Atf5

Functionⁱ

Transcription factor that either stimulates or represses gene transcription through binding of different DNA regulatory elements such as cAMP response element (CRE) (consensus: 5'-GTGACGT[AC][AG]-3'), ATF5-specific response element (ARE) (consensus: 5'-C[CT]TCT[CT]CCTT[AT]-3') but also the amino acid response element (AARE), present in many viral and cellular promoters. Critically involved, often in a cell type-dependent manner, in cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Its transcriptional activity is enhanced by CCND3 and slightly inhibited by CDK4 (By similarity). Important regulator of the cerebral cortex formation, functions in cerebral cortical neuroprogenitor cells to maintain proliferation and to block differentiation into neurons. Must be down-regulated in order for such cells to exit the cycle and differentiate. Participates in the pathways by which SHH promotes cerebellar granule neuron progenitor cells proliferation (PubMed:22095825). Critical for survival of mature olfactory sensory neurons (OSN), directs expression of OSN-specific genes (PubMed:23090999). May be involved in osteogenic differentiation. Promotes cell proliferation and survival by inducing the expression of EGR1 sinergistically with ELK1. Once acetylated by EP300, binds to ARE sequences on target genes promoters, such as BCL2 and EGR1 (By similarity). Plays an anti-apoptotic role through the transcriptional regulation of BCL2, this function seems to be cell type-dependent (By similarity) (PubMed:12130540). Cooperates with NR1I3/CAR in the transcriptional activation of CYP2B6 in liver. In hepatic cells, represses CRE-dependent transcription and inhibits proliferation by blocking at G2/M phase. May act as a negative regulator of IL1B transduction pathway in liver. Upon IL1B stimulus, cooperates with NLK to activate the transactivation activity of C/EBP subfamily members. Besides its function of transcription factor, acts as a cofactor of CEBPB to activate CEBPA and promote adipocyte differentiation. Regulates centrosome dynamics in a cell-cycle- and centriole-age-dependent manner. Forms 9-foci symmetrical ring scaffold around the mother centriole to control centrosome function and the interaction between centrioles and pericentriolar material (By similarity).By similarity3 Publications

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

chromatin binding
Source: UniProtKB
Inferred from direct assayⁱ
- 24216764
DNA-binding transcription factor activity Source: UniProtKB
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific
Source: GO_Central
Inferred from biological aspect of ancestorⁱ
- 21873635
heat shock protein binding Source: MGI
kinase binding Source: MGI
RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding Source: MGI
sequence-specific DNA binding
Source: UniProtKB
Inferred from direct assayⁱ
- 24216764
transcription regulatory region DNA binding
Source: UniProtKB
Inferred from direct assayⁱ
- 24216764
tubulin binding Source: MGI

View the complete GO annotation on QuickGO ...

GO - Biological processⁱ

cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferation
Source: UniProtKB
Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
- 22095825
circadian rhythm
Source: UniProtKB
Inferred from expression patternⁱ
- 21768648
fat cell differentiation
Source: UniProtKB
Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
- 24216764
multicellular organism growth
Source: MGI
Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
- 23090999
negative regulation of apoptotic process
Source: MGI
Inferred from direct assayⁱ
- 12130540
negative regulation of astrocyte differentiation Source: MGI
negative regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition Source: UniProtKB
negative regulation of cell proliferation Source: UniProtKB
negative regulation of neurogenesis Source: MGI
negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated Source: UniProtKB
olfactory bulb interneuron development
Source: MGI
Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
- 23090999
olfactory bulb interneuron differentiation
Source: MGI
Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
- 23090999
olfactory lobe development
Source: MGI
Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
- 23090999
positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated Source: UniProtKB
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II Source: MGI
post-embryonic development
Source: MGI
Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
- 23090999
regulation of centrosome cycle Source: UniProtKB
regulation of gene expression
Source: MGI
Inferred from mutant phenotypeⁱ
- 23090999
regulation of transcription, DNA-templated Source: MGI
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
Source: MGI
Inferred from direct assayⁱ
- 10777215

View the complete GO annotation on QuickGO ...

Keywordsⁱ

Molecular function	Activator, DNA-binding
Biological process	Transcription, Transcription regulation

Names & Taxonomyⁱ

Protein namesⁱ	Recommended name: Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-5 Short name: cAMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-5 Alternative name(s): Activating transcription factor 5-alpha/beta BZIP protein ATF7 NAP1 NRIF3-associated protein Transcription factor ATFx Transcription factor-like protein ODA-10
Gene namesⁱ	Name:Atf5 Synonyms:Atfx, Nap1
Organismⁱ	Mus musculus (Mouse)
Taxonomic identifierⁱ	10090 [NCBI]
Taxonomic lineageⁱ	cellular organisms › Eukaryota › Opisthokonta › Metazoa › Eumetazoa › Bilateria › Deuterostomia › Chordata › Craniata › Vertebrata › Gnathostomata › Teleostomi › Euteleostomi › Sarcopterygii › Dipnotetrapodomorpha › Tetrapoda › Amniota › Mammalia › Theria › Eutheria › Boreoeutheria › Euarchontoglires › Glires › Rodentia › Myomorpha › Muroidea › Muridae › Murinae › Mus › Mus
Proteomesⁱ	UP000000589 Componentⁱ: Chromosome 7

Organism-specific databases

MGIⁱ	MGI:2141857 Atf5

Keywords - Cellular componentⁱ

Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Nucleus

Pathology & Biotechⁱ

Disruption phenotypeⁱ

The majority of pups die within 48h after birth even if there is no major phenotypic differences at birth. Mice reveal a lack of milk in their stomach and show a dramatic loss of mature olfactory sensory neurons.1 Publication

Mutagenesis

Feature key	Position(s)	DescriptionActions	Graphical view	Length
Mutagenesisⁱ	29	K → Q: Enhances interaction with CEBPB. 1 Publication		1
Mutagenesisⁱ	29	K → R: Decreases acetylation levels and interaction with CEBPB. 1 Publication		1

PTM / Processingⁱ

Molecule processing

Feature key	Position(s)	DescriptionActions	Graphical view	Length
ChainⁱPRO_0000076587	1 – 283	Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-5Add BLAST		283

Amino acid modifications

Feature key	Position(s)	DescriptionActions	Graphical view	Length
Modified residueⁱ	29	N6-acetyllysine; by EP3001 Publication		1
Modified residueⁱ	257	PhosphoserineBy similarity		1

Post-translational modificationⁱ

Acetylated at Lys-29 by EP300, the acetylation enhances the interaction with CEBPB, DNA-binding and transactivation activity.1 Publication

Ubiquitinated by CDC34 and UBE2B in order to be degraded by the proteasome. Cisplatin inhibits ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation by inhibiting the interaction with CDC34. Ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome are inhibited by NLK in a kinase-independent manner.By similarity

Phosphorylated by NLK, probably at Ser-92 and Ser-126.By similarity

Keywords - PTMⁱ

Acetylation, Phosphoprotein, Ubl conjugation

Proteomic databases

PaxDbⁱ	O70191
PRIDEⁱ	O70191

PTM databases

iPTMnetⁱ	O70191
PhosphoSitePlusⁱ	O70191

Expressionⁱ

Tissue specificityⁱ

Highly expressed in liver and at lower levels in heart, brain, lung, kidney, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. Expressed in some immature and in all mature olfactory sensory neurons (at protein level) (PubMed:23090999).3 Publications

Developmental stageⁱ

Expressed in sensory neurons during embryonic development of the olfactory epithelium and vomeronasal organ. From, at least, E11.5 through adulthood, expressed in the olfactory system. At E14.5, highly expressed in the olfactory epithelia, vomeronasal organ, the Grueneberg ganglion, the septal organ and the olfactory bulb (PubMed:23090999). At E14.5, expressed within germinal regions in the ventricular zone of the brain, the rhombic lip and the nascent external granule layer (EGL). At E16.5 expression at the EGL is more intense and extensive. From P1 to P15, expressed in cerebellar granule neuron progenitor cells (CGNPs) of the EGL (PubMed:22095825).3 Publications

Inductionⁱ

Expressed in a circadian manner in the liver. Down-regulated by pro-apoptotic stimuli such IL3-deprivation that induce LCN2 expression (PubMed:12130540). In neural stem cells the expression is induced by retinoic acid (PubMed:23090999).3 Publications

Gene expression databases

Bgeeⁱ	ENSMUSG00000038539 Expressed in 293 organ(s), highest expression level in olfactory epithelium
CleanExⁱ	MM_ATF5
ExpressionAtlasⁱ	O70191 baseline and differential
Genevisibleⁱ	O70191 MM

Interactionⁱ

Subunit structureⁱ

Binds DNA as a dimer. Interacts with PTP4A1/PRL-1 (By similarity). Interacts with CCND3, but not with CCND1 or CCND2. Interacts with HSPA1A or HSPA1B; the interaction protects ATF5 from degradation via proteasome-dependent and caspase-dependent processes. Interacts (via C-terminal region) with NPM1 (via C-terminal region); the interaction leads to loss of association between HSPA1A or HSPA1B and ATF5 and promotes ATF5 degradation via proteasome-dependent and caspase-dependent processes. Interacts with NLK; the interaction stabilizes ATF5 at the protein level in a kinase-independent manner. Interacts with alpha-tubulin, gamma-tubulin members TUBGCP2 and TUBGCP4, PCNT; the ATF5:PCNT:polyglutamylated tubulin (PGT) tripartite unites the mother centriole and the pericentriolar material (PCM) in the centrosome (By similarity). Interacts with CEBPB and EP300; EP300 is required for ATF5 and CEBPB interaction and DNA binding (PubMed:24216764).By similarity2 Publications

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

heat shock protein binding Source: MGI
kinase binding Source: MGI
tubulin binding Source: MGI

View the complete GO annotation on QuickGO ...

Protein-protein interaction databases

BioGridⁱ	223346, 2 interactors
STRINGⁱ	10090.ENSMUSP00000047771

Structureⁱ

3D structure databases

ProteinModelPortalⁱ	O70191
SMRⁱ	O70191
ModBaseⁱ	Search...
MobiDBⁱ	Search...

Family & Domainsⁱ

Domains and Repeats

Feature key	Position(s)	DescriptionActions	Graphical view	Length
Domainⁱ	209 – 272	bZIPPROSITE-ProRule annotationAdd BLAST		64

Region

Feature key	Position(s)	DescriptionActions	Length
Regionⁱ	1 – 21	Required for protein stabilization induced by IL1BBy similarityAdd BLAST	21
Regionⁱ	119 – 218	Interaction with PTP4A11 PublicationAdd BLAST	100
Regionⁱ	211 – 231	Basic motifPROSITE-ProRule annotationAdd BLAST	21
Regionⁱ	237 – 251	Leucine-zipperPROSITE-ProRule annotationAdd BLAST	15

Compositional bias

Feature key	Position(s)	DescriptionActions	Graphical view	Length
Compositional biasⁱ	123 – 133	Poly-ProAdd BLAST		11

Sequence similaritiesⁱ

Belongs to the bZIP family.Curated

Phylogenomic databases

eggNOGⁱ	KOG4571 Eukaryota ENOG4111ZXT LUCA
Ensembl GeneTree More...GeneTreeⁱ	ENSGT00530000063801
HOGENOMⁱ	HOG000004844
HOVERGENⁱ	HBG003535
InParanoidⁱ	O70191
KEGG Orthology (KO) More...KOⁱ	K09044
OMAⁱ	GQEEVGM
Database of Orthologous Groups More...OrthoDBⁱ	EOG091G0SPB
PhylomeDBⁱ	O70191
TreeFamⁱ	TF316136

Family and domain databases

InterProⁱ	View protein in InterPro IPR029855 ATF5 IPR004827 bZIP
PANTHERⁱ	PTHR13044:SF3 PTHR13044:SF3, 2 hits
Pfam protein domain database More...Pfamⁱ	View protein in Pfam PF00170 bZIP_1, 1 hit
SMARTⁱ	View protein in SMART SM00338 BRLZ, 1 hit
PROSITEⁱ	View protein in PROSITE PS50217 BZIP, 1 hit

Sequence (1+)ⁱ

Sequence statusⁱ: Complete.

This entry has 1 described isoform and 1 potential isoform that is computationally mapped.Show all Align All

O70191-1 [UniParc]FASTA Add to basket

« Hide

        10         20         30         40         50
MSLLATLGLE LDRALLPASG LGWLVDYGKL PLAPAPLGPY EVLGGALEGG 
        60         70         80         90        100
LPGGGEPLAG DGFSDWMTER VDFTALLPLE APLPPGTLPP PSPAPPDLEA 
       110        120        130        140        150
MASLLKKELE QMEDFFLDAP LLPPPSPPPP PPPAAAPSLP LPLPLPTFDL 
       160        170        180        190        200
PQPPTLDTLD LLAVYCRSEA GPGDSGLSTL PVPQQPPPLA PLPSPARPAP 
       210        220        230        240        250
YPSPASTRGD RKQKKRDQNK SAALRYRQRK RAEGEALEGE CQGLEARNRE 
       260        270        280 
LRERAESVER EIQYVKDLLI EVYKARSQRT RST

Length:283

Mass (Da):30,331

Last modified:February 21, 2001 - v2

Checksum:ⁱ01FA2D352F0590CC

GO

Computationally mapped potential isoform sequencesⁱ

There is 1 potential isoform mapped to this entry.BLAST Align Show all Add to basket

	Entry	Entry name		Protein names	Gene names	Length	Annotation

	A0A140LIB7	A0A140LIB7_MOUSE		Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription ... Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-5	Atf5	75	Annotation score:

Experimental Info

Feature key	Position(s)	DescriptionActions	Graphical view	Length
Sequence conflictⁱ	146	P → PLP in AAK00584 (PubMed:11278933).Curated		1

Sequence databases

Select the link destinations: EMBLⁱ GenBankⁱ DDBJⁱ Links Updated	AF375475 mRNA Translation: AAK54640.1 AF375476 mRNA Translation: AAK54641.1 AF312938 mRNA Translation: AAG34160.1 AF310624 mRNA Translation: AAL55820.1 AY115107 Genomic DNA Translation: AAM74470.1 BC010195 mRNA Translation: AAH10195.1 BC092068 mRNA Translation: AAH92068.1 AY024362 mRNA Translation: AAK00584.1 AB012276 mRNA Translation: BAA25313.1
The Consensus CDS (CCDS) project More...CCDSⁱ	CCDS21215.1
NCBI Reference Sequences More...RefSeqⁱ	NP_109618.1, NM_030693.2
UniGeneⁱ	Mm.389890

Genome annotation databases

Ensemblⁱ	ENSMUST00000047356; ENSMUSP00000047771; ENSMUSG00000038539 ENSMUST00000107893; ENSMUSP00000103525; ENSMUSG00000038539
GeneIDⁱ	107503
KEGGⁱ	mmu:107503
UCSC genome browser More...UCSCⁱ	uc009gqu.2 mouse

Similar proteinsⁱ

100% Identity
90% Identity
50% Identity

Protein	Similar proteins		Species	Score	Length	Source
O70191	Activating transcription factor 5, isoform CRA_a		MOUSE		283	UniRef100_O70191
Uncharacterized protein		MOUSE		183

Protein	Similar proteins		Species	Score	Length	Source
O70191	Activating transcription factor 5, isoform CRA_a		MOUSE		283	UniRef90_O70191
Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-5		CRIGR		279
UPI000A31A9EF		MUSCR		283
UPI00038C6373		MICOH		282
UPI000A30EAB2		MUSPA		282
+3

Protein	Similar proteins		Species	Score	Length	Source
O70191	Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-5		RAT		281	UniRef50_O70191
Activating transcription factor 5, isoform CRA_a		MOUSE		283
Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-5		CRIGR		279
cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-5		MESAU		278
Activating transcription factor 5		CANLF		240
+49

Cross-referencesⁱ

Sequence databases

Select the link destinations: EMBLⁱ GenBankⁱ DDBJⁱ Links Updated	AF375475 mRNA Translation: AAK54640.1 AF375476 mRNA Translation: AAK54641.1 AF312938 mRNA Translation: AAG34160.1 AF310624 mRNA Translation: AAL55820.1 AY115107 Genomic DNA Translation: AAM74470.1 BC010195 mRNA Translation: AAH10195.1 BC092068 mRNA Translation: AAH92068.1 AY024362 mRNA Translation: AAK00584.1 AB012276 mRNA Translation: BAA25313.1
CCDSⁱ	CCDS21215.1
RefSeqⁱ	NP_109618.1, NM_030693.2
UniGeneⁱ	Mm.389890

3D structure databases

ProteinModelPortalⁱ	O70191
SMRⁱ	O70191
ModBaseⁱ	Search...
MobiDBⁱ	Search...

Protein-protein interaction databases

BioGridⁱ	223346, 2 interactors
STRINGⁱ	10090.ENSMUSP00000047771

PTM databases

iPTMnetⁱ	O70191
PhosphoSitePlusⁱ	O70191

Proteomic databases

PaxDbⁱ	O70191
PRIDEⁱ	O70191

Protocols and materials databases

Structural Biology Knowledgebase	Search...

Structural Biology Knowledgebase

Search...

Genome annotation databases

Ensemblⁱ	ENSMUST00000047356; ENSMUSP00000047771; ENSMUSG00000038539 ENSMUST00000107893; ENSMUSP00000103525; ENSMUSG00000038539
GeneIDⁱ	107503
KEGGⁱ	mmu:107503
UCSCⁱ	uc009gqu.2 mouse

Organism-specific databases

CTDⁱ	22809
MGIⁱ	MGI:2141857 Atf5

Phylogenomic databases

eggNOGⁱ	KOG4571 Eukaryota ENOG4111ZXT LUCA
GeneTreeⁱ	ENSGT00530000063801
HOGENOMⁱ	HOG000004844
HOVERGENⁱ	HBG003535
InParanoidⁱ	O70191
KOⁱ	K09044
OMAⁱ	GQEEVGM
OrthoDBⁱ	EOG091G0SPB
PhylomeDBⁱ	O70191
TreeFamⁱ	TF316136

Miscellaneous databases

ChiTaRSⁱ	Atf5 mouse
Protein Ontology More...PROⁱ	PR:O70191
SOURCEⁱ	Search...

Gene expression databases

Bgeeⁱ	ENSMUSG00000038539 Expressed in 293 organ(s), highest expression level in olfactory epithelium
CleanExⁱ	MM_ATF5
ExpressionAtlasⁱ	O70191 baseline and differential
Genevisibleⁱ	O70191 MM

Family and domain databases

InterProⁱ	View protein in InterPro IPR029855 ATF5 IPR004827 bZIP
PANTHERⁱ	PTHR13044:SF3 PTHR13044:SF3, 2 hits
Pfamⁱ	View protein in Pfam PF00170 bZIP_1, 1 hit
SMARTⁱ	View protein in SMART SM00338 BRLZ, 1 hit
PROSITEⁱ	View protein in PROSITE PS50217 BZIP, 1 hit
ProtoNetⁱ	Search...

Entry informationⁱ

Entry nameⁱ	ATF5_MOUSE
Accessionⁱ	O70191Primary (citable) accession number: O70191 Secondary accession number(s): Q58E51, Q99NH6
Entry historyⁱ	Integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:	February 21, 2001
	Last sequence update:	February 21, 2001
	Last modified:	November 7, 2018
	This is version 144 of the entry and version 2 of the sequence. See complete history.
Entry statusⁱ	Reviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
Annotation program	Chordata Protein Annotation Program

Miscellaneousⁱ

Keywords - Technical termⁱ

Complete proteome, Reference proteome

Documents

SIMILARITY comments
Index of protein domains and families
MGD cross-references
Mouse Genome Database (MGD) cross-references in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

UniProtKB

UniParc

Help

UniRef

Proteomes

Annotation systems

Supporting data

UniProtKB - O70191 (ATF5_MOUSE)

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Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-5

Select a section on the left to see content.

<p>This section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge.<p><a href='/help/function_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Functioni

<p>The <a href="http://www.geneontology.org/">Gene Ontology (GO)</a> project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories:<p><a href='/help/gene_ontology' target='_top'>More...</a></p>GO - Molecular functioni

GO - Biological processi

<p>This section provides information about the protein and gene name(s) and synonym(s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence.<p><a href='/help/names_and_taxonomy_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Names & Taxonomyi

Organism-specific databases

<p>This section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell.<p><a href='/help/subcellular_location_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Subcellular locationi

Cytoskeleton

Nucleus

Other locations

Cytoskeleton

Cytosol

Nucleus

Other locations

Keywords - Cellular componenti

<p>This section provides information on the disease(s) and phenotype(s) associated with a protein.<p><a href='/help/pathology_and_biotech_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Pathology & Biotechi

Mutagenesis

<p>This section describes post-translational modifications (PTMs) and/or processing events.<p><a href='/help/ptm_processing_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>PTM / Processingi

Molecule processing

Amino acid modifications

Keywords - PTMi

Proteomic databases

PTM databases

<p>This section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms.<p><a href='/help/expression_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Expressioni

Gene expression databases

<p>This section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction(s) with other proteins or protein complexes.<p><a href='/help/interaction_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Interactioni

GO - Molecular functioni

Protein-protein interaction databases

<p>This section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein.<p><a href='/help/structure_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Structurei

3D structure databases

<p>This section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain(s) present in a protein.<p><a href='/help/family_and_domains_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Family & Domainsi

Domains and Repeats

Region

Compositional bias

<p>This subsection of the ‘Family and domains’ section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins.<p><a href='/help/sequence_similarities' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Sequence similaritiesi

Phylogenomic databases

Family and domain databases

Experimental Info

Sequence databases

Genome annotation databases

<p>This section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than UniProtKB.<p><a href='/help/cross_references_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Cross-referencesi

Sequence databases

3D structure databases

Protein-protein interaction databases

PTM databases

Proteomic databases

Protocols and materials databases

Genome annotation databases

Organism-specific databases

Phylogenomic databases

Miscellaneous databases

Gene expression databases

Family and domain databases

<p>This section provides general information on the entry.<p><a href='/help/entry_information_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Entry informationi

<p>This section contains any relevant information that doesn’t fit in any other defined sections<p><a href='/help/miscellaneous_section' target='_top'>More...</a></p>Miscellaneousi

Keywords - Technical termi

Documents

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Functionⁱ

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

GO - Biological processⁱ

Names & Taxonomyⁱ

Subcellular locationⁱ

Keywords - Cellular componentⁱ

Pathology & Biotechⁱ

PTM / Processingⁱ

Keywords - PTMⁱ

Expressionⁱ

Interactionⁱ

GO - Molecular functionⁱ

Structureⁱ

Family & Domainsⁱ

Sequence similaritiesⁱ

Cross-referencesⁱ

Entry informationⁱ

Miscellaneousⁱ

Keywords - Technical termⁱ