Q9SQI2 (GIGAN_ARATH) Reviewed, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

Names and origin

Protein names

Recommended name:
Protein GIGANTEA

Gene names

Name:	GI
Ordered Locus Names:	At1g22770
ORF Names:	T22J18.6

Organism

Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) [Reference proteome]

Taxonomic identifier

3702 [NCBI]

Taxonomic lineage

cellular organisms › Eukaryota › Viridiplantae › Streptophyta › Streptophytina › Embryophyta › Tracheophyta › Euphyllophyta › Spermatophyta › Magnoliophyta › eudicotyledons › core eudicotyledons › rosids › malvids › Brassicales › Brassicaceae › Camelineae › Arabidopsis

Protein attributes

Sequence length	1173 AA.
Sequence status	Complete.
Protein existence	Evidence at protein level

General annotation (Comments)

Function	Involved in regulation of circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. May play a role in maintenance of circadian amplitude and period length. Is involved in phytochrome B signaling. Stabilizes ADO3 and the circadian photoreceptor ADO1/ZTL. Regulates 'CONSTANS' (CO) in the long-day flowering pathway by modulating the ADO3-dependent protein stability of CDF1 and CDF2, but is not essential to activate CO transcription. Regulates, via the microRNA miR172, a CO-independent pathway that promotes photoperiodic flowering by inducing 'FLOWERING LOCUS T'. Ref.6 Ref.9 Ref.11
Subunit structure	Interacts with SPY, ADO1 (via N-terminus) and ADO2. Interacts (via N-terminus) with CDF1 and ADO3 (via N-terminus). Ref.7 Ref.8 Ref.10
Subcellular location	Nucleus. Cytoplasm Ref.6 Ref.8.
Tissue specificity	Widely expressed with highest levels in inflorescence apices, young flowers and young siliques.
Developmental stage	Found at all stages.
Induction	Expressed with a circadian rhythm with the highest level 10 hours into the light and the lowest level at dawn. The peak of expression in long days is slightly lower, shifted later and the decrease is slower. Ref.8 Ref.10
Sequence similarities	Belongs to the GIGANTEA family.
Sequence caution	The sequence AAC25507.1 differs from that shown. Reason: Erroneous gene model prediction. The sequence AAF00023.1 differs from that shown. Reason: Erroneous gene model prediction. The sequence CAA72908.1 differs from that shown. Reason: Erroneous gene model prediction.

Ontologies

Keywords
Biological process	Biological rhythms Differentiation Flowering Phytochrome signaling pathway
Cellular component	Cytoplasm Nucleus
Molecular function	Developmental protein
Technical term	Complete proteome Reference proteome
Gene Ontology (GO)
Biological_process	cell differentiation Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW circadian rhythm Inferred from direct assay Ref.10. Source: TAIR flower development Traceable author statement PubMed 10202817. Source: TAIR inflorescence development Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: EnsemblPlants/Gramene positive regulation of long-day photoperiodism, flowering Inferred from mutant phenotype PubMed 16006578. Source: TAIR red, far-red light phototransduction Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent Inferred from direct assay Ref.10. Source: TAIR response to blue light Inferred from direct assay Ref.10. Source: TAIR response to cold Inferred from mutant phenotype PubMed 16231185. Source: TAIR response to far red light Inferred from mutant phenotype PubMed 18790998. Source: TAIR response to hydrogen peroxide Inferred from mutant phenotype PubMed 9681039. Source: TAIR response to karrikin Inferred from expression pattern PubMed 20351290. Source: TAIR temperature compensation of the circadian clock Inferred from mutant phenotype PubMed 16617099. Source: TAIR
Cellular_component	cytoplasm Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-SubCell nucleoplasm Inferred from direct assay Ref.6. Source: TAIR
Complete GO annotation...

Binary interactions

With	Entry	#Exp.	IntAct	Notes
ADO1	Q94BT6	5	EBI-446380,EBI-300691
ADO2	Q8W420	3	EBI-446380,EBI-1015688
ADO3	Q9C9W9	10	EBI-446380,EBI-401228
DOF5.5	Q8W1E3	3	EBI-446380,EBI-1536051
SPY	Q96301	4	EBI-446380,EBI-446372

Sequence annotation (Features)

	Feature key	Position(s)	Length	Description	Graphical view	Feature identifier
Molecule processing
	Chain	1 – 1173	1173	Protein GIGANTEA		PRO_0000087489

Sequences

	Sequence		Length	Mass (Da)
	Q9SQI2 [UniParc]. Last modified December 5, 2001. Version 2. Checksum: 71CFDE7D39E73549	FASTA	1,173	127,876
	10 20 30 40 50 60 MASSSSSERW IDGLQFSSLL WPPPRDPQQH KDQVVAYVEY FGQFTSEQFP DDIAELVRHQ 70 80 90 100 110 120 YPSTEKRLLD DVLAMFVLHH PEHGHAVILP IISCLIDGSL VYSKEAHPFA SFISLVCPSS 130 140 150 160 170 180 ENDYSEQWAL ACGEILRILT HYNRPIYKTE QQNGDTERNC LSKATTSGSP TSEPKAGSPT 190 200 210 220 230 240 QHERKPLRPL SPWISDILLA APLGIRSDYF RWCSGVMGKY AAGELKPPTI ASRGSGKHPQ 250 260 270 280 290 300 LMPSTPRWAV ANGAGVILSV CDDEVARYET ATLTAVAVPA LLLPPPTTSL DEHLVAGLPA 310 320 330 340 350 360 LEPYARLFHR YYAIATPSAT QRLLLGLLEA PPSWAPDALD AAVQLVELLR AAEDYASGVR 370 380 390 400 410 420 LPRNWMHLHF LRAIGIAMSM RAGVAADAAA ALLFRILSQP ALLFPPLSQV EGVEIQHAPI 430 440 450 460 470 480 GGYSSNYRKQ IEVPAAEATI EATAQGIASM LCAHGPEVEW RICTIWEAAY GLIPLNSSAV 490 500 510 520 530 540 DLPEIIVATP LQPPILSWNL YIPLLKVLEY LPRGSPSEAC LMKIFVATVE TILSRTFPPE 550 560 570 580 590 600 SSRELTRKAR SSFTTRSATK NLAMSELRAM VHALFLESCA GVELASRLLF VVLTVCVSHE 610 620 630 640 650 660 AQSSGSKRPR SEYASTTENI EANQPVSNNQ TANRKSRNVK GQGPVAAFDS YVLAAVCALA 670 680 690 700 710 720 CEVQLYPMIS GGGNFSNSAV AGTITKPVKI NGSSKEYGAG IDSAISHTRR ILAILEALFS 730 740 750 760 770 780 LKPSSVGTPW SYSSSEIVAA AMVAAHISEL FRRSKALTHA LSGLMRCKWD KEIHKRASSL 790 800 810 820 830 840 YNLIDVHSKV VASIVDKAEP LEAYLKNTPV QKDSVTCLNW KQENTCASTT CFDTAVTSAS 850 860 870 880 890 900 RTEMNPRGNH KYARHSDEGS GRPSEKGIKD FLLDASDLAN FLTADRLAGF YCGTQKLLRS 910 920 930 940 950 960 VLAEKPELSF SVVSLLWHKL IAAPEIQPTA ESTSAQQGWR QVVDALCNVV SATPAKAAAA 970 980 990 1000 1010 1020 VVLQAERELQ PWIAKDDEEG QKMWKINQRI VKVLVELMRN HDRPESLVIL ASASDLLLRA 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 TDGMLVDGEA CTLPQLELLE ATARAIQPVL AWGPSGLAVV DGLSNLLKCR LPATIRCLSH 1090 1100 1110 1120 1130 1140 PSAHVRALST SVLRDIMNQS SIPIKVTPKL PTTEKNGMNS PSYRFFNAAS IDWKADIQNC 1150 1160 1170 LNWEAHSLLS TTMPTQFLDT AARELGCTIS LSQ

References

	« Hide 'large scale' referencesShow 'large scale' references »
[1]	"GIGANTEA: a circadian clock-controlled gene that regulates photoperiodic flowering in Arabidopsis and encodes a protein with several possible membrane-spanning domains." Fowler S., Lee K., Onouchi H., Samach A., Richardson K., Morris B., Coupland G., Putterill J. EMBO J. 18:4679-4688(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA]. Strain: cv. Columbia.
[2]	"Control of circadian rhythms and photoperiodic flowering by the Arabidopsis GIGANTEA gene." Park D.H., Somers D.E., Kim Y.S., Choy Y.H., Lim H.K., Soh M.S., Kim H.J., Kay S.A., Nam H.G. Science 285:1579-1582(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA]. Strain: cv. Columbia. Tissue: Leaf and Stem.
[3]	"Sequence analysis of a 24-kb contiguous genomic region at the Arabidopsis thaliana PFL locus on chromosome 1." Terryn N., Neyt P., de Clercq R., de Keyser A., van den Daele H., Ardiles W., Dehais P., Rouze P., Gielen J., Villarroel R., van Montagu M. FEBS Lett. 416:156-160(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]. Strain: cv. Columbia.
[4]	"Sequence and analysis of chromosome 1 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana." Theologis A., Ecker J.R., Palm C.J., Federspiel N.A., Kaul S., White O., Alonso J., Altafi H., Araujo R., Bowman C.L., Brooks S.Y., Buehler E., Chan A., Chao Q., Chen H., Cheuk R.F., Chin C.W., Chung M.K. , Conn L., Conway A.B., Conway A.R., Creasy T.H., Dewar K., Dunn P., Etgu P., Feldblyum T.V., Feng J.-D., Fong B., Fujii C.Y., Gill J.E., Goldsmith A.D., Haas B., Hansen N.F., Hughes B., Huizar L., Hunter J.L., Jenkins J., Johnson-Hopson C., Khan S., Khaykin E., Kim C.J., Koo H.L., Kremenetskaia I., Kurtz D.B., Kwan A., Lam B., Langin-Hooper S., Lee A., Lee J.M., Lenz C.A., Li J.H., Li Y.-P., Lin X., Liu S.X., Liu Z.A., Luros J.S., Maiti R., Marziali A., Militscher J., Miranda M., Nguyen M., Nierman W.C., Osborne B.I., Pai G., Peterson J., Pham P.K., Rizzo M., Rooney T., Rowley D., Sakano H., Salzberg S.L., Schwartz J.R., Shinn P., Southwick A.M., Sun H., Tallon L.J., Tambunga G., Toriumi M.J., Town C.D., Utterback T., Van Aken S., Vaysberg M., Vysotskaia V.S., Walker M., Wu D., Yu G., Fraser C.M., Venter J.C., Davis R.W. Nature 408:816-820(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]. Strain: cv. Columbia.
[5]	The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR) Submitted (APR-2011) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases Cited for: GENOME REANNOTATION. Strain: cv. Columbia.
[6]	"GIGANTEA is a nuclear protein involved in phytochrome signaling in Arabidopsis." Huq E., Tepperman J.M., Quail P.H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97:9789-9794(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION, SUBCELLULAR LOCATION.
[7]	"SPINDLY and GIGANTEA interact and act in Arabidopsis thaliana pathways involved in light responses, flowering, and rhythms in cotyledon movements." Tseng T.-S., Salome P.A., McClung C.R., Olszewski N.E. Plant Cell 16:1550-1563(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: INTERACTION WITH SPY.
[8]	"ZEITLUPE is a circadian photoreceptor stabilized by GIGANTEA in blue light." Kim W.Y., Fujiwara S., Suh S.S., Kim J., Kim Y., Han L., David K., Putterill J., Nam H.G., Somers D.E. Nature 449:356-360(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: INTERACTION WITH ADO1; ADO2 AND ADO3, SUBCELLULAR LOCATION, INDUCTION.
[9]	"The GIGANTEA-regulated microRNA172 mediates photoperiodic flowering independent of CONSTANS in Arabidopsis." Jung J.H., Seo Y.H., Seo P.J., Reyes J.L., Yun J., Chua N.H., Park C.M. Plant Cell 19:2736-2748(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION.
[10]	"FKF1 and GIGANTEA complex formation is required for day-length measurement in Arabidopsis." Sawa M., Nusinow D.A., Kay S.A., Imaizumi T. Science 318:261-265(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: INTERACTION WITH ADO3 AND CDF1, INDUCTION.
[11]	"Arabidopsis DOF transcription factors act redundantly to reduce CONSTANS expression and are essential for a photoperiodic flowering response." Fornara F., Panigrahi K.C., Gissot L., Sauerbrunn N., Ruehl M., Jarillo J.A., Coupland G. Dev. Cell 17:75-86(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION.
+	Additional computationally mapped references.

Cross-references

Sequence databases
EMBL GenBank DDBJ	AJ133786 mRNA. Translation: CAB56039.1. AF105064 mRNA. Translation: AAF00092.1. AF076686 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAF00023.1. Sequence problems. Y12227 Genomic DNA. Translation: CAA72908.1. Sequence problems. AC003979 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAC25507.1. Sequence problems. CP002684 Genomic DNA. Translation: AEE30286.1.
IPI	IPI00531066.
PIR	T52575.
RefSeq	NP_564180.1. NM_102124.2.
UniGene	At.209.
3D structure databases
ModBase	Search...
Protein-protein interaction databases
DIP	DIP-31718N.
IntAct	Q9SQI2. 5 interactions.
Proteomic databases
PaxDb	Q9SQI2.
PRIDE	Q9SQI2.
Protocols and materials databases
StructuralBiologyKnowledgebase	Search...
Genome annotation databases
EnsemblPlants	AT1G22770.1; AT1G22770.1; AT1G22770.
GeneID	838883.
KEGG	ath:AT1G22770.
Organism-specific databases
TAIR	At1g22770.
Phylogenomic databases
eggNOG	NOG245462.
HOGENOM	HOG000050248.
InParanoid	Q9SQI2.
KO	K12124.
OMA	SSAILHT.
PhylomeDB	Q9SQI2.
ProtClustDB	CLSN2687916.
Gene expression databases
ArrayExpress	Q9SQI2.
Genevestigator	Q9SQI2.
GermOnline	AT1G22770. Arabidopsis thaliana.
Family and domain databases
InterPro	IPR026211. GIGANTEA. [Graphical view]
PRINTS	PR02081. GIGANTEA.
ProtoNet	Search...

Entry information

Entry name

GIGAN_ARATH

Accession

Primary (citable) accession number: Q9SQI2
Secondary accession number(s): O64381, O80545, Q9S7N0

Entry history

Integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:	December 5, 2001
Last sequence update:	December 5, 2001
Last modified:	May 1, 2013
This is version 84 of the entry and version 2 of the sequence. [Complete history]

Entry status

Reviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)

Annotation program

Plant Protein Annotation Program