein infusion on performance and concentrations of hormones in plasma of lactating cows."
    Cohick W.S., Vicini J.L., Staples C.R., Clark J.H., McCutcheon S.N., Bauman D.E.
    J. Dairy Sci. 69:3022-3031(1986) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

<p>UniProtKB Keywords constitute a <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/keywords">controlled vocabulary</a> with a hierarchical structure. Keywords summarise the content of a UniProtKB entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest.<p><a href='/help/keywords' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Keywordsⁱ

<p>This section provides information about the protein and gene name(s) and synonym(s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/names_and_taxonomy_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Names & Taxonomyⁱ

<p>This section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell.<p><a href='/help/subcellular_location_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subcellular locationⁱ

Keywords - Cellular componentⁱ

<p>This section provides information on the disease(s) and phenotype(s) associated with a protein.<p><a href='/help/pathology_and_biotech_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Pathology & Biotechⁱ

Protein family/group databases

<p>This section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs) and/or processing events.<p><a href='/help/ptm_processing_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>PTM / Processingⁱ

Molecule processing

Amino acid modifications

Keywords - PTMⁱ

Proteomic databases

PTM databases

<p>This section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes.<p><a href='/help/interaction_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Interactionⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/interaction%5Fsection">'Interaction'</a> section provides information about the protein quaternary structure and interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes (with the exception of physiological receptor-ligand interactions which are annotated in the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function%5Fsection">'Function'</a> section).<p><a href='/help/subunit_structure' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subunit structureⁱ

<p>This subsection of the '<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/interaction%5Fsection%27">Interaction</a> section provides information about binary protein-protein interactions. The data presented in this section are a quality-filtered subset of binary interactions automatically derived from the <a href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/">IntAct database</a>. It is updated at every <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/synchronization">UniProt release</a>.<p><a href='/help/binary_interactions' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Binary interactionsⁱ

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• hormone activity Source: UniProtKB-KW
• identical protein binding Source: IntActInferred from physical interactionⁱ
  • "Small heat shock protein AgsA forms dynamic fibrils."
    Shi X., Wang Z., Yan L., Ezemaduka A.N., Fan G., Wang R., Fu X., Yin C., Chang Z.
    FEBS Lett. 585:3396-3402(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
  • "Amino acid sequence determinants in self-assembly of insulin chiral amyloid superstructures: role of C-terminus of B-chain in association of fibrils."
    Babenko V., Dzwolak W.
    FEBS Lett. 587:625-630(2013) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• insulin receptor binding Source: AgBaseInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Changes in bovine mammary insulin binding during pregnancy and lactation."
    Campbell P.G., Frey D.M., Baumrucker C.R.
    Comp. Biochem. Physiol., B 87:649-653(1987) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

Protein-protein interaction databases

<p>This section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein.<p><a href='/help/structure_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Structureⁱ

Secondary structure

3D structure databases

Miscellaneous databases

<p>This section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain(s) present in a protein.<p><a href='/help/family_and_domains_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Family & Domainsⁱ

<p>This subsection of the 'Family and domains' section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins.<p><a href='/help/sequence_similarities' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence similaritiesⁱ

Keywords - Domainⁱ

Phylogenomic databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. It also includes information pertinent to the sequence(s), including <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequence%5Flength">length</a> and <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences">molecular weight</a>. The information is filed in different subsections. The current subsections and their content are listed below:<p><a href='/help/sequences_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequenceⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences%5Fsection">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical%5Fand%5Fisoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is complete or not.<p><a href='/help/sequence_status' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence statusⁱ: Complete.

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences%5Fsection">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical%5Fand%5Fisoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is in its mature form or if it represents the precursor.<p><a href='/help/sequence_processing' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence processingⁱ: The displayed sequence is further processed into a mature form.

        10         20         30         40         50
MALWTRLRPL LALLALWPPP PARAFVNQHL CGSHLVEALY LVCGERGFFY 
        60         70         80         90        100
TPKARREVEG PQVGALELAG GPGAGGLEGP PQKRGIVEQC CASVCSLYQL 

ENYCN                                                  

Sequence databases

<p>This section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence(s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100%, 90% and 50%) based on their membership in UniProt Reference Clusters (<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/uniref">UniRef</a>).<p><a href='/help/similar_proteins_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Similar proteinsⁱ

• 90% Identity
• 50% Identity

<p>This section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than UniProtKB.<p><a href='/help/cross_references_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Cross-referencesⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/manual/cross%5Freferences%5Fsection">Cross-references</a> section provides links to various web resources that are relevant for a specific protein.<p><a href='/help/web_resource' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Web resourcesⁱ

Sequence databases

3D structure databases

Protein-protein interaction databases

Protein family/group databases

PTM databases

Proteomic databases

Protocols and materials databases

Phylogenomic databases

Miscellaneous databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section provides general information on the entry.<p><a href='/help/entry_information_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry informationⁱ

<p>This section contains any relevant information that doesn't fit in any other defined sections<p><a href='/help/miscellaneous_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Miscellaneousⁱ

Keywords - Technical termⁱ

Documents

1. SIMILARITY comments
   Index of protein domains and families
2. Protein Spotlight
   Protein Spotlight articles and cited UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries
3. PDB cross-references
   Index of Protein Data Bank (PDB) cross-references