ID PACRG_HUMAN Reviewed; 296 AA. AC Q96M98; E1P5B5; Q6IMB8; Q8IZM1; Q8NHP5; Q9H1V9; DT 13-APR-2004, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. DT 11-OCT-2005, sequence version 2. DT 27-MAR-2024, entry version 163. DE RecName: Full=Parkin coregulated gene protein; DE AltName: Full=Molecular chaperone/chaperonin-binding protein; DE AltName: Full=PARK2 coregulated gene protein; GN Name=PACRG; Synonyms=GLUP; OS Homo sapiens (Human). OC Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; OC Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; OC Homo. OX NCBI_TaxID=9606; RN [1] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORM 2). RX PubMed=12547187; DOI=10.1016/s0022-2836(02)01376-1; RA West A.B., Lockhart P.J., O'Farell C., Farrer M.J.; RT "Identification of a novel gene linked to parkin via a bi-directional RT promoter."; RL J. Mol. Biol. 326:11-19(2003). RN [2] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM 1). RC TISSUE=Testis; RX PubMed=14702039; DOI=10.1038/ng1285; RA Ota T., Suzuki Y., Nishikawa T., Otsuki T., Sugiyama T., Irie R., RA Wakamatsu A., Hayashi K., Sato H., Nagai K., Kimura K., Makita H., RA Sekine M., Obayashi M., Nishi T., Shibahara T., Tanaka T., Ishii S., RA Yamamoto J., Saito K., Kawai Y., Isono Y., Nakamura Y., Nagahari K., RA Murakami K., Yasuda T., Iwayanagi T., Wagatsuma M., Shiratori A., Sudo H., RA Hosoiri T., Kaku Y., Kodaira H., Kondo H., Sugawara M., Takahashi M., RA Kanda K., Yokoi T., Furuya T., Kikkawa E., Omura Y., Abe K., Kamihara K., RA Katsuta N., Sato K., Tanikawa M., Yamazaki M., Ninomiya K., Ishibashi T., RA Yamashita H., Murakawa K., Fujimori K., Tanai H., Kimata M., Watanabe M., RA Hiraoka S., Chiba Y., Ishida S., Ono Y., Takiguchi S., Watanabe S., RA Yosida M., Hotuta T., Kusano J., Kanehori K., Takahashi-Fujii A., Hara H., RA Tanase T.-O., Nomura Y., Togiya S., Komai F., Hara R., Takeuchi K., RA Arita M., Imose N., Musashino K., Yuuki H., Oshima A., Sasaki N., RA Aotsuka S., Yoshikawa Y., Matsunawa H., Ichihara T., Shiohata N., Sano S., RA Moriya S., Momiyama H., Satoh N., Takami S., Terashima Y., Suzuki O., RA Nakagawa S., Senoh A., Mizoguchi H., Goto Y., Shimizu F., Wakebe H., RA Hishigaki H., Watanabe T., Sugiyama A., Takemoto M., Kawakami B., RA Yamazaki M., Watanabe K., Kumagai A., Itakura S., Fukuzumi Y., Fujimori Y., RA Komiyama M., Tashiro H., Tanigami A., Fujiwara T., Ono T., Yamada K., RA Fujii Y., Ozaki K., Hirao M., Ohmori Y., Kawabata A., Hikiji T., RA Kobatake N., Inagaki H., Ikema Y., Okamoto S., Okitani R., Kawakami T., RA Noguchi S., Itoh T., Shigeta K., Senba T., Matsumura K., Nakajima Y., RA Mizuno T., Morinaga M., Sasaki M., Togashi T., Oyama M., Hata H., RA Watanabe M., Komatsu T., Mizushima-Sugano J., Satoh T., Shirai Y., RA Takahashi Y., Nakagawa K., Okumura K., Nagase T., Nomura N., Kikuchi H., RA Masuho Y., Yamashita R., Nakai K., Yada T., Nakamura Y., Ohara O., RA Isogai T., Sugano S.; RT "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human RT cDNAs."; RL Nat. Genet. 36:40-45(2004). RN [3] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]. RX PubMed=14574404; DOI=10.1038/nature02055; RA Mungall A.J., Palmer S.A., Sims S.K., Edwards C.A., Ashurst J.L., RA Wilming L., Jones M.C., Horton R., Hunt S.E., Scott C.E., Gilbert J.G.R., RA Clamp M.E., Bethel G., Milne S., Ainscough R., Almeida J.P., Ambrose K.D., RA Andrews T.D., Ashwell R.I.S., Babbage A.K., Bagguley C.L., Bailey J., RA Banerjee R., Barker D.J., Barlow K.F., Bates K., Beare D.M., Beasley H., RA Beasley O., Bird C.P., Blakey S.E., Bray-Allen S., Brook J., Brown A.J., RA Brown J.Y., Burford D.C., Burrill W., Burton J., Carder C., Carter N.P., RA Chapman J.C., Clark S.Y., Clark G., Clee C.M., Clegg S., Cobley V., RA Collier R.E., Collins J.E., Colman L.K., Corby N.R., Coville G.J., RA Culley K.M., Dhami P., Davies J., Dunn M., Earthrowl M.E., Ellington A.E., RA Evans K.A., Faulkner L., Francis M.D., Frankish A., Frankland J., RA French L., Garner P., Garnett J., Ghori M.J., Gilby L.M., Gillson C.J., RA Glithero R.J., Grafham D.V., Grant M., Gribble S., Griffiths C., RA Griffiths M.N.D., Hall R., Halls K.S., Hammond S., Harley J.L., Hart E.A., RA Heath P.D., Heathcott R., Holmes S.J., Howden P.J., Howe K.L., Howell G.R., RA Huckle E., Humphray S.J., Humphries M.D., Hunt A.R., Johnson C.M., RA Joy A.A., Kay M., Keenan S.J., Kimberley A.M., King A., Laird G.K., RA Langford C., Lawlor S., Leongamornlert D.A., Leversha M., Lloyd C.R., RA Lloyd D.M., Loveland J.E., Lovell J., Martin S., Mashreghi-Mohammadi M., RA Maslen G.L., Matthews L., McCann O.T., McLaren S.J., McLay K., McMurray A., RA Moore M.J.F., Mullikin J.C., Niblett D., Nickerson T., Novik K.L., RA Oliver K., Overton-Larty E.K., Parker A., Patel R., Pearce A.V., Peck A.I., RA Phillimore B.J.C.T., Phillips S., Plumb R.W., Porter K.M., Ramsey Y., RA Ranby S.A., Rice C.M., Ross M.T., Searle S.M., Sehra H.K., Sheridan E., RA Skuce C.D., Smith S., Smith M., Spraggon L., Squares S.L., Steward C.A., RA Sycamore N., Tamlyn-Hall G., Tester J., Theaker A.J., Thomas D.W., RA Thorpe A., Tracey A., Tromans A., Tubby B., Wall M., Wallis J.M., RA West A.P., White S.S., Whitehead S.L., Whittaker H., Wild A., Willey D.J., RA Wilmer T.E., Wood J.M., Wray P.W., Wyatt J.C., Young L., Younger R.M., RA Bentley D.R., Coulson A., Durbin R.M., Hubbard T., Sulston J.E., Dunham I., RA Rogers J., Beck S.; RT "The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6."; RL Nature 425:805-811(2003). RN [4] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]. RA Mural R.J., Istrail S., Sutton G.G., Florea L., Halpern A.L., Mobarry C.M., RA Lippert R., Walenz B., Shatkay H., Dew I., Miller J.R., Flanigan M.J., RA Edwards N.J., Bolanos R., Fasulo D., Halldorsson B.V., Hannenhalli S., RA Turner R., Yooseph S., Lu F., Nusskern D.R., Shue B.C., Zheng X.H., RA Zhong F., Delcher A.L., Huson D.H., Kravitz S.A., Mouchard L., Reinert K., RA Remington K.A., Clark A.G., Waterman M.S., Eichler E.E., Adams M.D., RA Hunkapiller M.W., Myers E.W., Venter J.C.; RL Submitted (SEP-2005) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases. RN [5] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM 2). RC TISSUE=Testis; RX PubMed=15489334; DOI=10.1101/gr.2596504; RG The MGC Project Team; RT "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: RT the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)."; RL Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004). RN [6] RP IDENTIFICATION, FUNCTION, AND INTERACTION WITH STIP1; PRKN; GPR37; HSPA8; RP TCP1; CCT2; CCT3; CCT4; CCT5; CCT6A; CCT7 AND CCT8. RX PubMed=14532270; DOI=10.1074/jbc.m309655200; RA Imai Y., Soda M., Murakami T., Shoji M., Abe K., Takahashi R.; RT "A product of the human gene adjacent to parkin is a component of Lewy RT bodies and suppresses Pael receptor-induced cell death."; RL J. Biol. Chem. 278:51901-51910(2003). RN [7] {ECO:0007744|PDB:7UNG} RP STRUCTURE BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (3.60 ANGSTROMS), FUNCTION, SUBCELLULAR RP LOCATION, AND TISSUE SPECIFICITY. RX PubMed=36191189; DOI=10.1073/pnas.2207605119; RA Gui M., Croft J.T., Zabeo D., Acharya V., Kollman J.M., Burgoyne T., RA Hoog J.L., Brown A.; RT "SPACA9 is a lumenal protein of human ciliary singlet and doublet RT microtubules."; RL Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 119:e2207605119-e2207605119(2022). RN [8] RP TISSUE SPECIFICITY, POLYMORPHISM, AND INVOLVEMENT IN LPRS2. RX PubMed=14737177; DOI=10.1038/nature02326; RA Mira M.T., Alcais A., Nguyen V.T., Moraes M.O., Di Flumeri C., Vu H.T., RA Mai C.P., Nguyen T.H., Nguyen N.B., Pham X.K., Sarno E.N., Alter A., RA Montpetit A., Moraes M.E., Moraes J.R., Dore C., Gallant C.J., Lepage P., RA Verner A., Van De Vosse E., Hudson T.J., Abel L., Schurr E.; RT "Susceptibility to leprosy is associated with PARK2 and PACRG."; RL Nature 427:636-640(2004). CC -!- FUNCTION: Microtubule inner protein (MIP) part of the dynein-decorated CC doublet microtubules (DMTs) in cilia axoneme, which is required for CC motile cilia beating (PubMed:36191189). Suppresses cell death induced CC by accumulation of unfolded Pael receptor (Pael-R, a substrate of CC Parkin). Facilitates the formation of inclusions consisting of Pael-R, CC molecular chaperones, protein degradation molecules and itself when CC proteasome is inhibited. May play an important role in the formation of CC Lewy bodies and protection of dopaminergic neurons against Parkinson CC disease (PubMed:14532270). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:A5PK71, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:14532270, ECO:0000269|PubMed:36191189}. CC -!- SUBUNIT: Forms a large molecular chaperone complex containing heat CC shock proteins 70 and 90 and chaperonin components. Interacts with CC STIP1, PRKN, GPR37, HSPA8, TCP1/CCT1, CCT2, CCT3, CCT4, CCT5, CCT6A, CC CCT7, CCT8. Interacts with MEIG1 (By similarity). {ECO:0000250}. CC -!- INTERACTION: CC Q96M98-2; Q5JSS6: MEIG1; NbExp=5; IntAct=EBI-11945452, EBI-18583441; CC -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, cilium axoneme CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:36191189}. CC -!- ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS: CC Event=Alternative splicing; Named isoforms=2; CC Name=1; CC IsoId=Q96M98-1; Sequence=Displayed; CC Name=2; CC IsoId=Q96M98-2; Sequence=VSP_010033; CC -!- TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Expressed in all immune tissues, spleen, lymph CC nodes, thymus, tonsils, leukocyte and bone marrow. Expressed also in CC heart, brain, skeletal muscle, kidney, lung and pancreas. Expressed in CC primary Schwann cells and very weakly by monocyte-derived macrophages CC the primary host cells of Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of CC leprosy. Component of Lewy bodies, intraneuronal inclusions found in CC the brain of Parkinson disease patients. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:14737177, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:36191189}. CC -!- POLYMORPHISM: Involved in susceptibility to leprosy (LPRS2) CC [MIM:607572]. LPRS2 is associated with polymorphisms in the 5'- CC regulatory region shared by the PRKN gene. CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:14737177}. CC -!- MISCELLANEOUS: Linked to PRKN in a head-to-head arrangement on opposite CC DNA strands and share a common 5'-flanking promoter region. CC -!- MISCELLANEOUS: [Isoform 2]: May be due to exon skipping. {ECO:0000305}. CC --------------------------------------------------------------------------- CC Copyrighted by the UniProt Consortium, see https://www.uniprot.org/terms CC Distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) License CC --------------------------------------------------------------------------- DR EMBL; AF546872; AAN37911.1; -; mRNA. DR EMBL; AK057286; BAB71410.1; -; mRNA. DR EMBL; AL031121; -; NOT_ANNOTATED_CDS; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; AL137182; -; NOT_ANNOTATED_CDS; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; AL354942; -; NOT_ANNOTATED_CDS; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; AP001576; -; NOT_ANNOTATED_CDS; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; AL078585; -; NOT_ANNOTATED_CDS; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; AL590286; -; NOT_ANNOTATED_CDS; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; AL603788; -; NOT_ANNOTATED_CDS; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; CH471051; EAW47565.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; CH471051; EAW47566.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; BC030642; AAH30642.1; -; mRNA. DR EMBL; BC044227; AAH44227.1; -; mRNA. DR EMBL; BK001670; DAA02134.1; -; mRNA. DR CCDS; CCDS43524.1; -. [Q96M98-2] DR CCDS; CCDS5284.1; -. [Q96M98-1] DR RefSeq; NP_001073847.1; NM_001080378.1. [Q96M98-2] DR RefSeq; NP_001073848.1; NM_001080379.1. [Q96M98-2] DR RefSeq; NP_689623.2; NM_152410.2. [Q96M98-1] DR PDB; 6NDU; X-ray; 2.10 A; A=70-296. DR PDB; 6NEP; X-ray; 2.10 A; A=70-296. DR PDB; 6UCC; X-ray; 2.60 A; A=1-296. DR PDB; 7UNG; EM; 3.60 A; YB/YC/YD/YE/YF/YG=1-296. DR PDB; 8J07; EM; 4.10 A; YB/YC/YD/YF/YG/YH/YI/YJ/YK/YL/YM=1-296. DR PDBsum; 6NDU; -. DR PDBsum; 6NEP; -. DR PDBsum; 6UCC; -. DR PDBsum; 7UNG; -. DR PDBsum; 8J07; -. DR AlphaFoldDB; Q96M98; -. DR EMDB; EMD-26624; -. DR EMDB; EMD-35888; -. DR SMR; Q96M98; -. DR BioGRID; 126421; 28. DR IntAct; Q96M98; 4. DR STRING; 9606.ENSP00000337946; -. DR iPTMnet; Q96M98; -. DR PhosphoSitePlus; Q96M98; -. DR BioMuta; PACRG; -. DR DMDM; 77416872; -. DR MassIVE; Q96M98; -. DR PaxDb; 9606-ENSP00000337946; -. DR PeptideAtlas; Q96M98; -. DR ProteomicsDB; 77323; -. [Q96M98-1] DR ProteomicsDB; 77324; -. [Q96M98-2] DR Antibodypedia; 20047; 181 antibodies from 26 providers. DR DNASU; 135138; -. DR Ensembl; ENST00000337019.7; ENSP00000337946.3; ENSG00000112530.13. [Q96M98-1] DR Ensembl; ENST00000366888.7; ENSP00000355854.2; ENSG00000112530.13. [Q96M98-2] DR Ensembl; ENST00000366889.6; ENSP00000355855.2; ENSG00000112530.13. [Q96M98-2] DR GeneID; 135138; -. DR KEGG; hsa:135138; -. DR MANE-Select; ENST00000366888.7; ENSP00000355854.2; NM_001080379.2; NP_001073848.1. [Q96M98-2] DR UCSC; uc003qua.4; human. [Q96M98-1] DR AGR; HGNC:19152; -. DR DisGeNET; 135138; -. DR GeneCards; PACRG; -. DR HGNC; HGNC:19152; PACRG. DR HPA; ENSG00000112530; Tissue enhanced (fallopian tube, testis). DR MalaCards; PACRG; -. DR MIM; 607572; phenotype. DR MIM; 608427; gene. DR neXtProt; NX_Q96M98; -. DR OpenTargets; ENSG00000112530; -. DR PharmGKB; PA134909011; -. DR VEuPathDB; HostDB:ENSG00000112530; -. DR eggNOG; KOG3961; Eukaryota. DR GeneTree; ENSGT00940000157330; -. DR HOGENOM; CLU_073223_1_0_1; -. DR InParanoid; Q96M98; -. DR OMA; INGPIHE; -. DR OrthoDB; 128163at2759; -. DR PhylomeDB; Q96M98; -. DR TreeFam; TF321123; -. DR PathwayCommons; Q96M98; -. DR SignaLink; Q96M98; -. DR SIGNOR; Q96M98; -. DR BioGRID-ORCS; 135138; 7 hits in 1141 CRISPR screens. DR ChiTaRS; PACRG; human. DR GeneWiki; PACRG; -. DR GenomeRNAi; 135138; -. DR Pharos; Q96M98; Tbio. DR PRO; PR:Q96M98; -. DR Proteomes; UP000005640; Chromosome 6. DR RNAct; Q96M98; Protein. DR Bgee; ENSG00000112530; Expressed in bronchial epithelial cell and 124 other cell types or tissues. DR ExpressionAtlas; Q96M98; baseline and differential. DR GO; GO:0005879; C:axonemal microtubule; IDA:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0044297; C:cell body; IEA:Ensembl. DR GO; GO:0005829; C:cytosol; IDA:ParkinsonsUK-UCL. DR GO; GO:0002177; C:manchette; IEA:Ensembl. DR GO; GO:0043005; C:neuron projection; IDA:ParkinsonsUK-UCL. DR GO; GO:0005634; C:nucleus; HDA:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0097225; C:sperm midpiece; IEA:Ensembl. DR GO; GO:0031982; C:vesicle; IDA:ParkinsonsUK-UCL. DR GO; GO:0003779; F:actin binding; IDA:ParkinsonsUK-UCL. DR GO; GO:0043014; F:alpha-tubulin binding; IDA:ParkinsonsUK-UCL. DR GO; GO:0048487; F:beta-tubulin binding; IDA:ParkinsonsUK-UCL. DR GO; GO:0001664; F:G protein-coupled receptor binding; IPI:ParkinsonsUK-UCL. DR GO; GO:0031072; F:heat shock protein binding; IPI:ParkinsonsUK-UCL. DR GO; GO:0030544; F:Hsp70 protein binding; IDA:ParkinsonsUK-UCL. DR GO; GO:0051879; F:Hsp90 protein binding; IDA:ParkinsonsUK-UCL. DR GO; GO:0051087; F:protein-folding chaperone binding; IPI:ParkinsonsUK-UCL. DR GO; GO:0031625; F:ubiquitin protein ligase binding; IPI:ParkinsonsUK-UCL. DR GO; GO:0034620; P:cellular response to unfolded protein; TAS:ParkinsonsUK-UCL. DR GO; GO:0008104; P:protein localization; IEA:Ensembl. DR GO; GO:0007286; P:spermatid development; IEA:Ensembl. DR InterPro; IPR019399; Parkin_co-regulated_protein. DR PANTHER; PTHR21207:SF2; PARKIN COREGULATED GENE PROTEIN; 1. DR PANTHER; PTHR21207; PARKIN COREGULATED GENE PROTEIN PARK2 COREGULATED; 1. DR Pfam; PF10274; ParcG; 2. DR Genevisible; Q96M98; HS. PE 1: Evidence at protein level; KW 3D-structure; Alternative splicing; Cell projection; Cytoplasm; KW Cytoskeleton; Reference proteome. FT CHAIN 1..296 FT /note="Parkin coregulated gene protein" FT /id="PRO_0000058169" FT VAR_SEQ 205..243 FT /note="Missing (in isoform 2)" FT /evidence="ECO:0000303|PubMed:12547187, FT ECO:0000303|PubMed:15489334" FT /id="VSP_010033" FT CONFLICT 93 FT /note="K -> R (in Ref. 2; BAB71410)" FT /evidence="ECO:0000305" FT CONFLICT 185 FT /note="A -> T (in Ref. 5; AAH30642)" FT /evidence="ECO:0000305" FT HELIX 70..77 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6NEP" FT STRAND 78..80 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6UCC" FT STRAND 96..98 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6NEP" FT HELIX 100..102 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6NEP" FT HELIX 105..114 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6NEP" FT HELIX 115..117 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6NEP" FT HELIX 123..138 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6NEP" FT HELIX 139..141 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6NEP" FT HELIX 143..145 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6NEP" FT HELIX 146..157 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6NEP" FT HELIX 162..178 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6NEP" FT HELIX 182..186 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6NEP" FT HELIX 187..189 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6NEP" FT HELIX 190..193 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6NEP" FT HELIX 197..200 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6NEP" FT HELIX 260..274 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6NEP" FT HELIX 279..286 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6NEP" SQ SEQUENCE 296 AA; 33342 MW; 4A415741D430C7FB CRC64; MVAEKETLSL NKCPDKMPKR TKLLAQQPLP VHQPHSLVSE GFTVKAMMKN SVVRGPPAAG AFKERPTKPT AFRKFYERGD FPIALEHDSK GNKIAWKVEI EKLDYHHYLP LFFDGLCEMT FPYEFFARQG IHDMLEHGGN KILPVLPQLI IPIKNALNLR NRQVICVTLK VLQHLVVSAE MVGKALVPYY RQILPVLNIF KNMNGSYSLP RLECSGAIMA RCNLDHLGSS DPPTSASQVA EIIVNSGDGI DYSQQKRENI GDLIQETLEA FERYGGENAF INIKYVVPTY ESCLLN //