GCG

Functionⁱ

Glucagon plays a key role in glucose metabolism and homeostasis. Regulates blood glucose by increasing gluconeogenesis and decreasing glycolysis. A counterregulatory hormone of insulin, raises plasma glucose levels in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Plays an important role in initiating and maintaining hyperglycemic conditions in diabetes.

GLP-1 is a potent stimulator of glucose-dependent insulin release. Play important roles on gastric motility and the suppression of plasma glucagon levels. May be involved in the suppression of satiety and stimulation of glucose disposal in peripheral tissues, independent of the actions of insulin. Have growth-promoting activities on intestinal epithelium. May also regulate the hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) via effects on LH, TSH, CRH, oxytocin, and vasopressin secretion. Increases islet mass through stimulation of islet neogenesis and pancreatic beta cell proliferation. Inhibits beta cell apoptosis.

GLP-2 stimulates intestinal growth and up-regulates villus height in the small intestine, concomitant with increased crypt cell proliferation and decreased enterocyte apoptosis. The gastrointestinal tract, from the stomach to the colon is the principal target for GLP-2 action. Plays a key role in nutrient homeostasis, enhancing nutrient assimilation through enhanced gastrointestinal function, as well as increasing nutrient disposal. Stimulates intestinal glucose transport and decreases mucosal permeability.

Oxyntomodulin significantly reduces food intake. Inhibits gastric emptying in humans. Suppression of gastric emptying may lead to increased gastric distension, which may contribute to satiety by causing a sensation of fullness.

Glicentin may modulate gastric acid secretion and the gastro-pyloro-duodenal activity. May play an important role in intestinal mucosal growth in the early period of life.

Miscellaneous

In the glucagon antagonist, His-53 and Phe-58 are missing. This antagonist has been successfully utilized to reduce glucose concentration in vivo.

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

glucagon receptor binding Source: GO_Central
hormone activity Source: GO_Central
identical protein binding
Source: IntAct
Inferred from physical interactionⁱ
- 22212535
signaling receptor binding
Source: ProtInc
Traceable author statementⁱ
- 9990065

View the complete GO annotation on QuickGO ...

GO - Biological processⁱ

adenylate cyclase-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway Source: Ensembl
adenylate cyclase-modulating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway Source: GO_Central
cell proliferation
Source: ProtInc
Traceable author statementⁱ
- 10861272
cellular response to glucagon stimulus Source: Reactome
feeding behavior
Source: ProtInc
Traceable author statementⁱ
- 8538742
G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway Source: Reactome
negative regulation of apoptotic process Source: GO_Central
negative regulation of execution phase of apoptosis Source: Ensembl
positive regulation of calcium ion import Source: Ensembl
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade Source: Ensembl
positive regulation of gluconeogenesis by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter Source: Ensembl
positive regulation of histone H3-K4 methylation Source: Ensembl
positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus Source: GO_Central
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation Source: Ensembl
positive regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation Source: Ensembl
positive regulation of protein binding Source: Ensembl
positive regulation of protein kinase activity Source: Ensembl
protein kinase A signaling Source: GO_Central
regulation of insulin secretion Source: Reactome
response to starvation Source: GO_Central
signal transduction
Source: ProtInc
Traceable author statementⁱ
- 7929237

View the complete GO annotation on QuickGO ...

Keywordsⁱ

Molecular function	Hormone

Molecular function

Hormone

Enzyme and pathway databases

Reactomeⁱ	R-HSA-163359 Glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation R-HSA-381676 Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP1) regulates insulin secretion R-HSA-381771 Synthesis, secretion, and inactivation of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) R-HSA-416476 G alpha (q) signalling events R-HSA-418555 G alpha (s) signalling events R-HSA-420092 Glucagon-type ligand receptors R-HSA-422085 Synthesis, secretion, and deacylation of Ghrelin
SIGNORⁱ	P01275

Reactomeⁱ

R-HSA-163359 Glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation
R-HSA-381676 Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP1) regulates insulin secretion
R-HSA-381771 Synthesis, secretion, and inactivation of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)
R-HSA-416476 G alpha (q) signalling events
R-HSA-418555 G alpha (s) signalling events
R-HSA-420092 Glucagon-type ligand receptors
R-HSA-422085 Synthesis, secretion, and deacylation of Ghrelin

SIGNORⁱ

P01275

Names & Taxonomyⁱ

Protein namesⁱ	Recommended name: Glucagon Cleaved into the following 8 chains: Glicentin Glicentin-related polypeptide Short name: GRPP Oxyntomodulin Short name: OXM Short name: OXY Glucagon Glucagon-like peptide 1 Short name: GLP-1 Alternative name(s): Incretin hormone Glucagon-like peptide 1(7-37) Short name: GLP-1(7-37) Glucagon-like peptide 1(7-36) Short name: GLP-1(7-36) Glucagon-like peptide 2 Short name: GLP-2
Gene namesⁱ	Name:GCG
Organismⁱ	Homo sapiens (Human)
Taxonomic identifierⁱ	9606 [NCBI]
Taxonomic lineageⁱ	cellular organisms › Eukaryota › Opisthokonta › Metazoa › Eumetazoa › Bilateria › Deuterostomia › Chordata › Craniata › Vertebrata › Gnathostomata › Teleostomi › Euteleostomi › Sarcopterygii › Dipnotetrapodomorpha › Tetrapoda › Amniota › Mammalia › Theria › Eutheria › Boreoeutheria › Euarchontoglires › Primates › Haplorrhini › Simiiformes › Catarrhini › Hominoidea › Hominidae › Homininae › Homo
Proteomesⁱ	UP000005640 Componentⁱ: Chromosome 2

Organism-specific databases

EuPathDBⁱ	HostDB:ENSG00000115263.14
Human Gene Nomenclature Database More...HGNCⁱ	HGNC:4191 GCG
MIMⁱ	138030 gene
neXtProtⁱ	NX_P01275

Keywords - Cellular componentⁱ

Secreted

Pathology & Biotechⁱ

Pharmaceutical useⁱ

Available under the names Glucagon (Eli Lilly) and GlucaGen or Glucagon Novo Nordisk (Novo Nordisk). Used to treat severe hypoglycemia in insulin-dependent diabetics.

Organism-specific databases

DisGeNET More...DisGeNETⁱ	2641
Open Targets More...OpenTargetsⁱ	ENSG00000115263
PharmGKBⁱ	PA28606

Chemistry databases

ChEMBLⁱ	CHEMBL5736

ChEMBLⁱ

CHEMBL5736

Polymorphism and mutation databases

BioMutaⁱ	GCG
DMDMⁱ	125987831

PTM / Processingⁱ

Molecule processing

Feature key	Position(s)	DescriptionActions	Length
Signal peptideⁱ	1 – 20	Add BLAST	20
PeptideⁱPRO_0000011253	21 – 89	GlicentinBy similarityAdd BLAST	69
PeptideⁱPRO_0000011254	21 – 50	Glicentin-related polypeptideBy similarityAdd BLAST	30
PeptideⁱPRO_0000011255	53 – 89	OxyntomodulinBy similarityAdd BLAST	37
PeptideⁱPRO_0000011256	53 – 81	GlucagonAdd BLAST	29
PropeptideⁱPRO_0000011257	84 – 89		6
PeptideⁱPRO_0000011258	92 – 128	Glucagon-like peptide 1Add BLAST	37
PeptideⁱPRO_0000011259	98 – 128	Glucagon-like peptide 1(7-37)Add BLAST	31
PeptideⁱPRO_0000011260	98 – 127	Glucagon-like peptide 1(7-36)Add BLAST	30
PropeptideⁱPRO_0000011261	131 – 145	By similarityAdd BLAST	15
PeptideⁱPRO_0000011262	146 – 178	Glucagon-like peptide 2By similarityAdd BLAST	33

Amino acid modifications

Feature key	Position(s)	DescriptionActions	Length
Modified residueⁱ	54	PhosphoserineBy similarity	1
Modified residueⁱ	105	PhosphoserineBy similarity	1
Modified residueⁱ	108	PhosphoserineBy similarity	1
Modified residueⁱ	127	Arginine amide1 Publication	1
Modified residueⁱ	150	PhosphoserineBy similarity	1
Modified residueⁱ	152	PhosphoserineBy similarity	1

Post-translational modificationⁱ

Proglucagon is post-translationally processed in a tissue-specific manner in pancreatic A cells and intestinal L cells. In pancreatic A cells, the major bioactive hormone is glucagon cleaved by PCSK2/PC2. In the intestinal L cells PCSK1/PC1 liberates GLP-1, GLP-2, glicentin and oxyntomodulin. GLP-1 is further N-terminally truncated by post-translational processing in the intestinal L cells resulting in GLP-1(7-37) GLP-1-(7-36)amide. The C-terminal amidation is neither important for the metabolism of GLP-1 nor for its effects on the endocrine pancreas.3 Publications

Sites

Feature key	Position(s)	DescriptionActions	Length
Siteⁱ	52 – 53	Cleavage; by PCSK2	2
Siteⁱ	83 – 84	Cleavage; by PCSK1 and PCSK2	2
Siteⁱ	91 – 92	Cleavage; by PCSK1	2
Siteⁱ	97 – 98	Cleavage; by PCSK1	2
Siteⁱ	130 – 131	Cleavage; by PCSK1	2
Siteⁱ	145 – 146	Cleavage; by PCSK1	2

Keywords - PTMⁱ

Amidation, Cleavage on pair of basic residues, Phosphoprotein

Proteomic databases

PaxDbⁱ	P01275
PeptideAtlas More...PeptideAtlasⁱ	P01275
PRIDEⁱ	P01275
ProteomicsDBⁱ	51367

PTM databases

iPTMnetⁱ	P01275
PhosphoSitePlusⁱ	P01275

Miscellaneous databases

PMAP-CutDBⁱ	P01275

PMAP-CutDBⁱ

P01275

Expressionⁱ

Tissue specificityⁱ

Glucagon is secreted in the A cells of the islets of Langerhans. GLP-1, GLP-2, oxyntomodulin and glicentin are secreted from enteroendocrine cells throughout the gastrointestinal tract. GLP-1 and GLP-2 are also secreted in selected neurons in the brain.

Inductionⁱ

Glucagon release is stimulated by hypoglycemia and inhibited by hyperglycemia, insulin, and somatostatin. GLP-1 and GLP-2 are induced in response to nutrient ingestion.

Gene expression databases

Bgeeⁱ	ENSG00000115263 Expressed in 66 organ(s), highest expression level in islet of Langerhans
CleanExⁱ	HS_GCG
Genevisibleⁱ	P01275 HS

Organism-specific databases

Human Protein Atlas More...HPAⁱ	CAB000040 HPA036760 HPA036761

HPAⁱ

CAB000040
HPA036760
HPA036761

Interactionⁱ

Binary interactionsⁱ

With	Entry	#Exp.	IntAct
itself		3	EBI-7629173,EBI-7629173
DPP4	P27487	4	EBI-7629173,EBI-2871277
FAP	Q12884	4	EBI-7629173,EBI-4319803
GIPR	P48546	2	EBI-7629173,EBI-15653881
IDE	P14735-1	3	EBI-7629173,EBI-15607031

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

glucagon receptor binding Source: GO_Central
hormone activity Source: GO_Central
identical protein binding
Source: IntAct
Inferred from physical interactionⁱ
- 22212535
signaling receptor binding
Source: ProtInc
Traceable author statementⁱ
- 9990065

View the complete GO annotation on QuickGO ...

Protein-protein interaction databases

BioGridⁱ	108911, 19 interactors
Database of interacting proteins More...DIPⁱ	DIP-46470N
IntActⁱ	P01275, 6 interactors
Molecular INTeraction database More...MINTⁱ	P01275
STRINGⁱ	9606.ENSP00000387662

Chemistry databases

BindingDBⁱ

P01275

Structureⁱ

Secondary structure

Legend: HelixTurnBeta strandPDB Structure known for this area

Feature key	Position(s)	DescriptionActions	Length
Turnⁱ	55 – 57	Combined sources	3
Turnⁱ	59 – 62	Combined sources	4
Beta strandⁱ	63 – 65	Combined sources	3
Helixⁱ	68 – 70	Combined sources	3
Turnⁱ	71 – 73	Combined sources	3
Beta strandⁱ	76 – 78	Combined sources	3
Helixⁱ	104 – 124	Combined sources	21
Helixⁱ	150 – 153	Combined sources	4
Helixⁱ	154 – 156	Combined sources	3
Helixⁱ	157 – 172	Combined sources	16
Turnⁱ	173 – 177	Combined sources	5

Show more details

3D structure databases

ProteinModelPortalⁱ	P01275
SMRⁱ	P01275
ModBaseⁱ	Search...
MobiDBⁱ	Search...

Miscellaneous databases

EvolutionaryTraceⁱ	P01275

EvolutionaryTraceⁱ

P01275

Family & Domainsⁱ

Sequence similaritiesⁱ

Belongs to the glucagon family.Curated

Keywords - Domainⁱ

Signal

Phylogenomic databases

eggNOGⁱ	ENOG410IKZ8 Eukaryota ENOG4111VKC LUCA
Ensembl GeneTree More...GeneTreeⁱ	ENSGT00390000005372
HOGENOMⁱ	HOG000231876
HOVERGENⁱ	HBG003010
InParanoidⁱ	P01275
KEGG Orthology (KO) More...KOⁱ	K05259
OMAⁱ	TRDFINW
Database of Orthologous Groups More...OrthoDBⁱ	EOG091G0PJK
PhylomeDBⁱ	P01275
TreeFamⁱ	TF332333

Family and domain databases

InterProⁱ	View protein in InterPro IPR015550 Glucagon IPR000532 Glucagon_GIP_secretin_VIP
PANTHERⁱ	PTHR11418 PTHR11418, 1 hit
Pfam protein domain database More...Pfamⁱ	View protein in Pfam PF00123 Hormone_2, 3 hits
PRINTSⁱ	PR00275 GLUCAGON
SMARTⁱ	View protein in SMART SM00070 GLUCA, 3 hits
PROSITEⁱ	View protein in PROSITE PS00260 GLUCAGON, 4 hits

Sequenceⁱ

Sequence statusⁱ: Complete.

Sequence processingⁱ: The displayed sequence is further processed into a mature form.

P01275-1 [UniParc]FASTA Add to basket

« Hide

        10         20         30         40         50
MKSIYFVAGL FVMLVQGSWQ RSLQDTEEKS RSFSASQADP LSDPDQMNED 
        60         70         80         90        100
KRHSQGTFTS DYSKYLDSRR AQDFVQWLMN TKRNRNNIAK RHDEFERHAE 
       110        120        130        140        150
GTFTSDVSSY LEGQAAKEFI AWLVKGRGRR DFPEEVAIVE ELGRRHADGS 
       160        170        180
FSDEMNTILD NLAARDFINW LIQTKITDRK

Length:180

Mass (Da):20,909

Last modified:February 6, 2007 - v3

Checksum:ⁱ7A99EEC629B2862C

GO

Experimental Info

Feature key	Position(s)	DescriptionActions	Graphical view	Length
Sequence conflictⁱ	82	K → N in CAA27627 (PubMed:3725587).Curated		1

Natural variant

Feature key	Position(s)	DescriptionActions	Graphical view	Length
Natural variantⁱVAR_014596	115	A → V. Corresponds to variant dbSNP:rs5650Ensembl.		1

Sequence databases

Select the link destinations: EMBLⁱ GenBankⁱ DDBJⁱ Links Updated	J04040 mRNA Translation: AAA52567.1 X03991 Genomic DNA Translation: CAA27627.1 V01515 Genomic DNA Translation: CAA24759.1 BT006813 mRNA Translation: AAP35459.1 AC007750 Genomic DNA Translation: AAY24204.1 BC005278 mRNA Translation: AAH05278.1
The Consensus CDS (CCDS) project More...CCDSⁱ	CCDS46439.1
PIRⁱ	A24377 GCHU
NCBI Reference Sequences More...RefSeqⁱ	NP_002045.1, NM_002054.4
UniGeneⁱ	Hs.516494 Hs.741174

Genome annotation databases

Ensemblⁱ	ENST00000375497; ENSP00000364647; ENSG00000115263 ENST00000418842; ENSP00000387662; ENSG00000115263
GeneIDⁱ	2641
KEGGⁱ	hsa:2641
UCSC genome browser More...UCSCⁱ	uc002ucc.5 human

Keywords - Coding sequence diversityⁱ

Polymorphism

Similar proteinsⁱ

100% Identity
90% Identity
50% Identity

Protein	Similar proteins		Species	Score	Length	Source
P01275	Glucagon		PANPA		179	UniRef100_P01275
GCG isoform 1		PANTR		180
GCG isoform 1		PONAB		180
UPI0001D5D8F5		PONAB		263

Protein	Similar proteins		Species	Score	Length	Source
P01275	Glucagon		PANPA		179	UniRef90_P01275
GCG isoform 1		PANTR		180
GCG isoform 1		PONAB		180
Glucagon		PAPAN		180
Glucagon		CERAT		180
+26

Protein	Similar proteins		Species	Score	Length	Source
P01275	Glucagon		PANPA		179	UniRef50_P01275
GCG isoform 1		PANTR		180
GCG isoform 1		PONAB		180
Glucagon		CHLSB		180
Glucagon		GORGO		180
+35

Cross-referencesⁱ

Web resourcesⁱ

Glucagon at Eli Lilly

Clinical information on Eli Lilly glucagon products

Sequence databases

Select the link destinations: EMBLⁱ GenBankⁱ DDBJⁱ Links Updated	J04040 mRNA Translation: AAA52567.1 X03991 Genomic DNA Translation: CAA27627.1 V01515 Genomic DNA Translation: CAA24759.1 BT006813 mRNA Translation: AAP35459.1 AC007750 Genomic DNA Translation: AAY24204.1 BC005278 mRNA Translation: AAH05278.1
CCDSⁱ	CCDS46439.1
PIRⁱ	A24377 GCHU
RefSeqⁱ	NP_002045.1, NM_002054.4
UniGeneⁱ	Hs.516494 Hs.741174

3D structure databases

Select the link destinations: Protein Data Bank Europe More...PDBeⁱ Protein Data Bank RCSB More...RCSB PDBⁱ Protein Data Bank Japan More...PDBjⁱ Links Updated	PDB entry	Method	Resolution (Å)	Chain	Positions	PDBsum
	1BH0	X-ray	3.00	A	53-81	[»]
	1D0R	NMR	-	A	98-127	[»]
	1NAU	NMR	-	A	59-81	[»]
	2G49	X-ray	2.50	C/D	53-81	[»]
	2L63	NMR	-	A	146-178	[»]
	2L64	NMR	-	A	146-178	[»]
	2M5P	NMR	-	X	53-81	[»]
	2M5Q	NMR	-	X	53-81	[»]
	3IOL	X-ray	2.10	B	98-128	[»]
	4APD	NMR	-	A	98-128	[»]
	4ZGM	X-ray	1.80	B	98-128	[»]
	5OTU	X-ray	1.80	B/D	98-128	[»]
	5OTV	X-ray	2.00	B/D	98-128	[»]
	5OTW	X-ray	2.10	B/D	98-128	[»]
	5OTX	X-ray	2.00	B/D	98-128	[»]
	5VAI	electron microscopy	4.10	P	98-128	[»]
	5YQZ	X-ray	3.00	P	54-81	[»]
ProteinModelPortalⁱ	P01275
SMRⁱ	P01275
ModBaseⁱ	Search...
MobiDBⁱ	Search...

Protein-protein interaction databases

BioGridⁱ	108911, 19 interactors
DIPⁱ	DIP-46470N
IntActⁱ	P01275, 6 interactors
MINTⁱ	P01275
STRINGⁱ	9606.ENSP00000387662

Chemistry databases

BindingDBⁱ	P01275
ChEMBLⁱ	CHEMBL5736

PTM databases

iPTMnetⁱ	P01275
PhosphoSitePlusⁱ	P01275

Polymorphism and mutation databases

BioMutaⁱ	GCG
DMDMⁱ	125987831

Proteomic databases

PaxDbⁱ	P01275
PeptideAtlasⁱ	P01275
PRIDEⁱ	P01275
ProteomicsDBⁱ	51367

Protocols and materials databases

The DNASU plasmid repository More...DNASUⁱ	2641
Structural Biology Knowledgebase	Search...

Genome annotation databases

Ensemblⁱ	ENST00000375497; ENSP00000364647; ENSG00000115263 ENST00000418842; ENSP00000387662; ENSG00000115263
GeneIDⁱ	2641
KEGGⁱ	hsa:2641
UCSCⁱ	uc002ucc.5 human

Organism-specific databases

CTDⁱ	2641
DisGeNETⁱ	2641
EuPathDBⁱ	HostDB:ENSG00000115263.14
GeneCardsⁱ	GCG
HGNCⁱ	HGNC:4191 GCG
HPAⁱ	CAB000040 HPA036760 HPA036761
MIMⁱ	138030 gene
neXtProtⁱ	NX_P01275
OpenTargetsⁱ	ENSG00000115263
PharmGKBⁱ	PA28606
GenAtlas: human gene database More...GenAtlasⁱ	Search...

Phylogenomic databases

eggNOGⁱ	ENOG410IKZ8 Eukaryota ENOG4111VKC LUCA
GeneTreeⁱ	ENSGT00390000005372
HOGENOMⁱ	HOG000231876
HOVERGENⁱ	HBG003010
InParanoidⁱ	P01275
KOⁱ	K05259
OMAⁱ	TRDFINW
OrthoDBⁱ	EOG091G0PJK
PhylomeDBⁱ	P01275
TreeFamⁱ	TF332333

Enzyme and pathway databases

Reactomeⁱ	R-HSA-163359 Glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation R-HSA-381676 Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP1) regulates insulin secretion R-HSA-381771 Synthesis, secretion, and inactivation of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) R-HSA-416476 G alpha (q) signalling events R-HSA-418555 G alpha (s) signalling events R-HSA-420092 Glucagon-type ligand receptors R-HSA-422085 Synthesis, secretion, and deacylation of Ghrelin
SIGNORⁱ	P01275

Reactomeⁱ

R-HSA-163359 Glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation
R-HSA-381676 Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP1) regulates insulin secretion
R-HSA-381771 Synthesis, secretion, and inactivation of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)
R-HSA-416476 G alpha (q) signalling events
R-HSA-418555 G alpha (s) signalling events
R-HSA-420092 Glucagon-type ligand receptors
R-HSA-422085 Synthesis, secretion, and deacylation of Ghrelin

SIGNORⁱ

P01275

Miscellaneous databases

ChiTaRSⁱ	GCG human
EvolutionaryTraceⁱ	P01275
GeneWikiⁱ	Glucagon
GenomeRNAiⁱ	2641
PMAP-CutDBⁱ	P01275
Protein Ontology More...PROⁱ	PR:P01275
SOURCEⁱ	Search...

Gene expression databases

Bgeeⁱ	ENSG00000115263 Expressed in 66 organ(s), highest expression level in islet of Langerhans
CleanExⁱ	HS_GCG
Genevisibleⁱ	P01275 HS

Family and domain databases

InterProⁱ	View protein in InterPro IPR015550 Glucagon IPR000532 Glucagon_GIP_secretin_VIP
PANTHERⁱ	PTHR11418 PTHR11418, 1 hit
Pfamⁱ	View protein in Pfam PF00123 Hormone_2, 3 hits
PRINTSⁱ	PR00275 GLUCAGON
SMARTⁱ	View protein in SMART SM00070 GLUCA, 3 hits
PROSITEⁱ	View protein in PROSITE PS00260 GLUCAGON, 4 hits
ProtoNetⁱ	Search...

Entry informationⁱ

Entry nameⁱ	GLUC_HUMAN
Accessionⁱ	P01275Primary (citable) accession number: P01275 Secondary accession number(s): A6NN65, Q53TP6
Entry historyⁱ	Integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:	July 21, 1986
	Last sequence update:	February 6, 2007
	Last modified:	September 12, 2018
	This is version 198 of the entry and version 3 of the sequence. See complete history.
Entry statusⁱ	Reviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
Annotation program	Chordata Protein Annotation Program
Disclaimer	Any medical or genetic information present in this entry is provided for research, educational and informational purposes only. It is not in any way intended to be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or care.

Miscellaneousⁱ

Keywords - Technical termⁱ

3D-structure, Complete proteome, Direct protein sequencing, Pharmaceutical, Reference proteome

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UniParc

Help

UniRef

Proteomes

Annotation systems

Supporting data

UniProtKB - P01275 (GLUC_HUMAN)

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Glucagon

Select a section on the left to see content.

<p>This section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge.<p><a href='/help/function_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Functioni

Miscellaneous

<p>The <a href="http://www.geneontology.org/">Gene Ontology (GO)</a> project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories:<p><a href='/help/gene_ontology' target='_top'>More...</a></p>GO - Molecular functioni

GO - Biological processi

Enzyme and pathway databases

<p>This section provides information about the protein and gene name(s) and synonym(s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/names_and_taxonomy_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Names & Taxonomyi

Organism-specific databases

<p>This section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell.<p><a href='/help/subcellular_location_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subcellular locationi

Extracellular region or secreted

Endoplasmic reticulum

Extracellular region or secreted

Other locations

Keywords - Cellular componenti

<p>This section provides information on the disease(s) and phenotype(s) associated with a protein.<p><a href='/help/pathology_and_biotech_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Pathology & Biotechi

Organism-specific databases

Chemistry databases

Polymorphism and mutation databases

<p>This section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs) and/or processing events.<p><a href='/help/ptm_processing_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>PTM / Processingi

Molecule processing

Amino acid modifications

Sites

Keywords - PTMi

Proteomic databases

PTM databases

Miscellaneous databases

<p>This section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms.<p><a href='/help/expression_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Expressioni

Gene expression databases

Organism-specific databases

<p>This section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes.<p><a href='/help/interaction_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Interactioni

GO - Molecular functioni

Protein-protein interaction databases

Chemistry databases

<p>This section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein.<p><a href='/help/structure_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Structurei

Secondary structure

3D structure databases

Miscellaneous databases

<p>This section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain(s) present in a protein.<p><a href='/help/family_and_domains_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Family & Domainsi

<p>This subsection of the ‘Family and domains’ section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins.<p><a href='/help/sequence_similarities' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence similaritiesi

Keywords - Domaini

Phylogenomic databases

Family and domain databases

Experimental Info

Natural variant

Sequence databases

Genome annotation databases

Keywords - Coding sequence diversityi

<p>This section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than UniProtKB.<p><a href='/help/cross_references_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Cross-referencesi

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/manual/cross_references_section">Cross-references</a> section provides links to various web resources that are relevant for a specific protein.<p><a href='/help/web_resource' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Web resourcesi

Sequence databases

3D structure databases

Protein-protein interaction databases

Chemistry databases

PTM databases

Polymorphism and mutation databases

Proteomic databases

Protocols and materials databases

Genome annotation databases

Organism-specific databases

Phylogenomic databases

Enzyme and pathway databases

Miscellaneous databases

Gene expression databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section provides general information on the entry.<p><a href='/help/entry_information_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry informationi

<p>This section contains any relevant information that doesn’t fit in any other defined sections<p><a href='/help/miscellaneous_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Miscellaneousi

Keywords - Technical termi

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Functionⁱ

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

GO - Biological processⁱ

Names & Taxonomyⁱ

Subcellular locationⁱ

Keywords - Cellular componentⁱ

Pathology & Biotechⁱ

PTM / Processingⁱ

Keywords - PTMⁱ

Expressionⁱ

Interactionⁱ

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

Structureⁱ

Family & Domainsⁱ

Sequence similaritiesⁱ

Keywords - Domainⁱ

Keywords - Coding sequence diversityⁱ

Cross-referencesⁱ

Web resourcesⁱ

Entry informationⁱ

Miscellaneousⁱ

Keywords - Technical termⁱ