Reviewed, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Q9ULZ1 (APEL_HUMAN)

Names and origin

Protein names

Recommended name:
Apelin

Alternative name(s):
APJ endogenous ligand

Cleaved into the following 4 chains:

1. Apelin-36
2. Apelin-31
3. Apelin-28
4. Apelin-13

Gene names

Name:	APLN
Synonyms:	APEL

Organism

Homo sapiens (Human) [Complete proteome]

Taxonomic identifier

9606 [NCBI]

Taxonomic lineage

Eukaryota › Metazoa › Chordata › Craniata › Vertebrata › Euteleostomi › Mammalia › Eutheria › Euarchontoglires › Primates › Haplorrhini › Catarrhini › Hominidae › Homo

Protein attributes

Sequence length	77 AA.
Sequence status	Complete.
Sequence processing	The displayed sequence is further processed into a mature form.
Protein existence	Evidence at transcript level.

General annotation (Comments)

Function	Endogenous ligand for APJ, an alternative coreceptor with CD4 for HIV-1 infection. Inhibits HIV-1 entry in cells coexpressing CD4 and APJ. Apelin-36 has a greater inhibitory activity on HIV infection than other synthetic apelin derivatives. The oral intake in the colostrum and the milk could have a role in the modulation of the immune responses in neonates. May also have a role in the central control of body fluid homeostasis by influencing AVP release and drinking behavior. Ref.6
Subcellular location	Secreted.
Tissue specificity	Expressed in the brain with highest levels in the frontal cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus and midbrain. Secreted by the mammary gland into the colostrum and the milk.
Post-translational modification	Several active peptides may be produced by proteolytic processing of the peptide precursor.
Sequence similarities	Belongs to the apelin family.
Sequence caution	The sequence CAI95697.1 differs from that shown. Reason: Erroneous gene model prediction.

Ontologies

Keywords
Cellular component	Secreted
Domain	Signal
Molecular function	Hormone
PTM	Cleavage on pair of basic residues Pyrrolidone carboxylic acid
Technical term	Complete proteome
Gene Ontology (GO)
Biological process	G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway Inferred from Experiment. Source: Reactome immune response Ref.2 Traceable author statement. Source: ProtInc lactation Ref.2 Traceable author statement. Source: ProtInc
Cellular component	extracellular region Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-SubCell
Molecular function	hormone activity Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW
Complete GO annotation...

Sequence annotation (Features)

	Feature key	Position(s)	Length	Description	Graphical view	Feature identifier
Molecule processing
	Signal peptide	1 – 22	22	Potential
	Propeptide	23 – 41	19	By similarity		PRO_0000001759
	Peptide	42 – 77	36	Apelin-36 By similarity		PRO_0000001760
	Peptide	47 – 77	31	Apelin-31 By similarity		PRO_0000001761
	Peptide	50 – 77	28	Apelin-28 By similarity		PRO_0000001762
	Peptide	65 – 77	13	Apelin-13 By similarity		PRO_0000001763
Amino acid modifications
	Modified residue	65	1	Pyrrolidone carboxylic acid By similarity

Sequences

	Sequence		Length	Mass (Da)
	Q9ULZ1-1 [UniParc]. Last modified May 1, 2000. Version 1. Checksum: 41521E0DBE97BFDA	FASTA	77	8,569
	10 20 30 40 50 60 MNLRLCVQAL LLLWLSLTAV CGGSLMPLPD GNGLEDGNVR HLVQPRGSRN GPGPWQGGRR 70 KFRRQRPRLS HKGPMPF

References

	« Hide 'large scale' referencesShow 'large scale' references »
[1]	"Isolation and characterization of a novel endogenous peptide ligand for the human APJ receptor." Tatemoto K., Hosoya M., Habata Y., Fujii R., Kakegawa T., Zou M.-X., Kawamata Y., Fukusumi S., Hinuma S., Kitada C., Kurokawa T., Onda H., Fujino M. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 251:471-476(1998) [PubMed: 9792798] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA]. Tissue: Brain.
[2]	"Apelin, the natural ligand of the orphan receptor APJ, is abundantly secreted in the colostrum." Habata Y., Fujii R., Hosoya M., Fukusumi S., Kawamata Y., Hinuma S., Kitada C., Nishizawa N., Murosaki S., Kurokawa T., Onda H., Tatemoto K., Fujino M. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1452:25-35(1999) [PubMed: 10525157] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA]. Tissue: Brain.
[3]	"Characterization of apelin, the ligand for the APJ receptor." Lee D.K., Cheng R., Nguyen T., Fan T., Kariyawasam A.P., Liu Y., Osmond D.H., George S.R., O'Dowd B.F. J. Neurochem. 74:34-41(2000) [PubMed: 10617103] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]. Tissue: Hypothalamus.
[4]	"The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome." Ross M.T., Grafham D.V., Coffey A.J., Scherer S., McLay K., Muzny D., Platzer M., Howell G.R., Burrows C., Bird C.P., Frankish A., Lovell F.L., Howe K.L., Ashurst J.L., Fulton R.S., Sudbrak R., Wen G., Jones M.C. , Hurles M.E., Andrews T.D., Scott C.E., Searle S., Ramser J., Whittaker A., Deadman R., Carter N.P., Hunt S.E., Chen R., Cree A., Gunaratne P., Havlak P., Hodgson A., Metzker M.L., Richards S., Scott G., Steffen D., Sodergren E., Wheeler D.A., Worley K.C., Ainscough R., Ambrose K.D., Ansari-Lari M.A., Aradhya S., Ashwell R.I., Babbage A.K., Bagguley C.L., Ballabio A., Banerjee R., Barker G.E., Barlow K.F., Barrett I.P., Bates K.N., Beare D.M., Beasley H., Beasley O., Beck A., Bethel G., Blechschmidt K., Brady N., Bray-Allen S., Bridgeman A.M., Brown A.J., Brown M.J., Bonnin D., Bruford E.A., Buhay C., Burch P., Burford D., Burgess J., Burrill W., Burton J., Bye J.M., Carder C., Carrel L., Chako J., Chapman J.C., Chavez D., Chen E., Chen G., Chen Y., Chen Z., Chinault C., Ciccodicola A., Clark S.Y., Clarke G., Clee C.M., Clegg S., Clerc-Blankenburg K., Clifford K., Cobley V., Cole C.G., Conquer J.S., Corby N., Connor R.E., David R., Davies J., Davis C., Davis J., Delgado O., Deshazo D., Dhami P., Ding Y., Dinh H., Dodsworth S., Draper H., Dugan-Rocha S., Dunham A., Dunn M., Durbin K.J., Dutta I., Eades T., Ellwood M., Emery-Cohen A., Errington H., Evans K.L., Faulkner L., Francis F., Frankland J., Fraser A.E., Galgoczy P., Gilbert J., Gill R., Gloeckner G., Gregory S.G., Gribble S., Griffiths C., Grocock R., Gu Y., Gwilliam R., Hamilton C., Hart E.A., Hawes A., Heath P.D., Heitmann K., Hennig S., Hernandez J., Hinzmann B., Ho S., Hoffs M., Howden P.J., Huckle E.J., Hume J., Hunt P.J., Hunt A.R., Isherwood J., Jacob L., Johnson D., Jones S., de Jong P.J., Joseph S.S., Keenan S., Kelly S., Kershaw J.K., Khan Z., Kioschis P., Klages S., Knights A.J., Kosiura A., Kovar-Smith C., Laird G.K., Langford C., Lawlor S., Leversha M., Lewis L., Liu W., Lloyd C., Lloyd D.M., Loulseged H., Loveland J.E., Lovell J.D., Lozado R., Lu J., Lyne R., Ma J., Maheshwari M., Matthews L.H., McDowall J., McLaren S., McMurray A., Meidl P., Meitinger T., Milne S., Miner G., Mistry S.L., Morgan M., Morris S., Mueller I., Mullikin J.C., Nguyen N., Nordsiek G., Nyakatura G., O'dell C.N., Okwuonu G., Palmer S., Pandian R., Parker D., Parrish J., Pasternak S., Patel D., Pearce A.V., Pearson D.M., Pelan S.E., Perez L., Porter K.M., Ramsey Y., Reichwald K., Rhodes S., Ridler K.A., Schlessinger D., Schueler M.G., Sehra H.K., Shaw-Smith C., Shen H., Sheridan E.M., Shownkeen R., Skuce C.D., Smith M.L., Sotheran E.C., Steingruber H.E., Steward C.A., Storey R., Swann R.M., Swarbreck D., Tabor P.E., Taudien S., Taylor T., Teague B., Thomas K., Thorpe A., Timms K., Tracey A., Trevanion S., Tromans A.C., d'Urso M., Verduzco D., Villasana D., Waldron L., Wall M., Wang Q., Warren J., Warry G.L., Wei X., West A., Whitehead S.L., Whiteley M.N., Wilkinson J.E., Willey D.L., Williams G., Williams L., Williamson A., Williamson H., Wilming L., Woodmansey R.L., Wray P.W., Yen J., Zhang J., Zhou J., Zoghbi H., Zorilla S., Buck D., Reinhardt R., Poustka A., Rosenthal A., Lehrach H., Meindl A., Minx P.J., Hillier L.W., Willard H.F., Wilson R.K., Waterston R.H., Rice C.M., Vaudin M., Coulson A., Nelson D.L., Weinstock G., Sulston J.E., Durbin R.M., Hubbard T., Gibbs R.A., Beck S., Rogers J., Bentley D.R. Nature 434:325-337(2005) [PubMed: 15772651] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA].
[5]	"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)." The MGC Project Team Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004) [PubMed: 15489334] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]. Tissue: Kidney.
[6]	"Apelin, the natural ligand of the orphan seven-transmembrane receptor APJ, inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry." Cayabyab M., Hinuma S., Farzan M., Choe H., Fukusumi S., Kitada C., Nishizawa N., Hosoya M., Nishimura O., Messele T., Pollakis G., Goudsmit J., Fujino M., Sodroski J. J. Virol. 74:11972-11976(2000) [PubMed: 11090199] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION.
+	Additional computationally mapped references.

Cross-references

Sequence databases
EMBL GenBank DDBJ	AB023493 mRNA. Translation: BAA84975.1. AF179680 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAF25815.1. AL022162 Genomic DNA. Translation: CAI95697.1. Sequence problems. BC021104 mRNA. Translation: AAH21104.2.
IPI	IPI00010087.
RefSeq	NP_059109.3.
UniGene	Hs.303084
3D structure databases
ModBase	Search...
Protein-protein interaction databases
IntAct	Q9ULZ1. 1 interaction.
Genome annotation databases
Ensembl	ENST00000307484; ENSP00000305464; ENSG00000171388; Homo sapiens. [Genome view]
GeneID	8862.
KEGG	hsa:8862.
UCSC	uc004eus.1. human.
Organism-specific databases
CTD	8862.
GeneCards	GC0XM128607.
H-InvDB	HIX0017039.
HGNC	HGNC:16665. APLN.
MIM	300297. gene.
PharmGKB	PA134984493.
GenAtlas	Search...
Phylogenomic databases
HOVERGEN	HBG018249.
OrthoDB	EOG9G7FK1.
Enzyme and pathway databases
Reactome	REACT_14797. Signaling by GPCR.
Gene expression databases
ArrayExpress	Q9ULZ1.
Bgee	Q9ULZ1.
CleanEx	HS_APLN.
Genevestigator	Q9ULZ1.
Family and domain databases
ProtoNet	Search...
Other Resources
NextBio	33277.
SOURCE	Search...

Entry information

Entry name

APEL_HUMAN

Accession

Primary (citable) accession number: Q9ULZ1
Secondary accession number(s): Q4VY08, Q8WU89

Entry history

Integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:	January 23, 2002
Last sequence update:	May 1, 2000
Last modified:	March 2, 2010
This is version 62 of the entry and version 1 of the sequence. [Complete history]

Entry status

Reviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)

Annotation project

HPI (Human Proteome Initiative)

Disclaimer

Any medical or genetic information present in this entry is provided for research, educational and informational purposes only. It is not in any way intended to be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or care.