Insulin

<p>This section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge.<p><a href='/help/function_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Functionⁱ

<p>The <a href="http://www.geneontology.org/">Gene Ontology (GO)</a> project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories:<p><a href='/help/gene_ontology' target='_top'>More...</a></p>GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• hormone activity Source: AgBase <p>Inferred from Mutant Phenotype</p> <p>Describes annotations that are concluded from looking at variations or changes in a gene product such as mutations or abnormal levels and includes techniques such as knockouts, overexpression, anti-sense experiments and use of specific protein inhibitors.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#imp">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Cultured trout liver cells: utilization of substrates and response to hormones."
    Segner H., Blair J.B., Wirtz G., Miller M.R.
    In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 30A:306-311(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• identical protein binding Source: IntAct <p>Inferred from Physical Interaction</p> <p>Covers physical interactions between the gene product of interest and another molecule (or ion, or complex).</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#ipi">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from physical interactionⁱ
  • "Amino acid sequence determinants in self-assembly of insulin chiral amyloid superstructures: role of C-terminus of B-chain in association of fibrils."
    Babenko V., Dzwolak W.
    FEBS Lett 587:625-630(2013) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• insulin-like growth factor receptor binding Source: AgBaseInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Both type I and II insulin-like growth factor receptor binding increase during lactogenesis in bovine mammary tissue."
    Dehoff M.H., Elgin R.G., Collier R.J., Clemmons D.R.
    Endocrinology 122:2412-2417(1988) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• insulin receptor binding Source: Ensembl
• protease binding Source: Ensembl

GO - Biological processⁱ

• activation of protein kinase B activity Source: Ensembl
• acute-phase response Source: Ensembl
• alpha-beta T cell activation Source: Ensembl
• fatty acid homeostasis Source: Ensembl
• glucose homeostasis Source: GO_Central <p>Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor</p> <p>A type of phylogenetic evidence whereby an aspect of a descendent is inferred through the characterization of an aspect of a ancestral gene.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#iba">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief Bioinform 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• glucose metabolic process Source: UniProtKB-KW
• glycoprotein biosynthetic process Source: AgBaseInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Cultured trout liver cells: utilization of substrates and response to hormones."
    Segner H., Blair J.B., Wirtz G., Miller M.R.
    In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 30A:306-311(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway Source: Ensembl
• insulin receptor signaling pathway Source: Ensembl
• lactate biosynthetic process Source: AgBaseInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Cultured trout liver cells: utilization of substrates and response to hormones."
    Segner H., Blair J.B., Wirtz G., Miller M.R.
    In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 30A:306-311(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• lipid biosynthetic process Source: AgBaseInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Cultured trout liver cells: utilization of substrates and response to hormones."
    Segner H., Blair J.B., Wirtz G., Miller M.R.
    In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 30A:306-311(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• lipoprotein biosynthetic process Source: AgBaseInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Cultured trout liver cells: utilization of substrates and response to hormones."
    Segner H., Blair J.B., Wirtz G., Miller M.R.
    In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 30A:306-311(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of acute inflammatory response Source: Ensembl
• negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic process Source: Ensembl
• negative regulation of feeding behavior Source: Ensembl
• negative regulation of gene expression Source: Ensembl
• negative regulation of gluconeogenesis Source: AgBaseInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Cultured trout liver cells: utilization of substrates and response to hormones."
    Segner H., Blair J.B., Wirtz G., Miller M.R.
    In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 30A:306-311(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• negative regulation of glycogen catabolic process Source: Ensembl
• negative regulation of lipid catabolic process Source: Ensembl
• negative regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity Source: Ensembl
• negative regulation of protein catabolic process Source: Ensembl
• negative regulation of protein secretion Source: Ensembl
• negative regulation of proteolysis Source: Ensembl
• negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process Source: Ensembl
• negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response Source: Ensembl
• neuron projection maintenance Source: Ensembl
• nitric oxide-cGMP-mediated signaling pathway Source: Ensembl
• positive regulation of cell migration Source: BHF-UCLInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Insulin/insulin-like growth factor I hybrid receptors have different biological characteristics depending on the insulin receptor isoform involved."
    Pandini G., Frasca F., Mineo R., Sciacca L., Vigneri R., Belfiore A.
    J. Biol. Chem. 277:39684-39695(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of cell population proliferation Source: Ensembl
• positive regulation of cytokine production Source: Ensembl
• positive regulation of dendritic spine maintenance Source: Ensembl
• positive regulation of DNA replication Source: BHF-UCL <p>Inferred from Direct Assay</p> <p>Used to indicate a direct assay for the function, process or component indicated by the GO term.</p> <p>More information in the <a href="http://geneontology.org/page/guide-go-evidence-codes#ida">GO evidence code guide</a></p> Inferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Evidence for a functional role of Shc proteins in mitogenic signaling induced by insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, and epidermal growth factor."
    Sasaoka T., Rose D.W., Jhun B.H., Saltiel A.R., Draznin B., Olefsky J.M.
    J Biol Chem 269:13689-13694(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process Source: CACAOInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Porcine leptin inhibits lipogenesis in porcine adipocytes."
    Ramsay T.G.
    J Anim Sci 81:3008-3017(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of glucose import Source: Ensembl
• positive regulation of glucose metabolic process Source: CACAOInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Porcine leptin inhibits lipogenesis in porcine adipocytes."
    Ramsay T.G.
    J Anim Sci 81:3008-3017(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process Source: Ensembl
• positive regulation of glycolytic process Source: Ensembl
• positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Evidence for a functional role of Shc proteins in mitogenic signaling induced by insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, and epidermal growth factor."
    Sasaoka T., Rose D.W., Jhun B.H., Saltiel A.R., Draznin B., Olefsky J.M.
    J Biol Chem 269:13689-13694(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity Source: CACAOInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Porcine leptin inhibits lipogenesis in porcine adipocytes."
    Ramsay T.G.
    J Anim Sci 81:3008-3017(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of MAPK cascade Source: Ensembl
• positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division Source: Ensembl
• positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity Source: Ensembl
• positive regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction Source: Ensembl
• positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Growth hormone, interferon-gamma, and leukemia inhibitory factor promoted tyrosyl phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1."
    Argetsinger L.S., Hsu G.W., Myers M.G. Jr., Billestrup N., White M.F., Carter-Su C.
    J Biol Chem 270:14685-14692(1995) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling Source: Ensembl
• positive regulation of protein autophosphorylation Source: BHF-UCLInferred from direct assayⁱ
  • "Replacement of insulin receptor tyrosine residues 1162 and 1163 compromises insulin-stimulated kinase activity and uptake of 2-deoxyglucose."
    Ellis L., Clauser E., Morgan D.O., Edery M., Roth R.A., Rutter W.J.
    Cell 45:721-732(1986) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling Source: Ensembl
• positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus Source: Ensembl
• positive regulation of protein secretion Source: GO_CentralInferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
  • "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium."
    Gaudet P., Livstone M.S., Lewis S.E., Thomas P.D.
    Brief Bioinform 12:449-462(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• positive regulation of respiratory burst Source: Ensembl
• regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process Source: Ensembl
• regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane Source: Ensembl
• regulation of transmembrane transporter activity Source: Ensembl
• response to L-arginine Source: AgBase
• vasodilation Source: Ensembl
• wound healing Source: Ensembl

<p>UniProtKB Keywords constitute a <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/keywords">controlled vocabulary</a> with a hierarchical structure. Keywords summarise the content of a UniProtKB entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest.<p><a href='/help/keywords' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Keywordsⁱ

<p>This section provides information about the protein and gene name(s) and synonym(s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/names_and_taxonomy_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Names & Taxonomyⁱ

Organism-specific databases

<p>This section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell.<p><a href='/help/subcellular_location_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subcellular locationⁱ

• UniProt annotation
• GO - Cellular component

Keywords - Cellular componentⁱ

<p>This section provides information on the disease(s) and phenotype(s) associated with a protein.<p><a href='/help/pathology_and_biotech_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Pathology & Biotechⁱ

Protein family/group databases

<p>This section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs) and/or processing events.<p><a href='/help/ptm_processing_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>PTM / Processingⁱ

Molecule processing

Amino acid modifications

Keywords - PTMⁱ

Proteomic databases

<p>This section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes.<p><a href='/help/interaction_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Interactionⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/interaction%5Fsection">'Interaction'</a> section provides information about the protein quaternary structure and interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes (with the exception of physiological receptor-ligand interactions which are annotated in the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function%5Fsection">'Function'</a> section).<p><a href='/help/subunit_structure' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subunit structureⁱ

<p>This subsection of the '<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/interaction%5Fsection">Interaction</a>' section provides information about binary protein-protein interactions. The data presented in this section are a quality-filtered subset of binary interactions automatically derived from the <a href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/">IntAct database</a>. It is updated at every <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/synchronization">UniProt release</a>.<p><a href='/help/binary_interactions' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Binary interactionsⁱ

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

• hormone activity Source: AgBaseInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Cultured trout liver cells: utilization of substrates and response to hormones."
    Segner H., Blair J.B., Wirtz G., Miller M.R.
    In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 30A:306-311(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• identical protein binding Source: IntActInferred from physical interactionⁱ
  • "Amino acid sequence determinants in self-assembly of insulin chiral amyloid superstructures: role of C-terminus of B-chain in association of fibrils."
    Babenko V., Dzwolak W.
    FEBS Lett 587:625-630(2013) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• insulin-like growth factor receptor binding Source: AgBaseInferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
  • "Both type I and II insulin-like growth factor receptor binding increase during lactogenesis in bovine mammary tissue."
    Dehoff M.H., Elgin R.G., Collier R.J., Clemmons D.R.
    Endocrinology 122:2412-2417(1988) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]
• insulin receptor binding Source: Ensembl
• protease binding Source: Ensembl

Protein-protein interaction databases

<p>This section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein.<p><a href='/help/structure_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Structureⁱ

Secondary structure

3D structure databases

Miscellaneous databases

<p>This section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain(s) present in a protein.<p><a href='/help/family_and_domains_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Family & Domainsⁱ

<p>This subsection of the 'Family and domains' section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins.<p><a href='/help/sequence_similarities' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence similaritiesⁱ

Keywords - Domainⁱ

Phylogenomic databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. It also includes information pertinent to the sequence(s), including <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequence%5Flength">length</a> and <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences">molecular weight</a>. The information is filed in different subsections. The current subsections and their content are listed below:<p><a href='/help/sequences_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequenceⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences%5Fsection">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical%5Fand%5Fisoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is complete or not.<p><a href='/help/sequence_status' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence statusⁱ: Complete.

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences%5Fsection">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical%5Fand%5Fisoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is in its mature form or if it represents the precursor.<p><a href='/help/sequence_processing' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence processingⁱ: The displayed sequence is further processed into a mature form.

        10         20         30         40         50
MALWTRLLPL LALLALWAPA PAQAFVNQHL CGSHLVEALY LVCGERGFFY 
        60         70         80         90        100
TPKARREAEN PQAGAVELGG GLGGLQALAL EGPPQKRGIV EQCCTSICSL 

YQLENYCN                                               

<p>This subsection of the 'Sequence' section reports difference(s) between the protein sequence shown in the UniProtKB entry and other available protein sequences derived from the same gene.<p><a href='/help/sequence_caution' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence cautionⁱ

Sequence databases

Genome annotation databases

<p>This section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence(s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100%, 90% and 50%) based on their membership in UniProt Reference Clusters (<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/uniref">UniRef</a>).<p><a href='/help/similar_proteins_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Similar proteinsⁱ

• 50% Identity

<p>This section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than UniProtKB.<p><a href='/help/cross_references_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Cross-referencesⁱ

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/manual/cross%5Freferences%5Fsection">Cross-references</a> section provides links to various web resources that are relevant for a specific protein.<p><a href='/help/web_resource' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Web resourcesⁱ

Sequence databases

3D structure databases

Protein-protein interaction databases

Protein family/group databases

Proteomic databases

Genome annotation databases

Organism-specific databases

Phylogenomic databases

Miscellaneous databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section provides general information on the entry.<p><a href='/help/entry_information_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry informationⁱ

<p>This section contains any relevant information that doesn't fit in any other defined sections<p><a href='/help/miscellaneous_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Miscellaneousⁱ

Keywords - Technical termⁱ

Documents

1. PDB cross-references
   Index of Protein Data Bank (PDB) cross-references
2. SIMILARITY comments
   Index of protein domains and families
3. Protein Spotlight
   Protein Spotlight articles and cited UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries