ID ALAT2_HUMAN Reviewed; 523 AA. AC Q8TD30; Q8N9E2; DT 25-JUL-2006, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. DT 01-JUN-2002, sequence version 1. DT 27-MAR-2024, entry version 160. DE RecName: Full=Alanine aminotransferase 2; DE Short=ALT2; DE EC=2.6.1.2; DE AltName: Full=Glutamate pyruvate transaminase 2; DE Short=GPT 2; DE AltName: Full=Glutamic--alanine transaminase 2; DE AltName: Full=Glutamic--pyruvic transaminase 2; GN Name=GPT2; Synonyms=AAT2, ALT2; OS Homo sapiens (Human). OC Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; OC Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; OC Homo. OX NCBI_TaxID=9606; RN [1] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORM 1), FUNCTION, CATALYTIC ACTIVITY, AND RP TISSUE SPECIFICITY. RC TISSUE=Adipose tissue; RX PubMed=11863375; DOI=10.1006/geno.2002.6722; RA Yang R.-Z., Blaileanu G., Hansen B.C., Shuldiner A.R., Gong D.-W.; RT "cDNA cloning, genomic structure, chromosomal mapping, and functional RT expression of a novel human alanine aminotransferase."; RL Genomics 79:445-450(2002). RN [2] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM 2). RC TISSUE=Hippocampus; RX PubMed=14702039; DOI=10.1038/ng1285; RA Ota T., Suzuki Y., Nishikawa T., Otsuki T., Sugiyama T., Irie R., RA Wakamatsu A., Hayashi K., Sato H., Nagai K., Kimura K., Makita H., RA Sekine M., Obayashi M., Nishi T., Shibahara T., Tanaka T., Ishii S., RA Yamamoto J., Saito K., Kawai Y., Isono Y., Nakamura Y., Nagahari K., RA Murakami K., Yasuda T., Iwayanagi T., Wagatsuma M., Shiratori A., Sudo H., RA Hosoiri T., Kaku Y., Kodaira H., Kondo H., Sugawara M., Takahashi M., RA Kanda K., Yokoi T., Furuya T., Kikkawa E., Omura Y., Abe K., Kamihara K., RA Katsuta N., Sato K., Tanikawa M., Yamazaki M., Ninomiya K., Ishibashi T., RA Yamashita H., Murakawa K., Fujimori K., Tanai H., Kimata M., Watanabe M., RA Hiraoka S., Chiba Y., Ishida S., Ono Y., Takiguchi S., Watanabe S., RA Yosida M., Hotuta T., Kusano J., Kanehori K., Takahashi-Fujii A., Hara H., RA Tanase T.-O., Nomura Y., Togiya S., Komai F., Hara R., Takeuchi K., RA Arita M., Imose N., Musashino K., Yuuki H., Oshima A., Sasaki N., RA Aotsuka S., Yoshikawa Y., Matsunawa H., Ichihara T., Shiohata N., Sano S., RA Moriya S., Momiyama H., Satoh N., Takami S., Terashima Y., Suzuki O., RA Nakagawa S., Senoh A., Mizoguchi H., Goto Y., Shimizu F., Wakebe H., RA Hishigaki H., Watanabe T., Sugiyama A., Takemoto M., Kawakami B., RA Yamazaki M., Watanabe K., Kumagai A., Itakura S., Fukuzumi Y., Fujimori Y., RA Komiyama M., Tashiro H., Tanigami A., Fujiwara T., Ono T., Yamada K., RA Fujii Y., Ozaki K., Hirao M., Ohmori Y., Kawabata A., Hikiji T., RA Kobatake N., Inagaki H., Ikema Y., Okamoto S., Okitani R., Kawakami T., RA Noguchi S., Itoh T., Shigeta K., Senba T., Matsumura K., Nakajima Y., RA Mizuno T., Morinaga M., Sasaki M., Togashi T., Oyama M., Hata H., RA Watanabe M., Komatsu T., Mizushima-Sugano J., Satoh T., Shirai Y., RA Takahashi Y., Nakagawa K., Okumura K., Nagase T., Nomura N., Kikuchi H., RA Masuho Y., Yamashita R., Nakai K., Yada T., Nakamura Y., Ohara O., RA Isogai T., Sugano S.; RT "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human RT cDNAs."; RL Nat. Genet. 36:40-45(2004). RN [3] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]. RX PubMed=15616553; DOI=10.1038/nature03187; RA Martin J., Han C., Gordon L.A., Terry A., Prabhakar S., She X., Xie G., RA Hellsten U., Chan Y.M., Altherr M., Couronne O., Aerts A., Bajorek E., RA Black S., Blumer H., Branscomb E., Brown N.C., Bruno W.J., Buckingham J.M., RA Callen D.F., Campbell C.S., Campbell M.L., Campbell E.W., Caoile C., RA Challacombe J.F., Chasteen L.A., Chertkov O., Chi H.C., Christensen M., RA Clark L.M., Cohn J.D., Denys M., Detter J.C., Dickson M., RA Dimitrijevic-Bussod M., Escobar J., Fawcett J.J., Flowers D., Fotopulos D., RA Glavina T., Gomez M., Gonzales E., Goodstein D., Goodwin L.A., Grady D.L., RA Grigoriev I., Groza M., Hammon N., Hawkins T., Haydu L., Hildebrand C.E., RA Huang W., Israni S., Jett J., Jewett P.B., Kadner K., Kimball H., RA Kobayashi A., Krawczyk M.-C., Leyba T., Longmire J.L., Lopez F., Lou Y., RA Lowry S., Ludeman T., Manohar C.F., Mark G.A., McMurray K.L., Meincke L.J., RA Morgan J., Moyzis R.K., Mundt M.O., Munk A.C., Nandkeshwar R.D., RA Pitluck S., Pollard M., Predki P., Parson-Quintana B., Ramirez L., Rash S., RA Retterer J., Ricke D.O., Robinson D.L., Rodriguez A., Salamov A., RA Saunders E.H., Scott D., Shough T., Stallings R.L., Stalvey M., RA Sutherland R.D., Tapia R., Tesmer J.G., Thayer N., Thompson L.S., Tice H., RA Torney D.C., Tran-Gyamfi M., Tsai M., Ulanovsky L.E., Ustaszewska A., RA Vo N., White P.S., Williams A.L., Wills P.L., Wu J.-R., Wu K., Yang J., RA DeJong P., Bruce D., Doggett N.A., Deaven L., Schmutz J., Grimwood J., RA Richardson P., Rokhsar D.S., Eichler E.E., Gilna P., Lucas S.M., RA Myers R.M., Rubin E.M., Pennacchio L.A.; RT "The sequence and analysis of duplication-rich human chromosome 16."; RL Nature 432:988-994(2004). RN [4] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM 1). RC TISSUE=Lung; RX PubMed=15489334; DOI=10.1101/gr.2596504; RG The MGC Project Team; RT "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: RT the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)."; RL Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004). RN [5] RP IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]. RX PubMed=21269460; DOI=10.1186/1752-0509-5-17; RA Burkard T.R., Planyavsky M., Kaupe I., Breitwieser F.P., Buerckstuemmer T., RA Bennett K.L., Superti-Furga G., Colinge J.; RT "Initial characterization of the human central proteome."; RL BMC Syst. Biol. 5:17-17(2011). RN [6] RP INVOLVEMENT IN NEDSPM, VARIANT NEDSPM ARG-153, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF RP VARIANT NEDSPM ARG-153. RX PubMed=25758935; DOI=10.1007/s10545-015-9824-x; RA Celis K., Shuldiner S., Haverfield E.V., Cappell J., Yang R., Gong D.W., RA Chung W.K.; RT "Loss of function mutation in glutamic pyruvate transaminase 2 (GPT2) RT causes developmental encephalopathy."; RL J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 38:941-948(2015). RN [7] RP X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.3 ANGSTROMS) OF 49-523 IN COMPLEX WITH PYRIDOXAL RP PHOSPHATE, AND COFACTOR. RG Structural genomics consortium (SGC); RT "Human glutamate pyruvate transaminase 2."; RL Submitted (AUG-2009) to the PDB data bank. CC -!- FUNCTION: Catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and CC 2-oxoglutarate to form pyruvate and glutamate. CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11863375}. CC -!- CATALYTIC ACTIVITY: CC Reaction=2-oxoglutarate + L-alanine = L-glutamate + pyruvate; CC Xref=Rhea:RHEA:19453, ChEBI:CHEBI:15361, ChEBI:CHEBI:16810, CC ChEBI:CHEBI:29985, ChEBI:CHEBI:57972; EC=2.6.1.2; CC Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:11863375}; CC -!- COFACTOR: CC Name=pyridoxal 5'-phosphate; Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:597326; CC Evidence={ECO:0000269|Ref.7}; CC -!- PATHWAY: Amino-acid degradation; L-alanine degradation via transaminase CC pathway; pyruvate from L-alanine: step 1/1. CC -!- SUBUNIT: Homodimer. {ECO:0000250}. CC -!- ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS: CC Event=Alternative splicing; Named isoforms=2; CC Name=1; CC IsoId=Q8TD30-1; Sequence=Displayed; CC Name=2; CC IsoId=Q8TD30-2; Sequence=VSP_020008; CC -!- TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Expressed at high levels in muscle, adipose tissue, CC kidney and brain and at lower levels in the liver and breast. CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11863375}. CC -!- DISEASE: Neurodevelopmental disorder with spastic paraplegia and CC microcephaly (NEDSPM) [MIM:616281]: An autosomal recessive syndrome CC characterized by severe psychomotor developmental delay, dysarthria, CC walking difficulties, moderately to severely impaired intellectual CC development, poor or absent speech, and progressive microcephaly. CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:25758935}. Note=The disease is caused by variants CC affecting the gene represented in this entry. CC -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent CC aminotransferase family. Alanine aminotransferase subfamily. CC {ECO:0000305}. CC --------------------------------------------------------------------------- CC Copyrighted by the UniProt Consortium, see https://www.uniprot.org/terms CC Distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) License CC --------------------------------------------------------------------------- DR EMBL; AY029173; AAK31794.2; -; mRNA. DR EMBL; AK094971; BAC04465.1; -; mRNA. DR EMBL; AC018845; -; NOT_ANNOTATED_CDS; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; BC062555; AAH62555.1; -; mRNA. DR CCDS; CCDS10725.1; -. [Q8TD30-1] DR CCDS; CCDS45478.1; -. [Q8TD30-2] DR RefSeq; NP_001135938.1; NM_001142466.2. [Q8TD30-2] DR RefSeq; NP_597700.1; NM_133443.3. [Q8TD30-1] DR PDB; 3IHJ; X-ray; 2.30 A; A=49-523. DR PDBsum; 3IHJ; -. DR AlphaFoldDB; Q8TD30; -. DR SMR; Q8TD30; -. DR BioGRID; 124217; 37. DR IntAct; Q8TD30; 11. DR MINT; Q8TD30; -. DR STRING; 9606.ENSP00000345282; -. DR DrugBank; DB00160; Alanine. DR DrugBank; DB00142; Glutamic acid. DR DrugBank; DB00780; Phenelzine. DR DrugBank; DB00114; Pyridoxal phosphate. DR GlyGen; Q8TD30; 1 site, 1 O-linked glycan (1 site). DR iPTMnet; Q8TD30; -. DR PhosphoSitePlus; Q8TD30; -. DR SwissPalm; Q8TD30; -. DR BioMuta; GPT2; -. DR DMDM; 74730602; -. DR EPD; Q8TD30; -. DR jPOST; Q8TD30; -. DR MassIVE; Q8TD30; -. DR MaxQB; Q8TD30; -. DR PaxDb; 9606-ENSP00000345282; -. DR PeptideAtlas; Q8TD30; -. DR ProteomicsDB; 74226; -. [Q8TD30-1] DR ProteomicsDB; 74227; -. [Q8TD30-2] DR Pumba; Q8TD30; -. DR Antibodypedia; 28066; 261 antibodies from 29 providers. DR DNASU; 84706; -. DR Ensembl; ENST00000340124.9; ENSP00000345282.4; ENSG00000166123.14. [Q8TD30-1] DR Ensembl; ENST00000440783.2; ENSP00000413804.2; ENSG00000166123.14. [Q8TD30-2] DR GeneID; 84706; -. DR KEGG; hsa:84706; -. DR MANE-Select; ENST00000340124.9; ENSP00000345282.4; NM_133443.4; NP_597700.1. DR UCSC; uc002eel.4; human. [Q8TD30-1] DR AGR; HGNC:18062; -. DR CTD; 84706; -. DR DisGeNET; 84706; -. DR GeneCards; GPT2; -. DR HGNC; HGNC:18062; GPT2. DR HPA; ENSG00000166123; Tissue enhanced (pancreas, skeletal muscle, tongue). DR MalaCards; GPT2; -. DR MIM; 138210; gene. DR MIM; 616281; phenotype. DR neXtProt; NX_Q8TD30; -. DR OpenTargets; ENSG00000166123; -. DR Orphanet; 477673; Postnatal microcephaly-infantile hypotonia-spastic diplegia-dysarthria-intellectual disability syndrome. DR PharmGKB; PA28948; -. DR VEuPathDB; HostDB:ENSG00000166123; -. DR eggNOG; KOG0258; Eukaryota. DR GeneTree; ENSGT00940000159061; -. DR HOGENOM; CLU_014254_3_1_1; -. DR InParanoid; Q8TD30; -. DR OMA; KARETSC; -. DR OrthoDB; 5472891at2759; -. DR PhylomeDB; Q8TD30; -. DR TreeFam; TF300839; -. DR BioCyc; MetaCyc:HS09332-MONOMER; -. DR PathwayCommons; Q8TD30; -. DR Reactome; R-HSA-8964540; Alanine metabolism. [Q8TD30-1] DR SignaLink; Q8TD30; -. DR SIGNOR; Q8TD30; -. DR UniPathway; UPA00528; UER00586. DR BioGRID-ORCS; 84706; 14 hits in 1080 CRISPR screens. DR ChiTaRS; GPT2; human. DR EvolutionaryTrace; Q8TD30; -. DR GenomeRNAi; 84706; -. DR Pharos; Q8TD30; Tbio. DR PRO; PR:Q8TD30; -. DR Proteomes; UP000005640; Chromosome 16. DR RNAct; Q8TD30; Protein. DR Bgee; ENSG00000166123; Expressed in lower esophagus mucosa and 170 other cell types or tissues. DR ExpressionAtlas; Q8TD30; baseline and differential. DR GO; GO:0005759; C:mitochondrial matrix; TAS:Reactome. DR GO; GO:0004021; F:L-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity; IDA:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0030170; F:pyridoxal phosphate binding; IEA:InterPro. DR GO; GO:0006103; P:2-oxoglutarate metabolic process; IDA:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0009058; P:biosynthetic process; IEA:InterPro. DR GO; GO:0042853; P:L-alanine catabolic process; IEA:UniProtKB-UniPathway. DR GO; GO:0042851; P:L-alanine metabolic process; IDA:UniProtKB. DR CDD; cd00609; AAT_like; 1. DR Gene3D; 1.10.287.1970; -; 1. DR Gene3D; 3.90.1150.10; Aspartate Aminotransferase, domain 1; 1. DR Gene3D; 3.40.640.10; Type I PLP-dependent aspartate aminotransferase-like (Major domain); 1. DR InterPro; IPR045088; ALAT1/2-like. DR InterPro; IPR004839; Aminotransferase_I/II. DR InterPro; IPR015424; PyrdxlP-dep_Trfase. DR InterPro; IPR015421; PyrdxlP-dep_Trfase_major. DR InterPro; IPR015422; PyrdxlP-dep_Trfase_small. DR PANTHER; PTHR11751; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; 1. DR PANTHER; PTHR11751:SF311; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE 2; 1. DR Pfam; PF00155; Aminotran_1_2; 1. DR SUPFAM; SSF53383; PLP-dependent transferases; 1. DR Genevisible; Q8TD30; HS. PE 1: Evidence at protein level; KW 3D-structure; Acetylation; Alternative splicing; Aminotransferase; KW Disease variant; Intellectual disability; Pyridoxal phosphate; KW Reference proteome; Transferase. FT CHAIN 1..523 FT /note="Alanine aminotransferase 2" FT /id="PRO_0000247532" FT REGION 1..25 FT /note="Disordered" FT /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite" FT MOD_RES 341 FT /note="N6-(pyridoxal phosphate)lysine" FT MOD_RES 415 FT /note="N6-acetyllysine" FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q8BGT5" FT MOD_RES 505 FT /note="N6-acetyllysine" FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q8BGT5" FT MOD_RES 512 FT /note="N6-acetyllysine" FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q8BGT5" FT VAR_SEQ 1..100 FT /note="Missing (in isoform 2)" FT /evidence="ECO:0000303|PubMed:14702039" FT /id="VSP_020008" FT VARIANT 153 FT /note="S -> R (in NEDSPM; loss of function mutation; FT dbSNP:rs786203999)" FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:25758935" FT /id="VAR_073379" FT CONFLICT 284 FT /note="D -> G (in Ref. 4; BAC04465)" FT /evidence="ECO:0000305" FT STRAND 49..52 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT TURN 53..56 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT STRAND 57..64 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT HELIX 67..80 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT STRAND 86..89 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT HELIX 107..117 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT HELIX 119..123 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT STRAND 125..127 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT HELIX 129..141 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT HELIX 157..170 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT TURN 171..173 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT HELIX 178..180 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT STRAND 181..186 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT HELIX 187..198 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT HELIX 203..205 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT STRAND 206..214 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT HELIX 218..225 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT STRAND 229..234 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT HELIX 237..239 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT HELIX 245..255 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT TURN 256..258 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT STRAND 259..269 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT TURN 271..273 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT HELIX 279..292 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT STRAND 295..299 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT TURN 301..304 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT HELIX 316..322 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT HELIX 325..328 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT STRAND 333..342 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT STRAND 347..349 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT STRAND 352..358 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT HELIX 361..373 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT HELIX 379..388 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT HELIX 399..425 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT STRAND 437..441 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT HELIX 449..457 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT HELIX 462..474 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT HELIX 481..483 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT STRAND 492..496 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" FT HELIX 501..521 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:3IHJ" SQ SEQUENCE 523 AA; 57904 MW; 4DD87814C62C7DEA CRC64; MQRAAALVRR GCGPRTPSSW GRSQSSAAAE ASAVLKVRPE RSRRERILTL ESMNPQVKAV EYAVRGPIVL KAGEIELELQ RGIKKPFTEV IRANIGDAQA MGQQPITFLR QVMALCTYPN LLDSPSFPED AKKRARRILQ ACGGNSLGSY SASQGVNCIR EDVAAYITRR DGGVPADPDN IYLTTGASDG ISTILKILVS GGGKSRTGVM IPIPQYPLYS AVISELDAIQ VNYYLDEENC WALNVNELRR AVQEAKDHCD PKVLCIINPG NPTGQVQSRK CIEDVIHFAW EEKLFLLADE VYQDNVYSPD CRFHSFKKVL YEMGPEYSSN VELASFHSTS KGYMGECGYR GGYMEVINLH PEIKGQLVKL LSVRLCPPVS GQAAMDIVVN PPVAGEESFE QFSREKESVL GNLAKKAKLT EDLFNQVPGI HCNPLQGAMY AFPRIFIPAK AVEAAQAHQM APDMFYCMKL LEETGICVVP GSGFGQREGT YHFRMTILPP VEKLKTVLQK VKDFHINFLE KYA //