Q91C38 (X_HBVA6) Reviewed, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

Names and origin

Protein names

Recommended name:
Protein X

Alternative name(s):
HBx
Peptide X
pX

Gene names

Name:

X

Organism

Hepatitis B virus genotype A1 subtype adw2 (isolate South Africa/84/2001) (HBV-A) [Complete proteome]

Taxonomic identifier

489454 [NCBI]

Taxonomic lineage

Viruses › Retro-transcribing viruses › Hepadnaviridae › Orthohepadnavirus

Virus host

Pan troglodytes (Chimpanzee) [TaxID: 9598]
Homo sapiens (Human) [TaxID: 9606]

Protein attributes

Sequence length	154 AA.
Sequence status	Complete.
Protein existence	Inferred from homology

General annotation (Comments)

Function	Multifunctional protein that may modulate protein degradation pathways, apoptosis, transcription, signal transduction, cell cycle progress, and genetic stability by directly or indirectly interacting with hosts factors. Does not seem to be essential for HBV infection. May be directly involved in development of cirrhosis and liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma). Most of cytosolic activities involve modulation of cytosolic calcium. The effect on apoptosis is controversial depending on the cell types in which the studies have been conducted. By binding to human DDB1, may affect cell viability and stimulate genome replication. May induce apoptosis by localizing in mitochondria and causing loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. May also modulate apoptosis by binding human CFLAR, a key regulator of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). Moderately stimulates transcription of many different viral and cellular transcription elements. Promoters and enhancers stimulated by HBx contain DNA binding sites for NF-kappa-B, AP-1, AP-2, c-EBP, ATF/CREB, or the calcium-activated factor NF-AT. May bind bZIP transcription factors like CREB1 By similarity.
Subunit structure	May form homodimer. May interact with human CEBPA, CFLAR, CREB1, DDB1, E4F1, HBXIP, HSPD1/HSP60, NFKBIA, POLR2E and SMAD4 By similarity.
Subcellular location	Host cytoplasm. Host nucleus. Host mitochondrion. Note: Mainly cytoplasmic as only a fraction is detected in the nucleus. In cytoplasm, a minor fraction associates with mitochondria or proteasomes By similarity.
Sequence similarities	Belongs to the orthohepadnavirus protein X family.
Caution	Transcriptional activities should be taken with a grain of salt. As of 2007, all studies demonstrating in vivo interaction between protein X and transcriptional components were performed with significant overexpression of both proteins and in the absence of viral infection.

Ontologies

Keywords
Biological process	Activation of host NF-kappa-B by virus Apoptosis Host G2/M cell cycle arrest by virus Host-virus interaction Modulation of host cell cycle by virus Transcription Transcription regulation
Cellular component	Host cytoplasm Host mitochondrion Host nucleus
Molecular function	Activator
Technical term	Complete proteome
Gene Ontology (GO)
Biological process	apoptotic process Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW interspecies interaction between organisms Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW transcription, DNA-dependent Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW viral genome replication Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: InterPro
Cellular component	host cell mitochondrion Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-SubCell host cell nucleus Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-SubCell
Complete GO annotation...

Sequence annotation (Features)

	Feature key	Position(s)	Length	Description	Graphical view	Feature identifier
Molecule processing
	Chain	1 – 154	154	Protein X		PRO_0000319895
Regions
	Region	68 – 117	50	Mitochondrial targeting sequence By similarity

Sequences

	Sequence		Length	Mass (Da)
	Q91C38 [UniParc]. Last modified December 1, 2001. Version 1. Checksum: 8E561143CA7F8292	FASTA	154	16,593
	10 20 30 40 50 60 MAARLYCQLD SSRDVLCLRP VGAESRGRPL AGPLGALSSP SPSAVPSDHG AHLSLRGLPV 70 80 90 100 110 120 CAFSSAGPCA LRFTSARCME TTVNAHQILP KVLHKRTLGL PAMSTTDLEA YFKDCVFKDW 130 140 150 EELGEEIRLK VFVLGGCRHK LVFAPSSCNF FTSA

References

[1]	"Molecular analysis of hepatitis B virus genomes isolated from black African patients with fulminant hepatitis B." Owiredu W.K., Kramvis A., Kew M.C. J. Med. Virol. 65:485-492(2001) [PubMed: 11596083] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA].
[2]	"The enigmatic X gene of hepatitis B virus." Bouchard M.J., Schneider R.J. J. Virol. 78:12725-12734(2004) [PubMed: 15542625] [Abstract] Cited for: REVIEW.
[3]	"Molecular functions and biological roles of hepatitis B virus x protein." Tang H., Oishi N., Kaneko S., Murakami S. Cancer Sci. 97:977-983(2006) [PubMed: 16984372] [Abstract] Cited for: REVIEW.

Web resources

HepSEQ

Hepatitis virus B database

Cross-references

Sequence databases
EMBL GenBank DDBJ	AF297625 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAK97201.1.
3D structure databases
ModBase	Search...
Protocols and materials databases
StructuralBiologyKnowledgebase	Search...
Family and domain databases
InterPro	IPR000236. Transactivation_prot_X. [Graphical view]
Pfam	PF00739. X. 1 hit. [Graphical view]
ProtoNet	Search...

Entry information

Entry name

X_HBVA6

Accession

Primary (citable) accession number: Q91C38

Entry history

Integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:	February 26, 2008
Last sequence update:	December 1, 2001
Last modified:	December 14, 2011
This is version 36 of the entry and version 1 of the sequence. [Complete history]

Entry status

Reviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)

Annotation program

Viral Protein Annotation Program