Reviewed,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Q9UBU3 (GHRL_HUMAN)
Last modified
February 9, 2010.
Version 103.
History...
Clusters with 100%,
90%,
50% identity |
Documents (7) |
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Names and origin
| Protein names | Recommended name: Appetite-regulating hormone Alternative name(s): Growth hormone secretagogue Growth hormone-releasing peptide Motilin-related peptide Protein M46 Cleaved into the following 3 chains: 1- Recommended name: Ghrelin-27 2- Recommended name: Ghrelin-28 Short name=Ghrelin 3- Recommended name: Obestatin | ||||||
| Gene names |
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| Organism | Homo sapiens (Human) [Complete proteome] | ||||||
| Taxonomic identifier | 9606 [NCBI] | ||||||
| Taxonomic lineage | Eukaryota › Metazoa › Chordata › Craniata › Vertebrata › Euteleostomi › Mammalia › Eutheria › Euarchontoglires › Primates › Haplorrhini › Catarrhini › Hominidae › Homo |
Protein attributes
| Sequence length | 117 AA. |
| Sequence status | Complete. |
| Sequence processing | The displayed sequence is further processed into a mature form. |
| Protein existence | Evidence at protein level. |
General annotation (Comments)
| Function | Ghrelin is the ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1 (GHSR). Induces the release of growth hormone from the pituitary. Has an appetite-stimulating effect, induces adiposity and stimulates gastric acid secretion. Involved in growth regulation. Obestatin may be the ligand for GPR39. May have an appetite-reducing effect resulting in decreased food intake. May reduce gastric emptying activity and jejunal motility By similarity. |
| Subcellular location | |
| Tissue specificity | Highest level in stomach. All forms are found in serum as well. Other tissues compensate for the loss of ghrelin synthesis in the stomach following gastrectomy. Ref.4 |
| Post-translational modification | O-octanoylation or O-decanoylation is essential for ghrelin activity. The O-decanoylated forms Ghrelin-27-C10 and Ghrelin-28-C10 differ in the length of the carbon backbone of the carboxylic acid bound to Ser-26. A small fraction of ghrelin, ghrelin-28-C10:1, may be modified with a singly unsaturated carboxylic acid. Amidation of Leu-98 is essential for obestatin activity By similarity. |
| Sequence similarities | Belongs to the motilin family. |
| Mass spectrometry | Molecular mass is 3398.9±0.3 Da from positions 24 - 51. Determined by ESI. Ghrelin-28-C10, O-decanoylated form. Ref.4 Molecular mass is 3397.2±0.5 Da from positions 24 - 51. Determined by ESI. Ghrelin-28-C10:1, O-decenoylated form. Ref.4 Molecular mass is 3371.3±0.1 Da from positions 24 - 51. Determined by ESI. Ghrelin-28-C8, O-octanoylated form. Ref.4 Molecular mass is 3243.6±0.4 Da from positions 24 - 50. Determined by ESI. Ghrelin-27-C10, O-decanoylated form. Ref.4 Molecular mass is 3214.6±0.6 Da from positions 24 - 50. Determined by ESI. Ghrelin-27-C8, O-octanoylated form. Ref.4 |
Ontologies
Alternative products
| This entry describes 2 isoforms produced by alternative splicing. [Align] [Select] | ||||||
| Isoform 1 (identifier: Q9UBU3-1) Also known as: Ghrelin; This isoform has been chosen as the 'canonical' sequence. All positional information in this entry refers to it. This is also the sequence that appears in the downloadable versions of the entry. | ||||||
| Isoform 2 (identifier: Q9UBU3-2) Also known as: des-Gln14-ghrelin; The sequence of this isoform differs from the canonical sequence as follows: 37-37: Missing. |
Sequence annotation (Features)
| Feature key | Position(s) | Length | Description | Graphical view | Feature identifier | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Molecule processing | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Signal peptide | 1 – 23 | 23 | Ref.2 Ref.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Peptide | 24 – 51 | 28 | Ghrelin-28 | PRO_0000019202 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Peptide | 24 – 50 | 27 | Ghrelin-27 | PRO_0000019203 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Propeptide | 52 – 75 | 24 | Removed in mature form | PRO_0000019204 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Peptide | 76 – 98 | 23 | Obestatin By similarity | PRO_0000045140 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Propeptide | 99 – 117 | 19 | Removed in mature form By similarity | PRO_0000045141 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amino acid modifications | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modified residue | 98 | 1 | Leucine amide By similarity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lipidation | 26 | 1 | O-decanoyl serine; alternate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lipidation | 26 | 1 | O-octanoyl serine; alternate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Natural variations | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alternative sequence | 37 | 1 | Missing in isoform 2. | VSP_003245 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Natural variant | 72 | 1 | L → M: dbSNP rs696217. Ref.6 | VAR_050095 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Natural variant | 90 | 1 | Q → L: dbSNP rs4684677. | VAR_029135 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Secondary structure | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Helix Strand Turn | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beta strand | 8 – 14 | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beta strand | 17 – 24 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beta strand | 27 – 29 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Helix | 30 – 35 | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beta strand | 57 – 60 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beta strand | 63 – 70 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beta strand | 73 – 77 | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Helix | 90 – 93 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Helix | 95 – 104 | 10 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Helix | 107 – 115 | 9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sequences
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References
| « Hide 'large scale' references | |
| [1] | "Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach." Kojima M., Hosoda H., Date Y., Nakazato M., Matsuo H., Kangawa K. Nature 402:656-660(1999) [PubMed: 10604470] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORM 1), ACYLATION AT SER-26. Tissue: Stomach. |
| [2] | "Identification and characterization of a novel gastric peptide hormone: the motilin-related peptide." Tomasetto C., Karam S.M., Ribieras S., Masson R., Lefebvre O., Staub A., Alexander G., Chenard M.-P., Rio M.-C. Gastroenterology 119:395-405(2000) [PubMed: 10930375] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORM 1), PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 24-33. Tissue: Stomach. |
| [3] | "Genomic organization of the human Ghrelin gene." Wajnrajch M.P., Ten I.S., Gertner J.M., Leibel R.L. J. Endocr. Genet. 1:231-233(2000) Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]. |
| [4] | "Structural divergence of human ghrelin. Identification of multiple ghrelin-derived molecules produced by post-translational processing." Hosoda H., Kojima M., Mizushima T., Shimizu S., Kangawa K. J. Biol. Chem. 278:64-70(2003) [PubMed: 12414809] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORM 2), TISSUE SPECIFICITY, ACYLATION AT SER-26, MASS SPECTROMETRY. Tissue: Stomach. |
| [5] | "The secreted protein discovery initiative (SPDI), a large-scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins: a bioinformatics assessment." Clark H.F., Gurney A.L., Abaya E., Baker K., Baldwin D.T., Brush J., Chen J., Chow B., Chui C., Crowley C., Currell B., Deuel B., Dowd P., Eaton D., Foster J.S., Grimaldi C., Gu Q., Hass P.E. Gray A.M.Genome Res. 13:2265-2270(2003) [PubMed: 12975309] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM 1). |
| [6] | "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)." The MGC Project Team Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004) [PubMed: 15489334] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM 1), VARIANT MET-72. Tissue: Blood. |
| [7] | "Signal peptide prediction based on analysis of experimentally verified cleavage sites." Zhang Z., Henzel W.J. Protein Sci. 13:2819-2824(2004) [PubMed: 15340161] [Abstract] Cited for: PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 24-38. |
| [8] | "Ghrelin: discovery of the natural endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor." Kojima M., Hosoda H., Matsuo H., Kangawa K. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 12:118-122(2001) [PubMed: 11306336] [Abstract] Cited for: REVIEW. |
| + | Additional computationally mapped references. |
Web resources
| Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology |
| Protein Spotlight Gut feelings - Issue 66 of January 2006 |
| Wikipedia Ghrelin entry |
Cross-references
Sequence databases | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EMBL GenBank DDBJ | AB029434 mRNA. Translation: BAA89371.1. AJ252278 mRNA. Translation: CAB65733.1. AF296558 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAG10300.1. AB035700 mRNA. Translation: BAB19045.1. AY359053 mRNA. Translation: AAQ89412.1. BC025791 mRNA. Translation: AAH25791.1. | ||||||||||||
| IPI | IPI00008925. IPI00219213. | ||||||||||||
| PIR | A59316. | ||||||||||||
| RefSeq | NP_001128413.1. NP_001128416.1. NP_001128417.1. NP_001128418.1. NP_057446.1. | ||||||||||||
| UniGene | Hs.590080 | ||||||||||||
3D structure databases | |||||||||||||
| PDBe RCSB PDB PDBj |
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| ModBase | Search... | ||||||||||||
Protein-protein interaction databases | |||||||||||||
| STRING | Q9UBU3. | ||||||||||||
PTM databases | |||||||||||||
| PhosphoSite | Q9UBU3. | ||||||||||||
Proteomic databases | |||||||||||||
| PRIDE | Q9UBU3. | ||||||||||||
Genome annotation databases | |||||||||||||
| Ensembl | ENST00000335542; ENSP00000335074; ENSG00000157017; Homo sapiens. [Genome view] ENST00000429122; ENSP00000414819; ENSG00000157017; Homo sapiens. [Genome view] ENST00000449554; ENSP00000415521; ENSG00000157017; Homo sapiens. [Genome view] ENST00000450603; ENSP00000389192; ENSG00000157017; Homo sapiens. [Genome view] ENST00000457360; ENSP00000391406; ENSG00000157017; Homo sapiens. [Genome view] | ||||||||||||
| GeneID | 51738. | ||||||||||||
| KEGG | hsa:51738. | ||||||||||||
| NMPDR | fig|9606.3.peg.22121. | ||||||||||||
| UCSC | uc003bvk.2. human. uc010hde.1. human. | ||||||||||||
Organism-specific databases | |||||||||||||
| CTD | 51738. | ||||||||||||
| GeneCards | GC03M010302. | ||||||||||||
| H-InvDB | HIX0003050. | ||||||||||||
| HGNC | HGNC:18129. GHRL. | ||||||||||||
| HPA | CAB022731. HPA014246. | ||||||||||||
| MIM | 605353. gene. | ||||||||||||
| PharmGKB | PA142671740. | ||||||||||||
| GenAtlas | Search... | ||||||||||||
Phylogenomic databases | |||||||||||||
| HOGENOM | HBG278010. | ||||||||||||
| HOVERGEN | Q9UBU3. | ||||||||||||
| InParanoid | Q9UBU3. | ||||||||||||
| OMA | PFDIGIK. | ||||||||||||
| PhylomeDB | Q9UBU3. | ||||||||||||
Enzyme and pathway databases | |||||||||||||
| Reactome | REACT_15380. Diabetes pathways. | ||||||||||||
Gene expression databases | |||||||||||||
| ArrayExpress | Q9UBU3. | ||||||||||||
| Bgee | Q9UBU3. | ||||||||||||
| CleanEx | HS_GHRL. | ||||||||||||
| Genevestigator | Q9UBU3. | ||||||||||||
| GermOnline | ENSG00000157017. Homo sapiens. | ||||||||||||
Family and domain databases | |||||||||||||
| InterPro | IPR006737. Motilin_assoc. IPR006738. Motilin_ghrelin. IPR005441. Preproghrelin. [Graphical view] | ||||||||||||
| PANTHER | PTHR14122. Preproghrelin. 1 hit. | ||||||||||||
| Pfam | PF04643. Motilin_assoc. 1 hit. PF04644. Motilin_ghrelin. 1 hit. [Graphical view] | ||||||||||||
| PRINTS | PR01624. GHRELIN. | ||||||||||||
| ProtoNet | Search... | ||||||||||||
Other Resources | |||||||||||||
| NextBio | 55808. | ||||||||||||
| PMAP-CutDB | Q9UBU3. | ||||||||||||
| SOURCE | Search... | ||||||||||||
Entry information
| Entry name | GHRL_HUMAN | ||||||||
| Accession | Primary (citable) accession number: Q9UBU3 Secondary accession number(s): Q8TAT9, Q9H3R3 | ||||||||
| Entry history |
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| Entry status | Reviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot) | ||||||||
| Annotation project | HPI (Human Proteome Initiative) | ||||||||
| Disclaimer | Any medical or genetic information present in this entry is provided for research, educational and informational purposes only. It is not in any way intended to be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or care. | ||||||||
Relevant documents
| Human chromosome 3 Human chromosome 3: entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM |
| Human entries with polymorphisms or disease mutations List of human entries with polymorphisms or disease mutations |
| Human polymorphisms and disease mutations Index of human polymorphisms and disease mutations |
| MIM cross-references Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM) cross-references in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot |
| PDB cross-references Index of Protein Data Bank (PDB) cross-references |
| Protein Spotlight Protein Spotlight articles and cited UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries |
| SIMILARITY comments Index of protein domains and families |

Clusters with


