Q79EC5 (PARE_ECOLX) Reviewed, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

Names and origin

Protein names

Recommended name:
Toxin ParE

Alternative name(s):
Gyrase inhibitor ParE

Gene names

Name:

parE

Encoded on

Plasmid IncP-alpha RP4 Ref.1
Plasmid IncP-alpha RK2 Ref.2 Ref.4 Ref.5

Organism

Escherichia coli

Taxonomic identifier

562 [NCBI]

Taxonomic lineage

cellular organisms › Bacteria › Proteobacteria › Gammaproteobacteria › Enterobacteriales › Enterobacteriaceae › Escherichia

Protein attributes

Sequence length	103 AA.
Sequence status	Complete.
Protein existence	Evidence at protein level

General annotation (Comments)

Function	Toxin component of a toxin-antitoxin (TA) module involved in plasmid partition. Acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase, converting supercoiled plasmid DNA into a singly cleaved linear form in an ATP-dependent fashion. To do so it probably interacts with one of the gyrase subunits. Gyrase inhibition is prevented by antitoxin ParD, and is reversed in vitro by incubation with ParD. In cells that have lost the plasmid filamentation and growth inhibition occur; this is suppressed when ParD is supplied in trans. The parDE operon alone is capable of stabilizing an RK2-derived minireplicon under defined growth conditions in several different Gram-negative bacteria. It does so by the post-segregational killing (PSK) of plasmid-free cells, also referred to as a plasmid addiction system. Ref.2 Ref.3 Ref.4 Ref.5
Subunit structure	Probably forms a homodimer in solution, interacts with ParD, possibly as a ParD(2)-ParE2 heterotetramer, which neutralizes the toxic activity of ParE. The heterotetramer binds DNA, but not ParE alone. Ref.4
Disruption phenotype	Loss of this gene blocks plasmid stabilizing ability. Ref.2
Miscellaneous	Plasmid IncP-alpha RK2 is maintained at 5-8 copies per chromosome.
Sequence similarities	Belongs to the RelE toxin family.

Ontologies

Keywords
Biological process	Plasmid partition
Molecular function	Toxin
Technical term	Plasmid
Gene Ontology (GO)
Biological_process	plasmid partitioning Inferred from genetic interaction Ref.2. Source: UniProtKB protein heterotetramerization Inferred from direct assay Ref.4. Source: UniProtKB
Molecular_function	DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) inhibitor activity Inferred from direct assay Ref.5. Source: UniProtKB protein homodimerization activity Inferred from direct assay Ref.4. Source: UniProtKB
Complete GO annotation...

Sequence annotation (Features)

	Feature key	Position(s)	Length	Description	Graphical view	Feature identifier
Molecule processing
	Chain	1 – 103	103	Toxin ParE		PRO_0000408371

Sequences

	Sequence		Length	Mass (Da)
	Q79EC5 [UniParc]. Last modified July 5, 2004. Version 1. Checksum: DCDC13A6056E7132	FASTA	103	11,716
	10 20 30 40 50 60 MTAYILTAEA EADLRGIIRY TRREWGAAQV RRYIAKLEQG IARLAAGEGP FKDMSELFPA 70 80 90 100 LRMARCEHHY VFCLPRAGEP ALVVAILHER MDLMTRLADR LKG

References

[1]	"Partitioning of broad-host-range plasmid RP4 is a complex system involving site-specific recombination." Gerlitz M., Hrabak O., Schwab H. J. Bacteriol. 172:6194-6203(1990) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA].
[2]	"Definition of a minimal plasmid stabilization system from the broad-host-range plasmid RK2." Roberts R.C., Helinski D.R. J. Bacteriol. 174:8119-8132(1992) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA], FUNCTION IN PLASMID PARTITIONING, DISRUPTION PHENOTYPE.
[3]	"The parDE operon of the broad-host-range plasmid RK2 specifies growth inhibition associated with plasmid loss." Roberts R.C., Strom A.R., Helinski D.R. J. Mol. Biol. 237:35-51(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION AS A TOXIN.
[4]	"Plasmid RK2 toxin protein ParE: purification and interaction with the ParD antitoxin protein." Johnson E.P., Strom A.R., Helinski D.R. J. Bacteriol. 178:1420-1429(1996) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION AS A TOXIN, SUBUNIT, INTERACTION WITH PARD.
[5]	"ParE toxin encoded by the broad-host-range plasmid RK2 is an inhibitor of Escherichia coli gyrase." Jiang Y., Pogliano J., Helinski D.R., Konieczny I. Mol. Microbiol. 44:971-979(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION AS A DNA GYRASE INHIBITOR.

Cross-references

Sequence databases
EMBL GenBank DDBJ	L05507 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAA92775.1.
3D structure databases
ProteinModelPortal	Q79EC5.
ModBase	Search...
Protocols and materials databases
StructuralBiologyKnowledgebase	Search...
Family and domain databases
InterPro	IPR007712. RelE/ParE_toxin. [Graphical view]
Pfam	PF05016. Plasmid_stabil. 1 hit. [Graphical view]
ProtoNet	Search...

Entry information

Entry name

PARE_ECOLX

Accession

Primary (citable) accession number: Q79EC5

Entry history

Integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:	May 3, 2011
Last sequence update:	July 5, 2004
Last modified:	April 3, 2013
This is version 19 of the entry and version 1 of the sequence. [Complete history]

Entry status

Reviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)

Annotation program

Prokaryotic Protein Annotation Program