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UniProtKB - O95863 (SNAI1_HUMAN)

Entry version 200 (22 Apr 2020)
Sequence version 2 (01 Dec 2000)
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Protein

Zinc finger protein SNAI1

Gene

SNAI1

Organism
Homo sapiens (Human)
Status
Reviewed-Annotation score:

Annotation score:5 out of 5

<p>The annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a UniProtKB entry or proteome. This score <strong>cannot</strong> be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the 'correct annotation' for any given protein.<p><a href='/help/annotation_score' target='_top'>More...</a></p>-Experimental evidence at protein leveli <p>This indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein. Note that the 'protein existence' evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence(s) displayed.<p><a href='/help/protein_existence' target='_top'>More...</a></p>

<p>This section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge.<p><a href='/help/function_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Functioni

Involved in induction of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), formation and maintenance of embryonic mesoderm, growth arrest, survival and cell migration. Binds to 3 E-boxes of the E-cadherin/CDH1 gene promoter and to the promoters of CLDN7 and KRT8 and, in association with histone demethylase KDM1A which it recruits to the promoters, causes a decrease in dimethylated H3K4 levels and represses transcription (PubMed:20389281, PubMed:20562920). The N-terminal SNAG domain competes with histone H3 for the same binding site on the histone demethylase complex formed by KDM1A and RCOR1, and thereby inhibits demethylation of histone H3 at 'Lys-4' (in vitro) (PubMed:20389281, PubMed:21300290, PubMed:23721412). During EMT, involved with LOXL2 in negatively regulating pericentromeric heterochromatin transcription (By similarity). SNAI1 recruits LOXL2 to pericentromeric regions to oxidize histone H3 and repress transcription which leads to release of heterochromatin component CBX5/HP1A, enabling chromatin reorganization and acquisition of mesenchymal traits (By similarity). Associates with EGR1 and SP1 to mediate tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA)-induced up-regulation of CDKN2B, possibly by binding to the CDKN2B promoter region 5'-TCACA-3. In addition, may also activate the CDKN2B promoter by itself.By similarity9 Publications

Caution

The interaction with mouse KPNA2 may prevent SNAI1 nuclear import.1 Publication

Regions

Feature keyPosition(s)DescriptionActionsGraphical viewLength
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function%5Fsection">Function</a> section specifies the position(s) and type(s) of zinc fingers within the protein.<p><a href='/help/zn_fing' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Zinc fingeri154 – 176C2H2-type 1PROSITE-ProRule annotationAdd BLAST23
Zinc fingeri178 – 202C2H2-type 2PROSITE-ProRule annotationAdd BLAST25
Zinc fingeri208 – 230C2H2-type 3PROSITE-ProRule annotationAdd BLAST23
Zinc fingeri236 – 259C2H2-type 4; atypicalPROSITE-ProRule annotationAdd BLAST24

<p>The <a href="http://www.geneontology.org/">Gene Ontology (GO)</a> project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories:<p><a href='/help/gene_ontology' target='_top'>More...</a></p>GO - Molecular functioni

Complete GO annotation on QuickGO ...

GO - Biological processi

Complete GO annotation on QuickGO ...

<p>UniProtKB Keywords constitute a <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/keywords">controlled vocabulary</a> with a hierarchical structure. Keywords summarise the content of a UniProtKB entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest.<p><a href='/help/keywords' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Keywordsi

Molecular functionDevelopmental protein, DNA-binding
LigandMetal-binding, Zinc

Enzyme and pathway databases

Reactome - a knowledgebase of biological pathways and processes

More...Reactomei		R-HSA-8943724 Regulation of PTEN gene transcription

SIGNOR Signaling Network Open Resource

More...SIGNORi		O95863

<p>This section provides information about the protein and gene name(s) and synonym(s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/names_and_taxonomy_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Names & Taxonomyi

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/names%5Fand%5Ftaxonomy%5Fsection">Names and taxonomy</a> section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein, from commonly used to obsolete, to allow unambiguous identification of a protein.<p><a href='/help/protein_names' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Protein namesi
Recommended name:
Zinc finger protein SNAI1
Alternative name(s):
Protein snail homolog 1
Short name:
Protein sna
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/names%5Fand%5Ftaxonomy%5Fsection">Names and taxonomy</a> section indicates the name(s) of the gene(s) that code for the protein sequence(s) described in the entry. Four distinct tokens exist: 'Name', 'Synonyms', 'Ordered locus names' and 'ORF names'.<p><a href='/help/gene_name' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Gene namesi
Name:SNAI1
Synonyms:SNAH
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/names%5Fand%5Ftaxonomy%5Fsection">Names and taxonomy</a> section provides information on the name(s) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/organism-name' target='_top'>More...</a></p>OrganismiHomo sapiens (Human)
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/names%5Fand%5Ftaxonomy%5Fsection">Names and taxonomy</a> section shows the unique identifier assigned by the NCBI to the source organism of the protein. This is known as the 'taxonomic identifier' or 'taxid'.<p><a href='/help/taxonomic_identifier' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Taxonomic identifieri9606 [NCBI]
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/names%5Fand%5Ftaxonomy%5Fsection">Names and taxonomy</a> section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism. It lists the nodes as they appear top-down in the taxonomic tree, with the more general grouping listed first.<p><a href='/help/taxonomic_lineage' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Taxonomic lineageiEukaryota › Metazoa › Chordata › Craniata › Vertebrata › Euteleostomi › Mammalia › Eutheria › Euarchontoglires › Primates › Haplorrhini › Catarrhini › Hominidae › Homo
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/names%5Fand%5Ftaxonomy%5Fsection">Names and taxonomy</a> section is present for entries that are part of a <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/proteomes">proteome</a>, i.e. of a set of proteins thought to be expressed by organisms whose genomes have been completely sequenced.<p><a href='/help/proteomes_manual' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Proteomesi
  • UP000005640 <p>A UniProt <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/manual/proteomes%5Fmanual">proteome</a> can consist of several components.<br></br>The component name refers to the genomic component encoding a set of proteins.<p><a href='/help/proteome_component' target='_top'>More...</a></p> Componenti: Chromosome 20

Organism-specific databases

Human Gene Nomenclature Database

More...HGNCi		HGNC:11128 SNAI1

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM)

More...MIMi		604238 gene

neXtProt; the human protein knowledge platform

More...neXtProti		NX_O95863

<p>This section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell.<p><a href='/help/subcellular_location_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subcellular locationi

Extracellular region or secreted Cytosol Plasma membrane Cytoskeleton Lysosome Endosome Peroxisome ER Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrion Manual annotation Automatic computational assertionGraphics by Christian Stolte & Seán O’Donoghue; Source: COMPARTMENTS

Keywords - Cellular componenti

Cytoplasm, Nucleus

<p>This section provides information on the disease(s) and phenotype(s) associated with a protein.<p><a href='/help/pathology_and_biotech_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Pathology & Biotechi

Mutagenesis

Feature keyPosition(s)DescriptionActionsGraphical viewLength
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/manual/pathology%5Fand%5Fbiotech%5Fsection">'Pathology and Biotech'</a> section describes the effect of the experimental mutation of one or more amino acid(s) on the biological properties of the protein.<p><a href='/help/mutagen' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Mutagenesisi2P → A: Abolishes repressor activity on E-cadherin/CDH1 promoter and binding to KDM1A. 2 Publications1
Mutagenesisi3R → A: Loss of interaction with KDM1A. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi4S → A: Loss of interaction with KDM1A. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi5F → A: Loss of interaction with KDM1A. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi8R → A: Loss of interaction with KDM1A. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi9K → A: Loss of interaction with KDM1A. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi9K → R: Does not affect E-cadherin/CDH1 repression; when associated with R-16. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi11S → A: Abolishes PKA phosphorylation. Strongly decreases repressor activity on E-cadherin/CDH1 and CLDN1 promoters. Increases protein stability. Affects function in EMT. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi16K → R: Does not affect E-cadherin repression; when associated with R-9. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi92S → A: Abolishes CK2 phosphorylation. Strongly decreases repressor activity on E-cadherin/CDH1 and CLDN1 promoters. Increases protein stability. Affects function in cell survival. Abolishes phosphorylation in the serine-rich region; when associated with A-104 and A-107. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi92S → E: Does not affect repressor activity on E-cadherin/CDH1 promoter. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi96S → A: Abolishes recognition and ubiquitination by BTRC which increases steady state level and half-life. Preferentially localizes to the nucleus. Induces a more aggressive tissue invasion program. Lower sensitivity to BTRC-triggered degradation, impairs phosphorylation by GSK3B and does not affect NOTCH1-induced degradation; when associated with A-100. Lower sensitivity to BTRC-triggered degradation, impaired phosphorylation by GSK3B and loss of cytoplasmic localization; when associated with A-100; A-107; A-111; A-115 and A-119. 4 Publications1
Mutagenesisi98K → R: No change. Complete loss of sensitivity to FBXL14- and BTRC-triggered degradation and loss of ability to repress E-cadherin/CDH1; when associated with R-137 and R-146. 2 Publications1
Mutagenesisi100S → A: Lower sensitivity to BTRC-triggered degradation and impaired phosphorylation by GSK3B; when associated with A-96. Lower sensitivity to BTRC-triggered degradation, impaired phosphorylation by GSK3B and loss of cytoplasmic localization; when associated with A-96; A-107; A-111; A-115 and A-119. Does not affect NOTCH1-induced degradation; when associated with A-96. Abolishes phosphorylation at S-96. 3 Publications1
Mutagenesisi104S → A: Increases protein stability, does not affect repressor activity on E-cadherin/CDH1 promoter, preferentially localizes to the nucleus, induces a more aggressive tissue invasion program and impairs phosphorylation by GSK3B, binding to BTRC and ubiquitination; when associated with A-107. Impairs phosphorylation in the serine-rich domain/region; when associated with A-92 and A-107. Abolishes phosphorylation at S-96. 3 Publications1
Mutagenesisi107S → A: Lower sensitivity to BTRC-triggered degradation, impaired phosphorylation by GSK3B and loss of cytoplasmic localization; when associated with A-111; A-115 and A-119. Lower sensitivity to BTRC-triggered degradation, impaired phosphorylation by GSK3B and loss of cytoplasmic localization; when associated with A-96; A-100; A-111; A-115 and A-119. Increases protein stability, does not affect repressor activity on E-cadherin promoter, preferentially localizes to the nucleus, induces a more aggressive tissue invasion program and impairs phosphorylation by GSK3B, binding to BTRC and ubiquitination; when associated with A-104. Impairs phosphorylation in the serine-rich region; when associated with A-92 and A-104. Abolishes phosphorylation at S-96. 4 Publications1
Mutagenesisi107S → E: Predominantly localized to the cytoplasm; when associated with E-111; E-115 and E-119. 4 Publications1
Mutagenesisi111S → A: Lower sensitivity to BTRC-triggered degradation, impaired phosphorylation by GSK3B and loss of cytoplasmic localization; when associated with A-107; A-115 and A-119. Lower sensitivity to BTRC-triggered degradation, impaired phosphorylation by GSK3B and loss of cytoplasmic localization; when associated with A-96; A-100; A-107; A-115 and A-119. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi111S → E: Predominantly localized to the cytoplasm; when associated with E-107; E-115 and E-119. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi115S → A: Lower sensitivity to BTRC-triggered degradation, impaired phosphorylation by GSK3B and loss of cytoplasmic localization; when associated with A-107; A-111 and A-119. Lower sensitivity to BTRC-triggered degradation, impaired phosphorylation by GSK3B and loss of cytoplasmic localization; when associated with A-96; A-100; A-107; A-111 and A-119. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi115S → E: Predominantly localized to the cytoplasm; when associated with E-107; E-111 and E-119. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi119S → A: Lower sensitivity to BTRC-triggered degradation, impaired phosphorylation by GSK3B and loss of cytoplasmic localization; when associated with A-107; A-111 and A-119. Lower sensitivity to BTRC-triggered degradation, impaired phosphorylation by GSK3B and loss of cytoplasmic localization; when associated with A-96; A-100; A-107; A-111 and A-115. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi119S → E: Predominantly localized to the cytoplasm; when associated with E-107; E-111 and E-115. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi137K → R: Lower sensitivity to FBXL14-triggered degradation. Lower sensitivity to FBXL14-triggered degradation; when associated with R-146. Complete loss of sensitivity to FBXL14- and BTRC-triggered degradation and loss of ability to repress E-cadherin; when associated with R-98 and R-146. 2 Publications1
Mutagenesisi146K → R: Lower sensitivity to FBXL14-triggered degradation. Lower sensitivity to FBXL14-triggered degradation; when associated with R-137. Complete loss of sensitivity to FBXL14- and BTRC-triggered degradation; when associated with R-98 and R-137. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi151 – 152RK → EE: Does not affect binding to KPNB1, KPNA2, IPO7 or TNPO1. 1 Publication2
Mutagenesisi156C → A: Abolishes binding to KPNB1, KPNA2, IPO7 and TNPO1 and nuclear localization. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi161K → E: Does not affect binding to KPNB1, KPNA2, IPO7 or TNPO1. No change in subcellular localization. Impairs binding to KPNB1, KPNA2, IPO7 and TNPO1 and abolishes nuclear localization, DNA binding and repressor activity on E-cadherin/CDH1 promoter; when associated with E-170. Abolishes binding to KPNB1, KPNA2, IPO7 and TNPO1 and nuclear localization; when associated with E-187 and/or E-220. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi170K → E: Does not affect binding to KPNB1, KPNA2, IPO7 or TNPO1. No change in subcellular localization. Impairs binding to KPNB1, KPNA2, IPO7 and TNPO1 and abolishes nuclear localization, DNA binding and repressor activity on E-cadherin/CDH1 promoter; when associated with E-161. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi182C → A: Impairs binding to KPNB1, IPO7 and TNPO1 and abolishes binding to KPNA2. Localizes to cytoplasm and nucleus. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi187K → E: Does not affect binding to KPNB1, KPNA2, IPO7 or TNPO1. Impairs binding to KPNB1, KPNA2, IPO7 and TNPO1 and abolishes nuclear localization, DNA binding and repressor activity on E-cadherin/CDH1 promoter; when associated with E-191. Abolishes binding to KPNB1, KPNA2, IPO7 and TNPO1 and nuclear localization; when associated with E-161 and/or E-220. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi191R → E: Mildly reduces binding to KPNB1 and nuclear import. Strongly reduces binding to KPNB1 and nuclear import; when associated with A-193. Loss of binding to KPNB1 and nuclear import; when associated with A-193 and A-196. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi191R → E: Mildly reduces binding to KPNB1. Does not affect binding to KPNA2, IPO7 or TNPO1. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi193W → A: Mildly reduces binding to KPNB1 and nuclear import. Strongly reduces binding to KPNB1 and nuclear import; when associated with E-191. Loss of binding to KPNB1 and nuclear import; when associated with E-191 and A-196. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi196Q → A: Loss of binding to KPNB1 and nuclear import; when associated with E-191 and A-193. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi203T → A: Abolishes LATS2 phosphorylation. Does not affect binding to LATS2. Reduces protein stability. Equally distributed between nucleus and cytoplasm. Increases capacity to associate with nuclear pore importins. Unable to accumulate in the nucleus. Does not abrogate function. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi203T → E: Exclusively localizes to the cytoplasm. Reduces capacity to associate with nuclear pore importins. Unable to enter the nucleus. Does not abrogate function. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi210C → A: Impairs binding to KPNB1, IPO7 and TNPO1 and abolishes binding to KPNA2. Localizes to cytoplasm and nucleus. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi215R → E: Impairs binding to KPNB1, KPNA2, IPO7 and TNPO1. No change in subcellular localization. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi220R → E: Does not affect binding to KPNB1, KPNA2, IPO7 or TNPO1. No change in subcellular localization. Impairs binding to KPNB1, KPNA2, IPO7 and TNPO1; when associated with E-222 and E-224. Impairs binding to KPNB1, KPNA2, IPO7 and TNPO1 and abolishes nuclear localization, DNA binding and repressor activity on E-cadherin/CDH1 promoter; when associated with E-224. Abolishes binding to KPNB1, KPNA2, IPO7 and TNPO1 and nuclear localization; when associated with E-161 and/or E-187. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi222N → E: Does not affect binding to KPNB1, KPNA2, IPO7 or TNPO1. No change in subcellular localization. Impairs binding to KPNB1, KPNA2, IPO7 and TNPO1; when associated with E-220 and E-224. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi224R → E: Does not affect binding to KPNB1, KPNA2, IPO7 or TNPO1. No change in subcellular localization. Impairs binding to KPNB1, KPNA2, IPO7 and TNPO1; when associated with E-220 and E-222. Impairs binding to KPNB1, KPNA2, IPO7 and TNPO1 and abolishes nuclear localization, DNA binding and repressor activity on E-cadherin/CDH1 promoter; when associated with E-220. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi224R → E: Mildly reduces binding to KPNB1 and nuclear import. Strongly reduces binding to KPNB1 and nuclear import; when associated with A-228. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi228Q → A: Very minor effect on binding to KPNB1 and nuclear import. Strongly reduces binding to KPNB1 and nuclear import; when associated with E-224. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi232 – 235DVKK → KVEE: Does not affect binding to KPNB1, KPNA2, IPO7 or TNPO1. 1 Publication4
Mutagenesisi238C → A: Impairs binding to KPNB1 and IPO7 and abolishes binding to KPNA2 and TNPO1 and nuclear localization. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi239Q → E: Does not affect binding to KPNB1, KPNA2, IPO7, TNPO1 or DNA. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi246S → A: Decreases repression activity on E-cadherin/CDH1, occludin and aromatase promoters. Preferentially localizes to the cytoplasm. Abolishes phosphorylation by PAK1. 1 Publication1
Mutagenesisi247R → E: Mildly reduces binding to KPNB1 and nuclear import. 1 Publication1

Organism-specific databases

DisGeNET

More...DisGeNETi		6615

Open Targets

More...OpenTargetsi		ENSG00000124216

The Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base

More...PharmGKBi		PA35977

Miscellaneous databases

Pharos NIH Druggable Genome Knowledgebase

More...Pharosi		O95863 Tbio

Polymorphism and mutation databases

BioMuta curated single-nucleotide variation and disease association database

More...BioMutai		SNAI1

<p>This section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs) and/or processing events.<p><a href='/help/ptm_processing_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>PTM / Processingi

Molecule processing

Feature keyPosition(s)DescriptionActionsGraphical viewLength
<p>This subsection of the 'PTM / Processing' section describes the extent of a polypeptide chain in the mature protein following processing or proteolytic cleavage.<p><a href='/help/chain' target='_top'>More...</a></p>ChainiPRO_00000470291 – 264Zinc finger protein SNAI1Add BLAST264

Amino acid modifications

Feature keyPosition(s)DescriptionActionsGraphical viewLength
<p>This subsection of the 'PTM / Processing' section specifies the position and type of each modified residue excluding <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/manual/lipid">lipids</a>, <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/manual/carbohyd">glycans</a> and <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/manual/crosslnk">protein cross-links</a>.<p><a href='/help/mod_res' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Modified residuei11Phosphoserine; by PKA1 Publication1
Modified residuei82Phosphoserine1 Publication1
Modified residuei92Phosphoserine; by CK21 Publication1
Modified residuei96Phosphoserine1 Publication1 Publication1
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/ptm%5Fprocessing%5Fsection">PTM / Processing</a> section describes <strong>covalent linkages</strong> of various types formed <strong>between two proteins (interchain cross-links)</strong> or <strong>between two parts of the same protein (intrachain cross-links)</strong>, except the disulfide bonds that are annotated in the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/manual/disulfid">'Disulfide bond'</a> subsection.<p><a href='/help/crosslnk' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Cross-linki98Glycyl lysine isopeptide (Lys-Gly) (interchain with G-Cter in ubiquitin)
Modified residuei100Phosphoserine1 Publication1
Modified residuei104Phosphoserine1 Publication2 Publications1
Modified residuei107Phosphoserine1 Publication2 Publications1
Modified residuei111Phosphoserine1 Publication1
<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/ptm%5Fprocessing%5Fsection">PTM / Processing</a> section specifies the position and type of each covalently attached glycan group (mono-, di-, or polysaccharide).<p><a href='/help/carbohyd' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Glycosylationi112O-linked (GlcNAc) serine1 Publication1
Modified residuei115Phosphoserine1 Publication1
Modified residuei119Phosphoserine1 Publication1
Cross-linki137Glycyl lysine isopeptide (Lys-Gly) (interchain with G-Cter in ubiquitin)
Cross-linki146Glycyl lysine isopeptide (Lys-Gly) (interchain with G-Cter in ubiquitin)
Modified residuei203Phosphothreonine; by LATS21 Publication1
Modified residuei246Phosphoserine; by PAK11 Publication1

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/ptm%5Fprocessing%5Fsection">PTM/processing</a> section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs). This subsection <strong>complements</strong> the information provided at the sequence level or describes modifications for which <strong>position-specific data is not yet available</strong>.<p><a href='/help/post-translational_modification' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Post-translational modificationi

Phosphorylated by GSK3B. Once phosphorylated, it becomes a target for BTRC ubiquitination. Phosphorylation by CSNK1E, probably at Ser-104, provides the priming site for the subsequent phosphorylation by GSK3B, probably at Ser-100 and Ser-96. Phosphorylation by PAK1 may modulate its transcriptional activity by promoting increased accumulation in the nucleus. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 and Ser-92 positively regulates its functions in induction of EMT and cell survival, respectively. Phosphorylation by LATS2, upon mitotic stress, oncogenic stress or Hippo pathway activation, occurs in the nucleus and promotes nuclear retention and stabilization of total cellular protein level.1 Publication3 Publications
Ubiquitinated on Lys-98, Lys-137 and Lys-146 by FBXL14 and BTRC leading to degradation. BTRC-triggered ubiquitination requires previous GSK3B-mediated SNAI1 phosphorylation. Ubiquitination induced upon interaction with NOTCH1 or TP53/p53 is mediated by MDM2.
O-GlcNAcylation at Ser-112 is enhanced in hyperglycaemic conditions, it opposes phosphorylation by GSK3B, and stabilizes the protein.
ADP-ribosylation by PARP1 increases protein half-life and may be involved in TGFB-induced SNAI1 up-regulation.

Keywords - PTMi

ADP-ribosylation, Glycoprotein, Isopeptide bond, Phosphoprotein, Ubl conjugation

Proteomic databases

Encyclopedia of Proteome Dynamics

More...EPDi		O95863

jPOST - Japan Proteome Standard Repository/Database

More...jPOSTi		O95863

MassIVE - Mass Spectrometry Interactive Virtual Environment

More...MassIVEi		O95863

PaxDb, a database of protein abundance averages across all three domains of life

More...PaxDbi		O95863

PeptideAtlas

More...PeptideAtlasi		O95863

PRoteomics IDEntifications database

More...PRIDEi		O95863

ProteomicsDB: a multi-organism proteome resource

More...ProteomicsDBi		51096

PTM databases

iPTMnet integrated resource for PTMs in systems biology context

More...iPTMneti		O95863

Comprehensive resource for the study of protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) in human, mouse and rat.

More...PhosphoSitePlusi		O95863

SwissPalm database of S-palmitoylation events

More...SwissPalmi		O95863

<p>This section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms.<p><a href='/help/expression_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Expressioni

<p>This subsection of the 'Expression' section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms. By default, the information is derived from experiments at the mRNA level, unless specified 'at protein level'.<br></br>Examples: <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P92958#expression">P92958</a>, <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8TDN4#expression">Q8TDN4</a>, <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O14734#expression">O14734</a><p><a href='/help/tissue_specificity' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Tissue specificityi

Expressed in a variety of tissues with the highest expression in kidney. Expressed in mesenchymal and epithelial cell lines.1 Publication

<p>This subsection of the 'Expression' section reports the experimentally proven effects of inducers and repressors (usually chemical compounds or environmental factors) on the level of protein (or mRNA) expression (up-regulation, down-regulation, constitutive expression).<p><a href='/help/induction' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Inductioni

Induced by TPA maximally by 2.5-fold at 4 hours, in HepG2 cells (at protein level).1 Publication

Gene expression databases

Bgee dataBase for Gene Expression Evolution

More...Bgeei		ENSG00000124216 Expressed in left coronary artery and 119 other tissues

Genevisible search portal to normalized and curated expression data from Genevestigator

More...Genevisiblei		O95863 HS

Organism-specific databases

Human Protein Atlas

More...HPAi		ENSG00000124216 Low tissue specificity

<p>This section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes.<p><a href='/help/interaction_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Interactioni

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/interaction%5Fsection">'Interaction'</a> section provides information about the protein quaternary structure and interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes (with the exception of physiological receptor-ligand interactions which are annotated in the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/function%5Fsection">'Function'</a> section).<p><a href='/help/subunit_structure' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subunit structurei

Interacts with FBXL14 and GSK3B.

Interacts with BTRC; interaction occurs when it is phosphorylated on the destruction motif.

Interacts (via SNAG domain) with WTIP (via LIM domains) (By similarity).

Interacts (via SNAG domain) with LIMD1 (via LIM domains), and AJUBA (via LIM domains).

Interacts with LOXL2 and LOXL3.

Interacts (via N-terminal region) with CSNK2A1.

Interacts with EGR1 upon TPA induction.

Interacts (via N-terminal region) with LATS2; the interaction is dependent on LATS2 kinase activity but independent of SNAI1 Thr-203 phosphorylation.

Interacts (via zinc fingers) with KPNB1 and TNPO1; the interactions mediate nuclear import.

Interacts (via zinc fingers) with KPNA1; the interaction disrupts the transport complex with KPNB1 and prevents nuclear import increasing SNAI1 degradation in the cytoplasm.

Interacts (via zinc fingers) with KPNA2; the interaction, in combination with KPNB1, mediates nuclear import.

Interacts with KPNA4; this interaction mediates nuclear import. May interact (via zinc fingers) with IPO7.

Interacts (via zinc fingers) with PARP1; the interaction requires SNAI1 to be poly-ADP-ribosylated and non-phosphorylated (active) by GSK3B.

Interacts (via SNAG domain) with KDM1A (PubMed:20389281, PubMed:20562920, PubMed:21300290, PubMed:23721412). Interaction with KDM1A is necessary for the down-regulation of dimethylated H3K4 mark and promoter activity of E-cadherin/CDH1, CDN7 and KRT8 (PubMed:20389281, PubMed:20562920).

Interacts with TP53/p53 and (via zinc fingers) with NOTCH1 (via intracellular domain); the interactions induce SNAI1 degradation via MDM2-mediated ubiquitination and inhibit SNAI1-induced cell invasion.

Interacts with MDM2; the interaction promotes SNAI1 ubiquitination.

Interacts (via zinc fingers) with CSNK1E.

Interacts with PAK1 (PubMed:15833848).

By similarity20 Publications

<p>This subsection of the '<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/interaction%5Fsection%27">Interaction</a> section provides information about binary protein-protein interactions. The data presented in this section are a quality-filtered subset of binary interactions automatically derived from the <a href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/">IntAct database</a>. It is updated at every <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/synchronization">UniProt release</a>.<p><a href='/help/binary_interactions' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Binary interactionsi

Show more details

GO - Molecular functioni

Complete GO annotation on QuickGO ...

Protein-protein interaction databases

The Biological General Repository for Interaction Datasets (BioGrid)

More...BioGridi		112499, 461 interactors

CORUM comprehensive resource of mammalian protein complexes

More...CORUMi		O95863

Database of interacting proteins

More...DIPi		DIP-50870N

Protein interaction database and analysis system

More...IntActi		O95863, 68 interactors

Molecular INTeraction database

More...MINTi		O95863

STRING: functional protein association networks

More...STRINGi		9606.ENSP00000244050

Miscellaneous databases

RNAct, Protein-RNA interaction predictions for model organisms.

More...RNActi		O95863 protein

<p>This section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein.<p><a href='/help/structure_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Structurei

Secondary structure

1264
Legend: HelixTurnBeta strandPDB Structure known for this area
Show more details

3D structure databases

SWISS-MODEL Repository - a database of annotated 3D protein structure models

More...SMRi		O95863

Database of comparative protein structure models

More...ModBasei		Search...

Protein Data Bank in Europe - Knowledge Base

More...PDBe-KBi		Search...

Miscellaneous databases

Relative evolutionary importance of amino acids within a protein sequence

More...EvolutionaryTracei		O95863

<p>This section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain(s) present in a protein.<p><a href='/help/family_and_domains_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Family & Domainsi

Region

Feature keyPosition(s)DescriptionActionsGraphical viewLength
<p>This subsection of the 'Family and Domains' section describes a region of interest that cannot be described in other subsections.<p><a href='/help/region' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Regioni1 – 20SNAG domain2 PublicationsAdd BLAST20
Regioni2 – 7Required and sufficient for interaction with KDM1A2 Publications6
Regioni10 – 40LATS2 bindingAdd BLAST31
Regioni120 – 151Required for FBXL14-triggered degradationAdd BLAST32
Regioni151 – 264Required for nuclear localization and interaction with KPNB1, NOTCH1 and PARP12 PublicationsAdd BLAST114

Motif

Feature keyPosition(s)DescriptionActionsGraphical viewLength
<p>This subsection of the 'Family and Domains' section describes a short (usually not more than 20 amino acids) conserved sequence motif of biological significance.<p><a href='/help/motif' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Motifi95 – 100Destruction motif6

Compositional bias

Feature keyPosition(s)DescriptionActionsGraphical viewLength
<p>This subsection of the 'Family and Domains' section describes the position of regions of compositional bias within the protein and the particular amino acids that are over-represented within those regions.<p><a href='/help/compbias' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Compositional biasi90 – 120Ser-richAdd BLAST31

<p>This subsection of the 'Family and domains' section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins.<p><a href='/help/sequence_similarities' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence similaritiesi

Belongs to the snail C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.Curated

Zinc finger

Feature keyPosition(s)DescriptionActionsGraphical viewLength
Zinc fingeri154 – 176C2H2-type 1PROSITE-ProRule annotationAdd BLAST23
Zinc fingeri178 – 202C2H2-type 2PROSITE-ProRule annotationAdd BLAST25
Zinc fingeri208 – 230C2H2-type 3PROSITE-ProRule annotationAdd BLAST23
Zinc fingeri236 – 259C2H2-type 4; atypicalPROSITE-ProRule annotationAdd BLAST24

Keywords - Domaini

Repeat, Zinc-finger

Phylogenomic databases

evolutionary genealogy of genes: Non-supervised Orthologous Groups

More...eggNOGi		KOG2462 Eukaryota
ENOG41106JS LUCA

Ensembl GeneTree

More...GeneTreei		ENSGT00940000154681

The HOGENOM Database of Homologous Genes from Fully Sequenced Organisms

More...HOGENOMi		CLU_002678_42_3_1

InParanoid: Eukaryotic Ortholog Groups

More...InParanoidi		O95863

KEGG Orthology (KO)

More...KOi		K05707

Identification of Orthologs from Complete Genome Data

More...OMAi		EGYVAFP

Database of Orthologous Groups

More...OrthoDBi		1318335at2759

Database for complete collections of gene phylogenies

More...PhylomeDBi		O95863

TreeFam database of animal gene trees

More...TreeFami		TF315515

Family and domain databases

Integrated resource of protein families, domains and functional sites

More...InterProi		View protein in InterPro
IPR036236 Znf_C2H2_sf
IPR013087 Znf_C2H2_type

Pfam protein domain database

More...Pfami		View protein in Pfam
PF00096 zf-C2H2, 2 hits

Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool; a protein domain database

More...SMARTi		View protein in SMART
SM00355 ZnF_C2H2, 4 hits

Superfamily database of structural and functional annotation

More...SUPFAMi		SSF57667 SSF57667, 3 hits

PROSITE; a protein domain and family database

More...PROSITEi		View protein in PROSITE
PS00028 ZINC_FINGER_C2H2_1, 3 hits
PS50157 ZINC_FINGER_C2H2_2, 4 hits

<p>This section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. It also includes information pertinent to the sequence(s), including <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequence%5Flength">length</a> and <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences">molecular weight</a>. The information is filed in different subsections. The current subsections and their content are listed below:<p><a href='/help/sequences_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequencei

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences%5Fsection">Sequence</a> section indicates if the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical%5Fand%5Fisoforms">canonical sequence</a> displayed by default in the entry is complete or not.<p><a href='/help/sequence_status' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence statusi: Complete.

O95863-1 [UniParc]FASTAAdd to basket
« Hide
        10         20         30         40         50
MPRSFLVRKP SDPNRKPNYS ELQDSNPEFT FQQPYDQAHL LAAIPPPEIL 
        60         70         80         90        100
NPTASLPMLI WDSVLAPQAQ PIAWASLRLQ ESPRVAELTS LSDEDSGKGS 
       110        120        130        140        150
QPPSPPSPAP SSFSSTSVSS LEAEAYAAFP GLGQVPKQLA QLSEAKDLQA 
       160        170        180        190        200
RKAFNCKYCN KEYLSLGALK MHIRSHTLPC VCGTCGKAFS RPWLLQGHVR 
       210        220        230        240        250
THTGEKPFSC PHCSRAFADR SNLRAHLQTH SDVKKYQCQA CARTFSRMSL 
       260 
LHKHQESGCS GCPR
Length:264
Mass (Da):29,083
Last modified:December 1, 2000 - v2
<p>The checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. It is useful for tracking sequence updates.</p> <p>It should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low.</p> <p>However UniProtKB may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs).</p> <p>The checksum is computed as the sequence 64-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check value (CRC64) using the generator polynomial: x<sup>64</sup> + x<sup>4</sup> + x<sup>3</sup> + x + 1. The algorithm is described in the ISO 3309 standard. </p> <p class="publication">Press W.H., Flannery B.P., Teukolsky S.A. and Vetterling W.T.<br /> <strong>Cyclic redundancy and other checksums</strong><br /> <a href="http://www.nrbook.com/b/bookcpdf.php">Numerical recipes in C 2nd ed., pp896-902, Cambridge University Press (1993)</a>)</p> Checksum:i70E298C9BB154115
GO

Experimental Info

Feature keyPosition(s)DescriptionActionsGraphical viewLength
<p>This subsection of the 'Sequence' section reports difference(s) between the canonical sequence (displayed by default in the entry) and the different sequence submissions merged in the entry. These various submissions may originate from different sequencing projects, different types of experiments, or different biological samples. Sequence conflicts are usually of unknown origin.<p><a href='/help/conflict' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence conflicti46P → L in BAG36039 (PubMed:14702039).Curated1
Sequence conflicti154F → S in AAF32527 (PubMed:10655587).Curated1

Natural variant

Feature keyPosition(s)DescriptionActionsGraphical viewLength
<p>This subsection of the 'Sequence' section describes natural variant(s) of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/variant' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Natural variantiVAR_06916266A → V. Corresponds to variant dbSNP:rs34261470Ensembl.1
Natural variantiVAR_019969118V → A1 PublicationCorresponds to variant dbSNP:rs4647958Ensembl.1

Sequence databases

Select the link destinations:

EMBL nucleotide sequence database

More...EMBLi

GenBank nucleotide sequence database

More...GenBanki

DNA Data Bank of Japan; a nucleotide sequence database

More...DDBJi
Links Updated
AF125377 mRNA Translation: AAD17332.1
AJ245657, AJ245658, AJ245659 Genomic DNA Translation: CAB52414.1
AF155233 Genomic DNA Translation: AAD52986.1
AF177731 Genomic DNA Translation: AAD52996.1
AK313228 mRNA Translation: BAG36039.1
AL121712 Genomic DNA No translation available.
BC012910 mRNA Translation: AAH12910.1
AF131208 mRNA Translation: AAF32527.1

The Consensus CDS (CCDS) project

More...CCDSi		CCDS13423.1

NCBI Reference Sequences

More...RefSeqi		NP_005976.2, NM_005985.3

Genome annotation databases

Ensembl eukaryotic genome annotation project

More...Ensembli		ENST00000244050; ENSP00000244050; ENSG00000124216

Database of genes from NCBI RefSeq genomes

More...GeneIDi		6615

KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes

More...KEGGi		hsa:6615

UCSC genome browser

More...UCSCi		uc002xuz.4 human

Keywords - Coding sequence diversityi

Polymorphism

<p>This section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence(s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100%, 90% and 50%) based on their membership in UniProt Reference Clusters (<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/uniref">UniRef</a>).<p><a href='/help/similar_proteins_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Similar proteinsi

<p>This section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than UniProtKB.<p><a href='/help/cross_references_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Cross-referencesi

<p>This subsection of the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/manual/cross%5Freferences%5Fsection">Cross-references</a> section provides links to various web resources that are relevant for a specific protein.<p><a href='/help/web_resource' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Web resourcesi

Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology

Sequence databases

Select the link destinations:
EMBLi
GenBanki
DDBJi
Links Updated
AF125377 mRNA Translation: AAD17332.1
AJ245657, AJ245658, AJ245659 Genomic DNA Translation: CAB52414.1
AF155233 Genomic DNA Translation: AAD52986.1
AF177731 Genomic DNA Translation: AAD52996.1
AK313228 mRNA Translation: BAG36039.1
AL121712 Genomic DNA No translation available.
BC012910 mRNA Translation: AAH12910.1
AF131208 mRNA Translation: AAF32527.1
CCDSiCCDS13423.1
RefSeqiNP_005976.2, NM_005985.3

3D structure databases

Select the link destinations:

Protein Data Bank Europe

More...PDBei

Protein Data Bank RCSB

More...RCSB PDBi

Protein Data Bank Japan

More...PDBji
Links Updated
PDB entryMethodResolution (Å)ChainPositionsPDBsum
2Y48X-ray3.00C2-21[»]
3W5KX-ray2.60B1-264[»]
3ZMTX-ray3.10C2-7[»]
4QLIX-ray1.45B175-180[»]
SMRiO95863
ModBaseiSearch...
PDBe-KBiSearch...

Protein-protein interaction databases

BioGridi112499, 461 interactors
CORUMiO95863
DIPiDIP-50870N
IntActiO95863, 68 interactors
MINTiO95863
STRINGi9606.ENSP00000244050

PTM databases

iPTMnetiO95863
PhosphoSitePlusiO95863
SwissPalmiO95863

Polymorphism and mutation databases

BioMutaiSNAI1

Proteomic databases

EPDiO95863
jPOSTiO95863
MassIVEiO95863
PaxDbiO95863
PeptideAtlasiO95863
PRIDEiO95863
ProteomicsDBi51096

Protocols and materials databases

Antibodypedia a portal for validated antibodies

More...Antibodypediai		3135 835 antibodies

The DNASU plasmid repository

More...DNASUi		6615

Genome annotation databases

EnsembliENST00000244050; ENSP00000244050; ENSG00000124216
GeneIDi6615
KEGGihsa:6615
UCSCiuc002xuz.4 human

Organism-specific databases

Comparative Toxicogenomics Database

More...CTDi		6615
DisGeNETi6615

GeneCards: human genes, protein and diseases

More...GeneCardsi		SNAI1
HGNCiHGNC:11128 SNAI1
HPAiENSG00000124216 Low tissue specificity
MIMi604238 gene
neXtProtiNX_O95863
OpenTargetsiENSG00000124216
PharmGKBiPA35977

GenAtlas: human gene database

More...GenAtlasi		Search...

Phylogenomic databases

eggNOGiKOG2462 Eukaryota
ENOG41106JS LUCA
GeneTreeiENSGT00940000154681
HOGENOMiCLU_002678_42_3_1
InParanoidiO95863
KOiK05707
OMAiEGYVAFP
OrthoDBi1318335at2759
PhylomeDBiO95863
TreeFamiTF315515

Enzyme and pathway databases

ReactomeiR-HSA-8943724 Regulation of PTEN gene transcription
SIGNORiO95863

Miscellaneous databases

EvolutionaryTraceiO95863

The Gene Wiki collection of pages on human genes and proteins

More...GeneWikii		SNAI1

Database of phenotypes from RNA interference screens in Drosophila and Homo sapiens

More...GenomeRNAii		6615
PharosiO95863 Tbio

Protein Ontology

More...PROi		PR:O95863
RNActiO95863 protein

The Stanford Online Universal Resource for Clones and ESTs

More...SOURCEi		Search...

Gene expression databases

BgeeiENSG00000124216 Expressed in left coronary artery and 119 other tissues
GenevisibleiO95863 HS

Family and domain databases

InterProiView protein in InterPro
IPR036236 Znf_C2H2_sf
IPR013087 Znf_C2H2_type
PfamiView protein in Pfam
PF00096 zf-C2H2, 2 hits
SMARTiView protein in SMART
SM00355 ZnF_C2H2, 4 hits
SUPFAMiSSF57667 SSF57667, 3 hits
PROSITEiView protein in PROSITE
PS00028 ZINC_FINGER_C2H2_1, 3 hits
PS50157 ZINC_FINGER_C2H2_2, 4 hits

ProtoNet; Automatic hierarchical classification of proteins

More...ProtoNeti		Search...

MobiDB: a database of protein disorder and mobility annotations

More...MobiDBi		Search...

<p>This section provides general information on the entry.<p><a href='/help/entry_information_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry informationi

<p>This subsection of the 'Entry information' section provides a mnemonic identifier for a UniProtKB entry, but it is not a stable identifier. Each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.<p><a href='/help/entry_name' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry nameiSNAI1_HUMAN
<p>This subsection of the 'Entry information' section provides one or more accession number(s). These are stable identifiers and should be used to cite UniProtKB entries. Upon integration into UniProtKB, each entry is assigned a unique accession number, which is called 'Primary (citable) accession number'.<p><a href='/help/accession_numbers' target='_top'>More...</a></p>AccessioniPrimary (citable) accession number: O95863
Secondary accession number(s): B2R842
, Q9P113, Q9UBP7, Q9UHH7
<p>This subsection of the 'Entry information' section shows the date of integration of the entry into UniProtKB, the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ('Last modified'). The version number for both the entry and the <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/canonical%5Fand%5Fisoforms">canonical sequence</a> are also displayed.<p><a href='/help/entry_history' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry historyiIntegrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: May 30, 2000
Last sequence update: December 1, 2000
Last modified: April 22, 2020
This is version 200 of the entry and version 2 of the sequence. See complete history.
<p>This subsection of the 'Entry information' section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by UniProtKB curators or not, in other words, if the entry belongs to the Swiss-Prot section of UniProtKB (<strong>reviewed</strong>) or to the computer-annotated TrEMBL section (<strong>unreviewed</strong>).<p><a href='/help/entry_status' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry statusiReviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
Annotation programChordata Protein Annotation Program
DisclaimerAny medical or genetic information present in this entry is provided for research, educational and informational purposes only. It is not in any way intended to be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or care.

<p>This section contains any relevant information that doesn't fit in any other defined sections<p><a href='/help/miscellaneous_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Miscellaneousi

Keywords - Technical termi

3D-structure, Reference proteome

Documents

  1. SIMILARITY comments
    Index of protein domains and families
  2. Human entries with polymorphisms or disease mutations
    List of human entries with polymorphisms or disease mutations
  3. Human polymorphisms and disease mutations
    Index of human polymorphisms and disease mutations
  4. MIM cross-references
    Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM) cross-references in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
  5. Human chromosome 20
    Human chromosome 20: entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM
  6. PDB cross-references
    Index of Protein Data Bank (PDB) cross-references
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