Reviewed,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Q99988 (GDF15_HUMAN)
Last modified
June 16, 2009.
Version 81.
History...
Clusters with 100%,
90%,
50% identity |
Documents (5) |
Third-party data |
Customize display | text xml rdf/xml gff fasta |
Names and origin
| Protein names | Recommended name: Growth/differentiation factor 15 Short name=GDF-15 Alternative name(s): Placental bone morphogenetic protein Placental TGF-beta Macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 Short name=MIC-1 Prostate differentiation factor NSAID-activated gene 1 protein Short name=NAG-1 NSAID-regulated gene 1 protein Short name=NRG-1 | ||||
| Gene names |
| ||||
| Organism | Homo sapiens (Human) | ||||
| Taxonomic identifier | 9606 [NCBI] | ||||
| Taxonomic lineage | Eukaryota › Metazoa › Chordata › Craniata › Vertebrata › Euteleostomi › Mammalia › Eutheria › Euarchontoglires › Primates › Haplorrhini › Catarrhini › Hominidae › Homo |
Protein attributes
| Sequence length | 308 AA. |
| Sequence status | Complete. |
| Sequence processing | The displayed sequence is further processed into a mature form. |
| Protein existence | Evidence at protein level. |
General annotation (Comments)
| Subunit structure | Homodimer; disulfide-linked By similarity. |
| Subcellular location | Secreted Probable. |
| Tissue specificity | Highly expressed in placenta, with lower levels in prostate and colon and some expression in kidney. |
| Sequence similarities | Belongs to the TGF-beta family. |
Ontologies
| Keywords | |
|---|---|
| Cellular component | Secreted |
| Coding sequence diversity | Polymorphism |
| Domain | Signal |
| Molecular function | Cytokine Growth factor |
| PTM | Cleavage on pair of basic residues Disulfide bond Glycoprotein |
| Gene Ontology (GO) | |
| Biological process | cell-cell signaling Ref.3 Traceable author statement. Source: ProtInc transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway Ref.2Traceable author statement. Source: ProtInc |
| Cellular component | Golgi apparatus Inferred from direct assay. Source: HPA extracellular spaceInferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW |
| Molecular function | cytokine activity Ref.3 Traceable author statement. Source: ProtInc growth factor activityInferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW |
| Complete GO annotation... | |
Sequence annotation (Features)
| Feature key | Position(s) | Length | Description | Graphical view | Feature identifier | ||||||
Molecule processing | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Signal peptide | 1 – 29 | 29 | Potential | ||||||||
| Propeptide | 30 – 194 | 165 | Potential | PRO_0000033992 | |||||||
| Chain | 195 – 308 | 114 | Growth/differentiation factor 15 | PRO_0000033993 | |||||||
Amino acid modifications | |||||||||||
| Glycosylation | 70 | 1 | N-linked (GlcNAc...) Potential | ||||||||
| Disulfide bond | 211 ↔ 274 | By similarity | |||||||||
| Disulfide bond | 240 ↔ 305 | By similarity | |||||||||
| Disulfide bond | 244 ↔ 307 | By similarity | |||||||||
| Disulfide bond | 273 | Interchain By similarity | |||||||||
Natural variations | |||||||||||
| Natural variant | 9 | 1 | V → L: dbSNP rs1059519. Ref.2 Ref.3 Ref.4 Ref.6 | VAR_047646 | |||||||
| Natural variant | 48 | 1 | T → S: dbSNP rs1059369. Ref.4 Ref.1 Ref.5 Ref.7 Ref.8 Ref.9 | VAR_010386 | |||||||
| Natural variant | 202 | 1 | H → D: dbSNP rs1058587. Ref.1 | VAR_047647 | |||||||
Experimental info | |||||||||||
| Sequence conflict | 269 | 1 | V → E in AAB88913. Ref.1 | ||||||||
| Sequence conflict | 288 | 1 | T → A in AAF89834. Ref.10 | ||||||||
Sequences
| ||||||||||||||||||
References
| « Hide 'large scale' references | |
| [1] | "PLAB, a novel placental bone morphogenetic protein." Hromas R., Hufford M., Sutton J., Xu D., Li Y., Lu L. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1354:40-44(1997) [PubMed: 9375789] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA], VARIANTS SER-48 AND ASP-202. Tissue: Placenta. |
| [2] | "Human cDNA encoding a novel TGF-beta superfamily protein highly expressed in placenta." Yokoyama-Kobayashi M., Saeki M., Sekine S., Kato S. J. Biochem. 122:622-626(1997) [PubMed: 9348093] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA], VARIANT LEU-9. Tissue: Fibrosarcoma. |
| [3] | "MIC-1, a novel macrophage inhibitory cytokine, is a divergent member of the TGF-beta superfamily." Bootcov M.R., Bauskin A.R., Valenzuela S.M., Moore A.G., Bansal M., He X.Y., Zhang H.P., Donnellan M., Mahler S., Pryor K., Walsh B.J., Nicholson R.C., Fairlie W.D., Por S.B., Robbins J.M., Breit S.N. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94:11514-11519(1997) [PubMed: 9326641] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA], VARIANT LEU-9. |
| [4] | "Cloning and characterization of a novel member of the transforming growth factor-beta/bone morphogenetic protein family." Paralkar V.M., Vail A.L., Grasser W.A., Brown T.A., Xu H., Vukicevic S., Ke H.Z., Qi H., Owen T.A., Thompson D.D. J. Biol. Chem. 273:13760-13767(1998) [PubMed: 9593718] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA], VARIANTS LEU-9 AND SER-48. Tissue: Placenta. |
| [5] | "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs." Ota T., Suzuki Y., Nishikawa T., Otsuki T., Sugiyama T., Irie R., Wakamatsu A., Hayashi K., Sato H., Nagai K., Kimura K., Makita H., Sekine M., Obayashi M., Nishi T., Shibahara T., Tanaka T., Ishii S. Sugano S.Nat. Genet. 36:40-45(2004) [PubMed: 14702039] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA], VARIANT SER-48. Tissue: Placenta. |
| [6] | "Cloning of human full-length CDSs in BD Creator(TM) system donor vector." Kalnine N., Chen X., Rolfs A., Halleck A., Hines L., Eisenstein S., Koundinya M., Raphael J., Moreira D., Kelley T., LaBaer J., Lin Y., Phelan M., Farmer A. Submitted (MAY-2003) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA], VARIANT LEU-9. |
| [7] | Mural R.J., Istrail S., Sutton G.G., Florea L., Halpern A.L., Mobarry C.M., Lippert R., Walenz B., Shatkay H., Dew I., Miller J.R., Flanigan M.J., Edwards N.J., Bolanos R., Fasulo D., Halldorsson B.V., Hannenhalli S., Turner R. Venter J.C.Submitted (JUL-2005) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA], VARIANT SER-48. |
| [8] | "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)." The MGC Project Team Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004) [PubMed: 15489334] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA], VARIANT SER-48. Tissue: Muscle. |
| [9] | "Identification of a novel member of the TGF-beta superfamily highly expressed in human placenta." Lawton L.N., de Fatima Bonaldo M., Jelenc P.C., Qiu L., Baumes S.A., Marcelino R.A., de Jesus G.M., Wellington S., Knowles J.A., Warburton D., Brown S., Soares M.B. Gene 203:17-26(1997) [PubMed: 9426002] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] OF 14-308, VARIANT SER-48. |
| [10] | "Cyclooxygenase inhibitors regulate the expression of a TGF-beta superfamily member that has proapoptotic and antitumorigenic activities." Baek S.J., Kim K.S., Nixon J.B., Wilson L.C., Eling T.E. Mol. Pharmacol. 59:901-908(2001) [PubMed: 11259636] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] OF 264-308. |
| + | Additional computationally mapped references. |
Cross-references
Sequence databases | |
|---|---|
| U88323 mRNA. Translation: AAB88913.1. AB000584 mRNA. Translation: BAA19151.1. AF019770 mRNA. Translation: AAB88673.1. AF003934 mRNA. Translation: AAC24456.1. AK291530 mRNA. Translation: BAF84219.1. BT019465 mRNA. Translation: AAV38272.1. CH471106 Genomic DNA. Translation: EAW84694.1. BC000529 mRNA. Translation: AAH00529.1. BC008962 mRNA. Translation: AAH08962.1. AF008303 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAC39537.1. AF173860 mRNA. Translation: AAF89834.1. | |
| IPI | IPI00306543. |
| PIR | JC5697. |
| RefSeq | NP_004855.2. |
| UniGene | Hs.616962 |
3D structure databases | |
| HSSP | HSSP built from PDB template 1LXI based on UniProtKB P18075. |
| ModBase | Search... |
Protein-protein interaction databases | |
| IntAct | Q99988. 1 interaction. |
Proteomic databases | |
| PeptideAtlas | Q99988. |
| PRIDE | Q99988. |
Genome annotation databases | |
| Ensembl | ENSG00000130513. Homo sapiens. [Contig view] |
| GeneID | 9518. |
| KEGG | hsa:9518. |
Organism-specific databases | |
| GeneCards | GC19P018358. |
| H-InvDB | HIX0014912. |
| HGNC | HGNC:30142. GDF15. |
| HPA | HPA011191. |
| MIM | 605312. gene. |
| PharmGKB | PA134866647. |
| GenAtlas | Search... |
Phylogenomic databases | |
| HOGENOM | Q99988. |
| HOVERGEN | Q99988. |
Gene expression databases | |
| ArrayExpress | Q99988. |
| Bgee | Q99988. |
| CleanEx | HS_GDF15. |
| GermOnline | ENSG00000130513. Homo sapiens. |
Family and domain databases | |
| InterPro | IPR001839. TGFb. IPR017948. TGFb_CS. [Graphical view] |
| Pfam | PF00019. TGF_beta. 1 hit. [Graphical view] |
| ProDom | PD000357. TGFb. 1 hit. [Graphical view] [Entries sharing at least one domain] |
| PROSITE | PS00250. TGF_BETA_1. False negative. PS51362. TGF_BETA_2. 1 hit. [Graphical view] |
| ProtoNet | Search... |
Other Resources | |
| NextBio | 35670. |
| SOURCE | Search... |
Entry information
| Entry name | GDF15_HUMAN | ||||||||
| Accession | Primary (citable) accession number: Q99988 Secondary accession number(s): O14629 Q9NRT0 | ||||||||
| Entry history |
| ||||||||
| Entry status | Reviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot) | ||||||||
| Annotation project | HPI (Human Proteome Initiative) | ||||||||
Relevant documents
| Human chromosome 19 Human chromosome 19: entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM |
| Human entries with polymorphisms or disease mutations List of human entries with polymorphisms or disease mutations |
| Human polymorphisms and disease mutations Index of human polymorphisms and disease mutations |
| MIM cross-references Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM) cross-references in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot |
| SIMILARITY comments Index of protein domains and families |

Clusters with


