ID   BCDO1_HUMAN             Reviewed;         547 AA.
AC   Q9HAY6; A0AV48; A0AV50; Q9NVH5;
DT   10-OCT-2003, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.
DT   01-MAR-2001, sequence version 1.
DT   24-JAN-2024, entry version 166.
DE   RecName: Full=Beta,beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase {ECO:0000305|PubMed:11401432};
DE            EC=1.13.11.63 {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11401432, ECO:0000269|PubMed:17951468, ECO:0000269|PubMed:24668807};
DE   AltName: Full=Beta-carotene dioxygenase 1;
DE   AltName: Full=Beta-carotene oxygenase 1 {ECO:0000312|HGNC:HGNC:13815};
GN   Name=BCO1 {ECO:0000312|HGNC:HGNC:13815};
GN   Synonyms=BCDO {ECO:0000312|HGNC:HGNC:13815}, BCDO1
GN   {ECO:0000312|HGNC:HGNC:13815}, BCMO1 {ECO:0000312|HGNC:HGNC:13815};
OS   Homo sapiens (Human).
OC   Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia;
OC   Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae;
OC   Homo.
OX   NCBI_TaxID=9606;
RN   [1]
RP   NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA], FUNCTION, CATALYTIC ACTIVITY, AND TISSUE
RP   SPECIFICITY.
RC   TISSUE=Retinal pigment epithelium;
RX   PubMed=11401432; DOI=10.1006/geno.2000.6476;
RA   Yan W., Jang G.-F., Haeseleer F., Esumi N., Chang J., Kerrigan M.,
RA   Campochiaro M., Campochiaro P., Palczewski K., Zack D.J.;
RT   "Cloning and characterization of a human beta,beta-carotene-15,15-prime
RT   dioxygenase that is highly expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium.";
RL   Genomics 72:193-202(2001).
RN   [2]
RP   NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA].
RX   PubMed=14702039; DOI=10.1038/ng1285;
RA   Ota T., Suzuki Y., Nishikawa T., Otsuki T., Sugiyama T., Irie R.,
RA   Wakamatsu A., Hayashi K., Sato H., Nagai K., Kimura K., Makita H.,
RA   Sekine M., Obayashi M., Nishi T., Shibahara T., Tanaka T., Ishii S.,
RA   Yamamoto J., Saito K., Kawai Y., Isono Y., Nakamura Y., Nagahari K.,
RA   Murakami K., Yasuda T., Iwayanagi T., Wagatsuma M., Shiratori A., Sudo H.,
RA   Hosoiri T., Kaku Y., Kodaira H., Kondo H., Sugawara M., Takahashi M.,
RA   Kanda K., Yokoi T., Furuya T., Kikkawa E., Omura Y., Abe K., Kamihara K.,
RA   Katsuta N., Sato K., Tanikawa M., Yamazaki M., Ninomiya K., Ishibashi T.,
RA   Yamashita H., Murakawa K., Fujimori K., Tanai H., Kimata M., Watanabe M.,
RA   Hiraoka S., Chiba Y., Ishida S., Ono Y., Takiguchi S., Watanabe S.,
RA   Yosida M., Hotuta T., Kusano J., Kanehori K., Takahashi-Fujii A., Hara H.,
RA   Tanase T.-O., Nomura Y., Togiya S., Komai F., Hara R., Takeuchi K.,
RA   Arita M., Imose N., Musashino K., Yuuki H., Oshima A., Sasaki N.,
RA   Aotsuka S., Yoshikawa Y., Matsunawa H., Ichihara T., Shiohata N., Sano S.,
RA   Moriya S., Momiyama H., Satoh N., Takami S., Terashima Y., Suzuki O.,
RA   Nakagawa S., Senoh A., Mizoguchi H., Goto Y., Shimizu F., Wakebe H.,
RA   Hishigaki H., Watanabe T., Sugiyama A., Takemoto M., Kawakami B.,
RA   Yamazaki M., Watanabe K., Kumagai A., Itakura S., Fukuzumi Y., Fujimori Y.,
RA   Komiyama M., Tashiro H., Tanigami A., Fujiwara T., Ono T., Yamada K.,
RA   Fujii Y., Ozaki K., Hirao M., Ohmori Y., Kawabata A., Hikiji T.,
RA   Kobatake N., Inagaki H., Ikema Y., Okamoto S., Okitani R., Kawakami T.,
RA   Noguchi S., Itoh T., Shigeta K., Senba T., Matsumura K., Nakajima Y.,
RA   Mizuno T., Morinaga M., Sasaki M., Togashi T., Oyama M., Hata H.,
RA   Watanabe M., Komatsu T., Mizushima-Sugano J., Satoh T., Shirai Y.,
RA   Takahashi Y., Nakagawa K., Okumura K., Nagase T., Nomura N., Kikuchi H.,
RA   Masuho Y., Yamashita R., Nakai K., Yada T., Nakamura Y., Ohara O.,
RA   Isogai T., Sugano S.;
RT   "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human
RT   cDNAs.";
RL   Nat. Genet. 36:40-45(2004).
RN   [3]
RP   NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA], AND VARIANT SER-267.
RA   Mural R.J., Istrail S., Sutton G.G., Florea L., Halpern A.L., Mobarry C.M.,
RA   Lippert R., Walenz B., Shatkay H., Dew I., Miller J.R., Flanigan M.J.,
RA   Edwards N.J., Bolanos R., Fasulo D., Halldorsson B.V., Hannenhalli S.,
RA   Turner R., Yooseph S., Lu F., Nusskern D.R., Shue B.C., Zheng X.H.,
RA   Zhong F., Delcher A.L., Huson D.H., Kravitz S.A., Mouchard L., Reinert K.,
RA   Remington K.A., Clark A.G., Waterman M.S., Eichler E.E., Adams M.D.,
RA   Hunkapiller M.W., Myers E.W., Venter J.C.;
RL   Submitted (SEP-2005) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases.
RN   [4]
RP   NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA], AND VARIANT SER-267.
RC   TISSUE=Colon;
RX   PubMed=15489334; DOI=10.1101/gr.2596504;
RG   The MGC Project Team;
RT   "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project:
RT   the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).";
RL   Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004).
RN   [5]
RP   FUNCTION, AND CATALYTIC ACTIVITY.
RX   PubMed=24668807; DOI=10.1074/jbc.m114.557710;
RA   dela Sena C., Riedl K.M., Narayanasamy S., Curley R.W. Jr., Schwartz S.J.,
RA   Harrison E.H.;
RT   "The human enzyme that converts dietary provitamin A carotenoids to vitamin
RT   A is a dioxygenase.";
RL   J. Biol. Chem. 289:13661-13666(2014).
RN   [6]
RP   VARIANT HCVAD MET-170, CHARACTERIZATION OF VARIANT HCVAD MET-170, FUNCTION,
RP   CATALYTIC ACTIVITY, BIOPHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES, AND PATHWAY.
RX   PubMed=17951468; DOI=10.1093/jn/137.11.2346;
RA   Lindqvist A., Sharvill J., Sharvill D.E., Andersson S.;
RT   "Loss-of-function mutation in carotenoid 15,15'-monooxygenase identified in
RT   a patient with hypercarotenemia and hypovitaminosis A.";
RL   J. Nutr. 137:2346-2350(2007).
CC   -!- FUNCTION: Symmetrically cleaves beta-carotene into two molecules of
CC       retinal using a dioxygenase mechanism. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11401432,
CC       ECO:0000269|PubMed:17951468, ECO:0000269|PubMed:24668807}.
CC   -!- CATALYTIC ACTIVITY:
CC       Reaction=all-trans-beta-carotene + O2 = 2 all-trans-retinal;
CC         Xref=Rhea:RHEA:32887, ChEBI:CHEBI:15379, ChEBI:CHEBI:17579,
CC         ChEBI:CHEBI:17898; EC=1.13.11.63;
CC         Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:11401432, ECO:0000269|PubMed:17951468,
CC         ECO:0000269|PubMed:24668807};
CC       PhysiologicalDirection=left-to-right; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:32888;
CC         Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:17951468};
CC   -!- COFACTOR:
CC       Name=Fe(2+); Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:29033;
CC         Evidence={ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q9JJS6};
CC       Note=Binds 1 Fe(2+) ion per subunit. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q9JJS6};
CC   -!- BIOPHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
CC       Kinetic parameters:
CC         KM=6 uM for all-trans-beta-carotene {ECO:0000269|PubMed:17951468};
CC         Vmax=7.2 umol/min/mg enzyme for the formation of 2 all-trans-retinal
CC         {ECO:0000269|PubMed:17951468};
CC         Note=kcat is 0.45 min(-1) with all-trans-beta-carotene as substrate.
CC         {ECO:0000269|PubMed:17951468};
CC   -!- PATHWAY: Cofactor metabolism; retinol metabolism.
CC       {ECO:0000269|PubMed:17951468}.
CC   -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, cytosol
CC       {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q9I993}.
CC   -!- TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Highly expressed in retinal pigment epithelium.
CC       Also expressed in kidney, testis, liver, brain, small intestine and
CC       colon. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11401432}.
CC   -!- DISEASE: Hypercarotenemia and vitamin A deficiency, autosomal dominant
CC       (HCVAD) [MIM:115300]: A disorder characterized by increased serum beta-
CC       carotene, decreased conversion of beta-carotene to vitamin A and
CC       decreased serum vitamin A. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:17951468}. Note=The
CC       disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this
CC       entry.
CC   -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the carotenoid oxygenase family. {ECO:0000305}.
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DR   EMBL; AF294900; AAG15380.1; -; mRNA.
DR   EMBL; AK001592; BAA91776.1; -; mRNA.
DR   EMBL; CH471114; EAW95537.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR   EMBL; BC126210; AAI26211.1; -; mRNA.
DR   EMBL; BC126212; AAI26213.1; -; mRNA.
DR   CCDS; CCDS10934.1; -.
DR   RefSeq; NP_059125.2; NM_017429.2.
DR   AlphaFoldDB; Q9HAY6; -.
DR   SMR; Q9HAY6; -.
DR   BioGRID; 119790; 15.
DR   IntAct; Q9HAY6; 2.
DR   STRING; 9606.ENSP00000258168; -.
DR   DrugBank; DB06755; Beta carotene.
DR   SwissLipids; SLP:000000143; -.
DR   GlyGen; Q9HAY6; 1 site, 1 O-linked glycan (1 site).
DR   iPTMnet; Q9HAY6; -.
DR   PhosphoSitePlus; Q9HAY6; -.
DR   BioMuta; BCO1; -.
DR   DMDM; 41688803; -.
DR   jPOST; Q9HAY6; -.
DR   MassIVE; Q9HAY6; -.
DR   MaxQB; Q9HAY6; -.
DR   PaxDb; 9606-ENSP00000258168; -.
DR   PeptideAtlas; Q9HAY6; -.
DR   ProteomicsDB; 81458; -.
DR   Antibodypedia; 48219; 147 antibodies from 20 providers.
DR   DNASU; 53630; -.
DR   Ensembl; ENST00000258168.7; ENSP00000258168.2; ENSG00000135697.10.
DR   GeneID; 53630; -.
DR   KEGG; hsa:53630; -.
DR   MANE-Select; ENST00000258168.7; ENSP00000258168.2; NM_017429.3; NP_059125.2.
DR   UCSC; uc002fgn.2; human.
DR   AGR; HGNC:13815; -.
DR   CTD; 53630; -.
DR   DisGeNET; 53630; -.
DR   GeneCards; BCO1; -.
DR   HGNC; HGNC:13815; BCO1.
DR   HPA; ENSG00000135697; Tissue enhanced (choroid plexus, intestine).
DR   MalaCards; BCO1; -.
DR   MIM; 115300; phenotype.
DR   MIM; 605748; gene.
DR   neXtProt; NX_Q9HAY6; -.
DR   OpenTargets; ENSG00000135697; -.
DR   Orphanet; 199285; Hereditary hypercarotenemia and vitamin A deficiency.
DR   PharmGKB; PA37812; -.
DR   VEuPathDB; HostDB:ENSG00000135697; -.
DR   eggNOG; KOG1285; Eukaryota.
DR   GeneTree; ENSGT00950000182913; -.
DR   HOGENOM; CLU_016472_1_1_1; -.
DR   InParanoid; Q9HAY6; -.
DR   OMA; MHTIGDS; -.
DR   OrthoDB; 294919at2759; -.
DR   PhylomeDB; Q9HAY6; -.
DR   TreeFam; TF314019; -.
DR   BioCyc; MetaCyc:HS06050-MONOMER; -.
DR   BRENDA; 1.13.11.63; 2681.
DR   PathwayCommons; Q9HAY6; -.
DR   Reactome; R-HSA-975634; Retinoid metabolism and transport.
DR   SABIO-RK; Q9HAY6; -.
DR   SignaLink; Q9HAY6; -.
DR   UniPathway; UPA00912; -.
DR   BioGRID-ORCS; 53630; 6 hits in 1140 CRISPR screens.
DR   ChiTaRS; BCO1; human.
DR   GenomeRNAi; 53630; -.
DR   Pharos; Q9HAY6; Tbio.
DR   PRO; PR:Q9HAY6; -.
DR   Proteomes; UP000005640; Chromosome 16.
DR   RNAct; Q9HAY6; Protein.
DR   Bgee; ENSG00000135697; Expressed in pigmented layer of retina and 95 other cell types or tissues.
DR   ExpressionAtlas; Q9HAY6; baseline and differential.
DR   GO; GO:0005829; C:cytosol; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR   GO; GO:0003834; F:beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase activity; IDA:UniProtKB.
DR   GO; GO:0010436; F:carotenoid dioxygenase activity; IBA:GO_Central.
DR   GO; GO:0046872; F:metal ion binding; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR   GO; GO:1901810; P:beta-carotene metabolic process; IEA:Ensembl.
DR   GO; GO:0016121; P:carotene catabolic process; IDA:UniProtKB.
DR   GO; GO:0042574; P:retinal metabolic process; IDA:UniProtKB.
DR   GO; GO:0001523; P:retinoid metabolic process; IDA:UniProtKB.
DR   GO; GO:0042572; P:retinol metabolic process; IEA:UniProtKB-UniPathway.
DR   GO; GO:0035238; P:vitamin A biosynthetic process; NAS:BHF-UCL.
DR   InterPro; IPR004294; Carotenoid_Oase.
DR   PANTHER; PTHR10543:SF132; BETA,BETA-CAROTENE 15,15'-DIOXYGENASE; 1.
DR   PANTHER; PTHR10543; BETA-CAROTENE DIOXYGENASE; 1.
DR   Pfam; PF03055; RPE65; 1.
DR   Genevisible; Q9HAY6; HS.
PE   1: Evidence at protein level;
KW   Cytoplasm; Dioxygenase; Disease variant; Iron; Lipid metabolism;
KW   Metal-binding; Oxidoreductase; Reference proteome.
FT   CHAIN           1..547
FT                   /note="Beta,beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase"
FT                   /id="PRO_0000143933"
FT   REGION          528..547
FT                   /note="Disordered"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite"
FT   BINDING         172
FT                   /ligand="Fe cation"
FT                   /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:24875"
FT                   /ligand_note="catalytic"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q9JJS6"
FT   BINDING         237
FT                   /ligand="Fe cation"
FT                   /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:24875"
FT                   /ligand_note="catalytic"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q9JJS6"
FT   BINDING         308
FT                   /ligand="Fe cation"
FT                   /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:24875"
FT                   /ligand_note="catalytic"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q9JJS6"
FT   BINDING         514
FT                   /ligand="Fe cation"
FT                   /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:24875"
FT                   /ligand_note="catalytic"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q9JJS6"
FT   VARIANT         170
FT                   /note="T -> M (in HCVAD; decreased beta-carotene
FT                   15,15'-monooxygenase activity; 90% decrease compared to
FT                   wild-type; decreased catalytic efficiency; no effect on
FT                   affinity for all-trans-beta-carotene; dbSNP:rs119478057)"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:17951468"
FT                   /id="VAR_058112"
FT   VARIANT         267
FT                   /note="R -> S (in dbSNP:rs12934922)"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:15489334, ECO:0000269|Ref.3"
FT                   /id="VAR_048406"
FT   VARIANT         379
FT                   /note="A -> V (in dbSNP:rs7501331)"
FT                   /id="VAR_048407"
FT   CONFLICT        302
FT                   /note="D -> G (in Ref. 2; BAA91776)"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000305"
SQ   SEQUENCE   547 AA;  62637 MW;  F94BC8B01D56F9CB CRC64;
     MDIIFGRNRK EQLEPVRAKV TGKIPAWLQG TLLRNGPGMH TVGESRYNHW FDGLALLHSF
     TIRDGEVYYR SKYLRSDTYN TNIEANRIVV SEFGTMAYPD PCKNIFSKAF SYLSHTIPDF
     TDNCLINIMK CGEDFYATSE TNYIRKINPQ TLETLEKVDY RKYVAVNLAT SHPHYDEAGN
     VLNMGTSIVE KGKTKYVIFK IPATVPEGKK QGKSPWKHTE VFCSIPSRSL LSPSYYHSFG
     VTENYVIFLE QPFRLDILKM ATAYIRRMSW ASCLAFHREE KTYIHIIDQR TRQPVQTKFY
     TDAMVVFHHV NAYEEDGCIV FDVIAYEDNS LYQLFYLANL NQDFKENSRL TSVPTLRRFA
     VPLHVDKNAE VGTNLIKVAS TTATALKEED GQVYCQPEFL YEGLELPRVN YAHNGKQYRY
     VFATGVQWSP IPTKIIKYDI LTKSSLKWRE DDCWPAEPLF VPAPGAKDED DGVILSAIVS
     TDPQKLPFLL ILDAKSFTEL ARASVDVDMH MDLHGLFITD MDWDTKKQAA SEEQRDRASD
     CHGAPLT
//