Q9BQB6 (VKOR1_HUMAN) Reviewed, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
Last modified
May 1, 2013.
Version 96.
History...
Names·Attributes·General annotation·Ontologies·Alt products·Sequence annotation·Sequences·References·Web links·Cross-refs·Entry info·DocumentsCustomize order
Names·Attributes·General annotation·Ontologies·Alt products·Sequence annotation·Sequences·References·Web links·Cross-refs·Entry info·DocumentsCustomize orderNames and origin
| Protein names | Recommended name: Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 EC=1.1.4.1 Alternative name(s): Vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide reductase subunit 1 | ||||||
| Gene names |
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| Organism | Homo sapiens (Human) [Reference proteome] | ||||||
| Taxonomic identifier | 9606 [NCBI] | ||||||
| Taxonomic lineage | Eukaryota › Metazoa › Chordata › Craniata › Vertebrata › Euteleostomi › Mammalia › Eutheria › Euarchontoglires › Primates › Haplorrhini › Catarrhini › Hominidae › Homo![]() |
Protein attributes
| Sequence length | 163 AA. |
| Sequence status | Complete. |
| Protein existence | Evidence at protein level |
General annotation (Comments)
| Function | Involved in vitamin K metabolism. Catalytic subunit of the vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) complex which reduces inactive vitamin K 2,3-epoxide to active vitamin K. Ref.1 Ref.2 |
| Catalytic activity | 2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol = 2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol. |
| Subcellular location | Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein Ref.1. |
| Tissue specificity | Expressed at highest levels in fetal and adult liver, followed by fetal heart, kidney, and lung, adult heart, and pancreas. Ref.1 |
| Involvement in disease | Combined deficiency of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors 2 (VKCFD2) [MIM:607473]: VKCFD leads to a bleeding tendency that is usually reversed by oral administration of vitamin K. Coumarin resistance (CMRES) [MIM:122700]: A condition characterized by partial or complete resistance to warfarin or other 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives. These drugs are used as anti-coagulants for the prevention of thromboembolic diseases in subjects with deep vein thrombosis, atrial fibrillation, or mechanical heart valve replacement. |
| Miscellaneous | The location of two cysteine active-site residues within a proposed transmembrane is consistent both with the known hydrophobic environment of the thiol redox site of the enzyme and with the lipophilicity of vitamin K and warfarin. |
| Sequence similarities | Belongs to the VKOR family. |
| Sequence caution | The sequence AAQ88821.1 differs from that shown. Reason: Erroneous initiation. |
Ontologies
| Keywords | |
|---|---|
| Cellular component | Endoplasmic reticulum Membrane |
| Coding sequence diversity | Alternative splicing |
| Disease | Disease mutation |
| Domain | Redox-active center Transmembrane Transmembrane helix |
| Molecular function | Oxidoreductase |
| PTM | Disulfide bond |
| Technical term | Complete proteome Reference proteome |
| Gene Ontology (GO) | |
| Biological_process | drug metabolic process Inferred from mutant phenotype PubMed 21127708. Source: UniProtKB peptidyl-glutamic acid carboxylationTraceable author statement. Source: Reactome post-translational protein modificationTraceable author statement. Source: Reactome |
| Cellular_component | endoplasmic reticulum membrane Traceable author statement. Source: Reactome integral to membraneInferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW |
| Molecular_function | vitamin-K-epoxide reductase (warfarin-sensitive) activity Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: EC |
| Complete GO annotation... | |
Alternative products
| This entry describes 3 isoforms produced by alternative splicing. [Align] [Select] | ||||||
| Isoform 1 (identifier: Q9BQB6-1) Also known as: MST576; This isoform has been chosen as the 'canonical' sequence. All positional information in this entry refers to it. This is also the sequence that appears in the downloadable versions of the entry. | ||||||
| Isoform 2 (identifier: Q9BQB6-2) Also known as: MST134; The sequence of this isoform differs from the canonical sequence as follows: 95-163: GCLRTRWASV...QEPQGKAKRH → DGVSPCCPGW...PGLDPVLRAL | ||||||
| Isoform 3 (identifier: Q9BQB6-3) The sequence of this isoform differs from the canonical sequence as follows: 59-163: WGRGFGLVEH...QEPQGKAKRH → LPADTLGLCPDAAELPGVSRWFCLPGLDPVLRAL | ||||||
| Note: No experimental confirmation available. |
Sequence annotation (Features)
| Feature key | Position(s) | Length | Description | Graphical view | Feature identifier | ||||||
Molecule processing | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chain | 1 – 163 | 163 | Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 | PRO_0000191668 | |||||||
Regions | |||||||||||
| Topological domain | 1 – 8 | 8 | Lumenal Potential | ||||||||
| Transmembrane | 9 – 29 | 21 | Helical; Potential | ||||||||
| Topological domain | 30 – 100 | 71 | Cytoplasmic Potential | ||||||||
| Transmembrane | 101 – 123 | 23 | Helical; Potential | ||||||||
| Topological domain | 124 – 126 | 3 | Lumenal Potential | ||||||||
| Transmembrane | 127 – 149 | 23 | Helical; Potential | ||||||||
| Topological domain | 150 – 163 | 14 | Cytoplasmic Potential | ||||||||
Amino acid modifications | |||||||||||
| Disulfide bond | 132 ↔ 135 | Redox-active Potential | |||||||||
Natural variations | |||||||||||
| Alternative sequence | 59 – 163 | 105 | WGRGF…KAKRH → LPADTLGLCPDAAELPGVSR WFCLPGLDPVLRAL in isoform 3. | VSP_043407 | |||||||
| Alternative sequence | 95 – 163 | 69 | GCLRT…KAKRH → DGVSPCCPGWSQAICLPQPP KVLGGLQALPADTLGLCPDA AELPGVSRWFCLPGLDPVLR AL in isoform 2. | VSP_013363 | |||||||
| Natural variant | 26 | 1 | A → T in CMRES. Ref.13 | VAR_065785 | |||||||
| Natural variant | 29 | 1 | V → L in CMRES. Ref.1 Ref.13 Corresponds to variant rs104894539 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ]. | VAR_021821 | |||||||
| Natural variant | 36 | 1 | D → G in CMRES. Ref.13 | VAR_065786 | |||||||
| Natural variant | 36 | 1 | D → Y in CMRES. Ref.13 | VAR_065787 | |||||||
| Natural variant | 45 | 1 | V → A in CMRES. Ref.1 Corresponds to variant rs104894540 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ]. | VAR_021822 | |||||||
| Natural variant | 52 | 1 | S → W in CMRES. Ref.13 | VAR_065788 | |||||||
| Natural variant | 56 | 1 | S → F in CMRES. Ref.13 | VAR_065789 | |||||||
| Natural variant | 58 | 1 | R → G in CMRES. Ref.1 Corresponds to variant rs104894541 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ]. | VAR_021823 | |||||||
| Natural variant | 59 | 1 | W → C in CMRES. Ref.13 | VAR_065790 | |||||||
| Natural variant | 59 | 1 | W → L in CMRES. Ref.13 | VAR_065791 | |||||||
| Natural variant | 66 | 1 | V → G in CMRES. Ref.13 | VAR_065792 | |||||||
| Natural variant | 66 | 1 | V → M in CMRES. Ref.13 Corresponds to variant rs72547529 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ]. | VAR_065793 | |||||||
| Natural variant | 71 | 1 | G → A in CMRES. Ref.13 | VAR_065794 | |||||||
| Natural variant | 77 | 1 | N → S in CMRES. Ref.13 | VAR_065795 | |||||||
| Natural variant | 77 | 1 | N → Y in CMRES. Ref.13 | VAR_065796 | |||||||
| Natural variant | 98 | 1 | R → W in VKCFD2. Ref.1 | VAR_021824 | |||||||
| Natural variant | 123 | 1 | I → N in CMRES. Ref.13 | VAR_065797 | |||||||
| Natural variant | 128 | 1 | L → R in CMRES. Ref.1 Corresponds to variant rs104894542 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ]. | VAR_021825 | |||||||
| Natural variant | 139 | 1 | Y → H in CMRES. Ref.13 | VAR_065798 | |||||||
Sequences
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References
| « Hide 'large scale' references | |
| [1] | "Mutations in VKORC1 cause warfarin resistance and multiple coagulation factor deficiency type 2." Rost S., Fregin A., Ivaskevicius V., Conzelmann E., Hoertnagel K., Pelz H.-J., Lappegard K., Seifried E., Scharrer I., Tuddenham E.G.D., Mueller C.R., Strom T.M., Oldenburg J. Nature 427:537-541(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORM 1), FUNCTION, SUBCELLULAR LOCATION, TISSUE SPECIFICITY, VARIANTS CMRES LEU-29; ALA-45; GLY-58 AND ARG-128, VARIANT VKCFD2 TRP-98. Tissue: Kidney. |
| [2] | "Identification of the gene for vitamin K epoxide reductase." Li T., Chang C.-Y., Jin D.-Y., Lin P.-J., Khvorova A., Stafford D.W. Nature 427:541-544(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORM 1), FUNCTION. |
| [3] | Liu B., Qin B.M., Sheng H., Zhao B., Liu Y.Q., Wang X.Y., Zhang Q., Song L., Lu H., Xu H.S., Zheng W.Y., Gong J., Wang Y.B., Liu Y.Q., Zhang C.N., Shi Y., Wang W., Zhang Z. Hui R.T.Submitted (NOV-2003) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORMS 1 AND 2). Tissue: Aorta. |
| [4] | SeattleSNPs variation discovery resource Submitted (MAR-2004) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]. |
| [5] | "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs." Ota T., Suzuki Y., Nishikawa T., Otsuki T., Sugiyama T., Irie R., Wakamatsu A., Hayashi K., Sato H., Nagai K., Kimura K., Makita H., Sekine M., Obayashi M., Nishi T., Shibahara T., Tanaka T., Ishii S. Sugano S.Nat. Genet. 36:40-45(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORMS 1 AND 3). Tissue: Brain. |
| [6] | "The sequence and analysis of duplication-rich human chromosome 16." Martin J., Han C., Gordon L.A., Terry A., Prabhakar S., She X., Xie G., Hellsten U., Chan Y.M., Altherr M., Couronne O., Aerts A., Bajorek E., Black S., Blumer H., Branscomb E., Brown N.C., Bruno W.J. Pennacchio L.A.Nature 432:988-994(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]. |
| [7] | Mural R.J., Istrail S., Sutton G.G., Florea L., Halpern A.L., Mobarry C.M., Lippert R., Walenz B., Shatkay H., Dew I., Miller J.R., Flanigan M.J., Edwards N.J., Bolanos R., Fasulo D., Halldorsson B.V., Hannenhalli S., Turner R. Venter J.C.Submitted (JUL-2005) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]. |
| [8] | "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)." The MGC Project Team Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM 1). Tissue: Lung. |
| [9] | "The secreted protein discovery initiative (SPDI), a large-scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins: a bioinformatics assessment." Clark H.F., Gurney A.L., Abaya E., Baker K., Baldwin D.T., Brush J., Chen J., Chow B., Chui C., Crowley C., Currell B., Deuel B., Dowd P., Eaton D., Foster J.S., Grimaldi C., Gu Q., Hass P.E. Gray A.M.Genome Res. 13:2265-2270(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] OF 44-163 (ISOFORM 1). |
| [10] | "Vitamin K epoxide reductase: homology, active site and catalytic mechanism." Goodstadt L., Ponting C.P. Trends Biochem. Sci. 29:289-292(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: POTENTIAL REDOX-ACTIVE SITE. |
| [11] | "Membrane topology mapping of vitamin K epoxide reductase by in vitro translation/cotranslocation." Tie J.-K., Nicchitta C., von Heijne G., Stafford D.W. J. Biol. Chem. 280:16410-16416(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: TOPOLOGY. |
| [12] | "Site-directed mutagenesis of coumarin-type anticoagulant-sensitive VKORC1: evidence that highly conserved amino acids define structural requirements for enzymatic activity and inhibition by warfarin." Rost S., Fregin A., Hunerberg M., Bevans C.G., Muller C.R., Oldenburg J. Thromb. Haemost. 94:780-786(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: MUTAGENESIS, POTENTIAL REDOX-ACTIVE SITE. |
| [13] | "Thirteen novel VKORC1 mutations associated with oral anticoagulant resistance: insights into improved patient diagnosis and treatment." Watzka M., Geisen C., Bevans C.G., Sittinger K., Spohn G., Rost S., Seifried E., Muller C.R., Oldenburg J. J. Thromb. Haemost. 9:109-118(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: VARIANTS CMRES THR-26; LEU-29; GLY-36; TYR-36; TRP-52; PHE-56; LEU-59; CYS-59; GLY-66; MET-66; ALA-71; SER-77; TYR-77; ASN-123 AND HIS-139. |
| + | Additional computationally mapped references. |
Web resources
Cross-references
Sequence databases | |
|---|---|
| EMBL GenBank DDBJ | AY423044 mRNA. Translation: AAR82914.1. AY521634 mRNA. Translation: AAS01052.1. AF176924 mRNA. Translation: AAQ13668.1. AY466113 mRNA. Translation: AAR28759.1. AY587020 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAS83106.1. AK289790 mRNA. Translation: BAF82479.1. AK312005 mRNA. Translation: BAG34943.1. AC135050 Genomic DNA. No translation available. CH471192 Genomic DNA. Translation: EAW52167.1. CH471192 Genomic DNA. Translation: EAW52168.1. BC002911 mRNA. Translation: AAH02911.1. AY358456 mRNA. Translation: AAQ88821.1. Different initiation. |
| IPI | IPI00031000. IPI00384902. IPI00410112. |
| RefSeq | NP_076869.1. NM_024006.4. NP_996560.1. NM_206824.1. |
| UniGene | Hs.324844. |
3D structure databases | |
| ProteinModelPortal | Q9BQB6. |
| ModBase | Search... |
Protein-protein interaction databases | |
| IntAct | Q9BQB6. 1 interaction. |
| STRING | 9606.ENSP00000378426. |
PTM databases | |
| PhosphoSite | Q9BQB6. |
Polymorphism databases | |
| DMDM | 62511226. |
Proteomic databases | |
| PaxDb | Q9BQB6. |
| PRIDE | Q9BQB6. |
Protocols and materials databases | |
| DNASU | 79001. |
| StructuralBiologyKnowledgebase | Search... |
Genome annotation databases | |
| Ensembl | ENST00000319788; ENSP00000326135; ENSG00000167397. ENST00000354895; ENSP00000346969; ENSG00000167397. ENST00000394975; ENSP00000378426; ENSG00000167397. |
| GeneID | 79001. |
| KEGG | hsa:79001. |
| UCSC | uc002eas.3. human. uc002eau.3. human. |
Organism-specific databases | |
| CTD | 79001. |
| GeneCards | GC16M031105. |
| H-InvDB | HIX0079837. |
| HGNC | HGNC:23663. VKORC1. |
| HPA | HPA042720. |
| MIM | 122700. phenotype. 607473. phenotype. 608547. gene. |
| neXtProt | NX_Q9BQB6. |
| Orphanet | 240843. Acenocoumarol toxicity. 240873. Fluindione toxicity. 98434. Hereditary combined deficiency of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. 240897. Phenprocoumon toxicity. 240929. Resistance to acenocoumarol in venous thrombosis and atrial fibrillation. 240937. Resistance to fluindione in venous thrombosis and atrial fibrillation. 240943. Resistance to phenprocoumon in venous thrombosis and atrial fibrillation. 240953. Resistance to warfarine in venous thrombosis and atrial fibrillation. 240991. Susceptibility to bleeding due to acenocoumarol treatment. 240993. Susceptibility to bleeding due to fluindione treatment. 240995. Susceptibility to bleeding due to phenprocoumon treatment. 240997. Susceptibility to bleeding due to warfarine treatment. 241045. Warfarine dose selection in the treatment of venous thrombosis and atrial fibrillation. 240923. Warfarine toxicity. |
| PharmGKB | PA133787052. |
| GenAtlas | Search... |
Phylogenomic databases | |
| eggNOG | NOG46570. |
| HOGENOM | HOG000230752. |
| HOVERGEN | HBG076672. |
| InParanoid | Q9BQB6. |
| KO | K05357. |
| OMA | INVGLTV. |
| OrthoDB | EOG4ZGPDK. |
Enzyme and pathway databases | |
| BRENDA | 1.1.4.1. 2681. |
| Reactome | REACT_17015. Metabolism of proteins. |
Gene expression databases | |
| ArrayExpress | Q9BQB6. |
| Bgee | Q9BQB6. |
| CleanEx | HS_VKORC1. |
| Genevestigator | Q9BQB6. |
| GermOnline | ENSG00000167397. Homo sapiens. |
Family and domain databases | |
| InterPro | IPR012932. VKOR. [Graphical view] |
| Pfam | PF07884. VKOR. 1 hit. [Graphical view] |
| SMART | SM00756. VKc. 1 hit. [Graphical view] |
| ProtoNet | Search... |
Other | |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1930. |
| DrugBank | DB01418. Acenocoumarol. DB00266. Dicumarol. DB00170. Menadione. DB00498. Phenindione. DB00946. Phenprocoumon. DB00682. Warfarin. |
| GenomeRNAi | 79001. |
| NextBio | 67615. |
| SOURCE | Search... |
Entry information
| Entry name | VKOR1_HUMAN | ||||||||
| Accession | Primary (citable) accession number: Q9BQB6 Secondary accession number(s): A6NIQ6 Q7Z2R4 | ||||||||
| Entry history |
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| Entry status | Reviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot) | ||||||||
| Annotation program | Chordata Protein Annotation Program | ||||||||
| Disclaimer | Any medical or genetic information present in this entry is provided for research, educational and informational purposes only. It is not in any way intended to be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or care. | ||||||||
Relevant documents
| Human chromosome 16 Human chromosome 16: entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM |
| Human entries with polymorphisms or disease mutations List of human entries with polymorphisms or disease mutations |
| Human polymorphisms and disease mutations Index of human polymorphisms and disease mutations |
| MIM cross-references Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM) cross-references in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot |
| SIMILARITY comments Index of protein domains and families |

Clusters with
