ID AL3H1_ARATH Reviewed; 484 AA. AC Q70DU8; A8MQF0; Q8LFT7; Q9C6Y7; DT 31-OCT-2006, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. DT 31-OCT-2006, sequence version 2. DT 27-MAR-2024, entry version 142. DE RecName: Full=Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 3 member H1; DE Short=AtALDH4; DE Short=Ath-ALDH4; DE EC=1.2.1.3; GN Name=ALDH3H1; Synonyms=ALDH4; OrderedLocusNames=At1g44170; GN ORFNames=T7O23.15; OS Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress). OC Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta; OC Spermatophyta; Magnoliopsida; eudicotyledons; Gunneridae; Pentapetalae; OC rosids; malvids; Brassicales; Brassicaceae; Camelineae; Arabidopsis. OX NCBI_TaxID=3702; RN [1] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]. RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia; RX PubMed=11130712; DOI=10.1038/35048500; RA Theologis A., Ecker J.R., Palm C.J., Federspiel N.A., Kaul S., White O., RA Alonso J., Altafi H., Araujo R., Bowman C.L., Brooks S.Y., Buehler E., RA Chan A., Chao Q., Chen H., Cheuk R.F., Chin C.W., Chung M.K., Conn L., RA Conway A.B., Conway A.R., Creasy T.H., Dewar K., Dunn P., Etgu P., RA Feldblyum T.V., Feng J.-D., Fong B., Fujii C.Y., Gill J.E., Goldsmith A.D., RA Haas B., Hansen N.F., Hughes B., Huizar L., Hunter J.L., Jenkins J., RA Johnson-Hopson C., Khan S., Khaykin E., Kim C.J., Koo H.L., RA Kremenetskaia I., Kurtz D.B., Kwan A., Lam B., Langin-Hooper S., Lee A., RA Lee J.M., Lenz C.A., Li J.H., Li Y.-P., Lin X., Liu S.X., Liu Z.A., RA Luros J.S., Maiti R., Marziali A., Militscher J., Miranda M., Nguyen M., RA Nierman W.C., Osborne B.I., Pai G., Peterson J., Pham P.K., Rizzo M., RA Rooney T., Rowley D., Sakano H., Salzberg S.L., Schwartz J.R., Shinn P., RA Southwick A.M., Sun H., Tallon L.J., Tambunga G., Toriumi M.J., Town C.D., RA Utterback T., Van Aken S., Vaysberg M., Vysotskaia V.S., Walker M., Wu D., RA Yu G., Fraser C.M., Venter J.C., Davis R.W.; RT "Sequence and analysis of chromosome 1 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana."; RL Nature 408:816-820(2000). RN [2] RP GENOME REANNOTATION. RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia; RX PubMed=27862469; DOI=10.1111/tpj.13415; RA Cheng C.Y., Krishnakumar V., Chan A.P., Thibaud-Nissen F., Schobel S., RA Town C.D.; RT "Araport11: a complete reannotation of the Arabidopsis thaliana reference RT genome."; RL Plant J. 89:789-804(2017). RN [3] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM ALPHA). RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia; RX PubMed=14593172; DOI=10.1126/science.1088305; RA Yamada K., Lim J., Dale J.M., Chen H., Shinn P., Palm C.J., Southwick A.M., RA Wu H.C., Kim C.J., Nguyen M., Pham P.K., Cheuk R.F., Karlin-Newmann G., RA Liu S.X., Lam B., Sakano H., Wu T., Yu G., Miranda M., Quach H.L., RA Tripp M., Chang C.H., Lee J.M., Toriumi M.J., Chan M.M., Tang C.C., RA Onodera C.S., Deng J.M., Akiyama K., Ansari Y., Arakawa T., Banh J., RA Banno F., Bowser L., Brooks S.Y., Carninci P., Chao Q., Choy N., Enju A., RA Goldsmith A.D., Gurjal M., Hansen N.F., Hayashizaki Y., Johnson-Hopson C., RA Hsuan V.W., Iida K., Karnes M., Khan S., Koesema E., Ishida J., Jiang P.X., RA Jones T., Kawai J., Kamiya A., Meyers C., Nakajima M., Narusaka M., RA Seki M., Sakurai T., Satou M., Tamse R., Vaysberg M., Wallender E.K., RA Wong C., Yamamura Y., Yuan S., Shinozaki K., Davis R.W., Theologis A., RA Ecker J.R.; RT "Empirical analysis of transcriptional activity in the Arabidopsis RT genome."; RL Science 302:842-846(2003). RN [4] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM ALPHA). RA Brover V.V., Troukhan M.E., Alexandrov N.A., Lu Y.-P., Flavell R.B., RA Feldmann K.A.; RT "Full-length cDNA from Arabidopsis thaliana."; RL Submitted (MAR-2002) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases. RN [5] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] OF 5-484 (ISOFORM ALPHA), AND INDUCTION. RX PubMed=15830124; DOI=10.1007/s11103-004-7796-6; RA Kirch H.-H., Schlingensiepen S., Kotchoni S., Sunkar R., Bartels D.; RT "Detailed expression analysis of selected genes of the aldehyde RT dehydrogenase(ALDH) gene superfamily in Arabidopsis thaliana."; RL Plant Mol. Biol. 57:315-332(2005). RN [6] RP IDENTIFICATION, AND INDUCTION. RX PubMed=11849595; DOI=10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.01176.x; RA Kirch H.-H., Nair A., Bartels D.; RT "Novel ABA- and dehydration-inducible aldehyde dehydrogenase genes isolated RT from the resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum and Arabidopsis RT thaliana."; RL Plant J. 28:555-567(2001). RN [7] RP NOMENCLATURE. RX PubMed=15358267; DOI=10.1016/j.tplants.2004.06.004; RA Kirch H.-H., Bartels D., Wei Y., Schnable P.S., Wood A.J.; RT "The ALDH gene superfamily of Arabidopsis."; RL Trends Plant Sci. 9:371-377(2004). RN [8] RP FUNCTION, CATALYTIC ACTIVITY, BIOPHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES, SUBUNIT, RP MUTAGENESIS OF CYS-45; ILE-200; CYS-247 AND CYS-253, ACTIVITY REGULATION, RP AND 3D-STRUCTURE MODELING. RX PubMed=21166653; DOI=10.1042/bj20101337; RA Stiti N., Adewale I.O., Petersen J., Bartels D., Kirch H.H.; RT "Engineering the nucleotide coenzyme specificity and sulfhydryl redox RT sensitivity of two stress-responsive aldehyde dehydrogenase isoenzymes of RT Arabidopsis thaliana."; RL Biochem. J. 434:459-471(2011). RN [9] RP ALTERNATIVE SPLICING, TISSUE SPECIFICITY, INDUCTION, AND DISRUPTION RP PHENOTYPE. RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia; RX PubMed=22442412; DOI=10.1093/jxb/ers081; RA Missihoun T.D., Kirch H.H., Bartels D.; RT "T-DNA insertion mutants reveal complex expression patterns of the aldehyde RT dehydrogenase 3H1 locus in Arabidopsis thaliana."; RL J. Exp. Bot. 63:3887-3898(2012). RN [10] RP 3D-STRUCTURE MODELING, AND MUTAGENESIS OF GLU-149; VAL-178 AND ILE-200. RX PubMed=24463048; DOI=10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.01.008; RA Stiti N., Podgorska K., Bartels D.; RT "Aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme ALDH3H1 from Arabidopsis thaliana: RT Identification of amino acid residues critical for cofactor specificity."; RL Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1844:681-693(2014). CC -!- FUNCTION: Involved in oxidative stress tolerance by detoxifying CC reactive aldehydes derived from lipid peroxidation. Medium- to long- CC chain saturated aldehydes are preferred substrates, while the short- CC chain aldehyde propanal is a weak substrate. Is strictely NAD(+) CC specific. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653}. CC -!- CATALYTIC ACTIVITY: CC Reaction=an aldehyde + H2O + NAD(+) = a carboxylate + 2 H(+) + NADH; CC Xref=Rhea:RHEA:16185, ChEBI:CHEBI:15377, ChEBI:CHEBI:15378, CC ChEBI:CHEBI:17478, ChEBI:CHEBI:29067, ChEBI:CHEBI:57540, CC ChEBI:CHEBI:57945; EC=1.2.1.3; CC Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653}; CC -!- ACTIVITY REGULATION: Thiol-based regulation. Inactivation after CC dimerization under oxidizing conditions. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653}. CC -!- BIOPHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES: CC Kinetic parameters: CC KM=510 uM for propionaldehyde {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653}; CC KM=71 uM for hexanal {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653}; CC KM=29 uM for octanal {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653}; CC KM=8 uM for nonanal {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653}; CC KM=5 uM for dodecanal {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653}; CC KM=180 uM for trans-2-hexenal {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653}; CC KM=3 uM for trans-2-nonenal {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653}; CC KM=40.3 uM for 4-hydroxynonenal {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653}; CC KM=421 uM for NAD(+) (in the presence of hexanal as co-substrate) CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653}; CC KM=119 uM for NAD(+) (in the presence of trans-2-nonenal as CC co-substrate) {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653}; CC Vmax=7.3 umol/min/mg enzyme with propionaldehyde as substrate CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653}; CC Vmax=12 umol/min/mg enzyme with hexanal as substrate CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653}; CC Vmax=18 umol/min/mg enzyme with octanal as substrate CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653}; CC Vmax=19.2 umol/min/mg enzyme with nonanal as substrate CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653}; CC Vmax=23.9 umol/min/mg enzyme with dodecanal as substrate CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653}; CC Vmax=2.4 umol/min/mg enzyme with trans-2-hexenal as substrate CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653}; CC Vmax=2.9 umol/min/mg enzyme with trans-2-nonenal as substrate CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653}; CC Vmax=1.4 umol/min/mg enzyme with 4-hydroxynonenal as substrate CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653}; CC pH dependence: CC Optimum pH is 8.0. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653}; CC -!- SUBUNIT: Homodimer and homomultimer. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653}. CC -!- ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS: CC Event=Alternative promoter usage, Alternative splicing; Named isoforms=2; CC Comment=A number of isoforms are produced. According to EST CC sequences. An alternative promoter within intron 1 may direct CC expression of several alternative transcripts, including isoform CC beta.; CC Name=alpha; CC IsoId=Q70DU8-1; Sequence=Displayed; CC Name=beta; CC IsoId=Q70DU8-2; Sequence=VSP_054869; CC -!- TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Isoform alpha is expressed in expanded leaves and CC flowers. Detected in seedlings. Isoform beta is mainly expressed in CC flowers. Detected in leaves and seedlings. CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:22442412}. CC -!- INDUCTION: By abscisic acid (ABA), dehydration and salt stress in CC roots. Isoform alpha is up-regulated in leaves but not in roots upon CC salt treatment. Isoforn beta is up-regulated by salt treatment in both CC roots and leaves. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11849595, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:15830124, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22442412}. CC -!- DISRUPTION PHENOTYPE: Increased sensitivity to salt stress. CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:22442412}. CC -!- MISCELLANEOUS: [Isoform alpha]: Major isoform. CC -!- MISCELLANEOUS: [Isoform beta]: Produced by alternative splicing. Maybe CC not translated into a protein or accumulates at a level below CC detection. {ECO:0000305}. CC -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family. CC {ECO:0000305}. CC --------------------------------------------------------------------------- CC Copyrighted by the UniProt Consortium, see https://www.uniprot.org/terms CC Distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) License CC --------------------------------------------------------------------------- DR EMBL; AC074228; AAG50550.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; CP002684; AEE32025.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; CP002684; AEE32026.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; CP002684; AEE32027.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; AY072122; AAL59944.1; -; mRNA. DR EMBL; AY084648; AAM61211.1; -; mRNA. DR EMBL; AJ585241; CAE51203.1; -; mRNA. DR PIR; H96505; H96505. DR RefSeq; NP_001077676.1; NM_001084207.1. [Q70DU8-2] DR RefSeq; NP_175081.1; NM_103541.3. [Q70DU8-1] DR RefSeq; NP_849770.1; NM_179439.4. [Q70DU8-1] DR AlphaFoldDB; Q70DU8; -. DR SMR; Q70DU8; -. DR STRING; 3702.Q70DU8; -. DR iPTMnet; Q70DU8; -. DR PaxDb; 3702-AT1G44170-2; -. DR ProteomicsDB; 244811; -. [Q70DU8-1] DR EnsemblPlants; AT1G44170.1; AT1G44170.1; AT1G44170. [Q70DU8-1] DR EnsemblPlants; AT1G44170.2; AT1G44170.2; AT1G44170. [Q70DU8-1] DR EnsemblPlants; AT1G44170.3; AT1G44170.3; AT1G44170. [Q70DU8-2] DR GeneID; 841020; -. DR Gramene; AT1G44170.1; AT1G44170.1; AT1G44170. [Q70DU8-1] DR Gramene; AT1G44170.2; AT1G44170.2; AT1G44170. [Q70DU8-1] DR Gramene; AT1G44170.3; AT1G44170.3; AT1G44170. [Q70DU8-2] DR KEGG; ath:AT1G44170; -. DR Araport; AT1G44170; -. DR TAIR; AT1G44170; ALDH3H1. DR eggNOG; KOG2456; Eukaryota. DR HOGENOM; CLU_005391_3_1_1; -. DR InParanoid; Q70DU8; -. DR OMA; RRITWAA; -. DR OrthoDB; 1205055at2759; -. DR PhylomeDB; Q70DU8; -. DR BioCyc; ARA:AT1G44170-MONOMER; -. DR BRENDA; 1.2.1.3; 399. DR PRO; PR:Q70DU8; -. DR Proteomes; UP000006548; Chromosome 1. DR ExpressionAtlas; Q70DU8; baseline and differential. DR GO; GO:0005783; C:endoplasmic reticulum; HDA:TAIR. DR GO; GO:0005794; C:Golgi apparatus; HDA:TAIR. DR GO; GO:0005634; C:nucleus; HDA:TAIR. DR GO; GO:0000325; C:plant-type vacuole; HDA:TAIR. DR GO; GO:0009506; C:plasmodesma; HDA:TAIR. DR GO; GO:0009536; C:plastid; ISS:TAIR. DR GO; GO:0004028; F:3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity; ISS:TAIR. DR GO; GO:0004029; F:aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity; IDA:TAIR. DR GO; GO:0043878; F:glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (non-phosphorylating) activity; IEA:UniProtKB-EC. DR GO; GO:0006081; P:cellular aldehyde metabolic process; IEA:InterPro. DR GO; GO:0009737; P:response to abscisic acid; IEP:TAIR. DR GO; GO:0009269; P:response to desiccation; IEP:TAIR. DR GO; GO:0009651; P:response to salt stress; IEP:TAIR. DR CDD; cd07137; ALDH_F3FHI; 1. DR InterPro; IPR016161; Ald_DH/histidinol_DH. DR InterPro; IPR016163; Ald_DH_C. DR InterPro; IPR029510; Ald_DH_CS_GLU. DR InterPro; IPR016162; Ald_DH_N. DR InterPro; IPR015590; Aldehyde_DH_dom. DR InterPro; IPR012394; Aldehyde_DH_NAD(P). DR PANTHER; PTHR43570; ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE; 1. DR PANTHER; PTHR43570:SF16; ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE TYPE III, ISOFORM Q; 1. DR Pfam; PF00171; Aldedh; 1. DR PIRSF; PIRSF036492; ALDH; 1. DR SUPFAM; SSF53720; ALDH-like; 1. DR PROSITE; PS00687; ALDEHYDE_DEHYDR_GLU; 1. DR Genevisible; Q70DU8; AT. PE 1: Evidence at protein level; KW Alternative promoter usage; Alternative splicing; Disulfide bond; NAD; KW Oxidoreductase; Reference proteome; Stress response. FT CHAIN 1..484 FT /note="Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 3 member H1" FT /id="PRO_0000256060" FT ACT_SITE 218 FT /note="Proton acceptor" FT /evidence="ECO:0000255|PROSITE-ProRule:PRU10007" FT ACT_SITE 253 FT /note="Nucleophile" FT /evidence="ECO:0000255|PROSITE-ProRule:PRU10007" FT BINDING 196..201 FT /ligand="NAD(+)" FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:57540" FT /evidence="ECO:0000250" FT SITE 123 FT /note="Transition state stabilizer" FT /evidence="ECO:0000250" FT DISULFID 45 FT /note="Interchain" FT VAR_SEQ 1..71 FT /note="MAAKKVFGSAEASNLVTELRRSFDDGVTRGYEWRVTQLKKLMIICDNHEPEI FT VAALRDDLGKPELESSVYE -> MFYQQRVL (in isoform beta)" FT /evidence="ECO:0000305" FT /id="VSP_054869" FT MUTAGEN 45 FT /note="C->S: Decreased solubility, loss of dimerization and FT strongly decreased activity." FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653" FT MUTAGEN 149 FT /note="E->D: Small effect on NAD(+) interaction, but 40% FT loss of efficiency. Ability to use NADP(+). 70% loss of FT efficiency with NAD(+); when associated with V-200. FT Impaired affinity for both cofactors and decreased FT catalytic efficiency; when associated with G-200." FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:24463048" FT MUTAGEN 149 FT /note="E->N: Ability to use NADP(+) and 33% decreased FT efficiency with NAD(+). 70% loss of efficiency with NAD(+); FT when associated with V-200. Impaired affinity for both FT cofactors and decreased catalytic efficiency; when FT associated with G-200." FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:24463048" FT MUTAGEN 149 FT /note="E->Q: Loss of specificity for NAD(+) and loss of 25% FT efficiency. 15% efficiency with NAD(+); when associated FT with V-200. Impaired affinity for both cofactors and FT decreased catalytic efficiency; when associated with FT G-200." FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:24463048" FT MUTAGEN 149 FT /note="E->T: Loss of specificity and increased NADP(+) FT binding. Decreased catalytic efficiency. Loss of cofactor FT specificity and same lower efficiency with both; when FT associated with V-200. Impaired affinity for both cofactors FT and decreased catalytic efficiency; when associated with FT G-200. Changed coenzyme preference from NAD(+) to NADP(+), FT but no effect on the catalytic efficiency; when associated FT with R-178 and V-200." FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:24463048" FT MUTAGEN 178 FT /note="V->R: Changed coenzyme preference from NAD(+) to FT NADP(+), but no effect on the catalytic efficiency; when FT associated with T-149 and V-200." FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:24463048" FT MUTAGEN 200 FT /note="I->G: Changed coenzyme preference from NAD(+) to FT NADP(+), but impaired affinities for both cofactors. No FT effect on the interaction with the substrate. Impaired FT affinities for both cofactors and decreased catalytic FT efficiencies; when associated with D-149, Q-149, N-149 or FT T-149." FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653, FT ECO:0000269|PubMed:24463048" FT MUTAGEN 200 FT /note="I->V: Also able to use NADP(+) as coenzyme, but no FT effect on the interaction with the substrate. 15% FT efficiency with NAD(+); when associated with Q-149. 70% FT loss of efficiency with NAD(+); when associated with D-149 FT or N-149. Loss of cofactor specificity and same lower FT efficiency with both; when associated with T-149. Changed FT coenzyme preference from NAD(+) to NADP(+), but no effect FT on the catalytic efficiency; when associated with T-149 and FT R-178." FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653, FT ECO:0000269|PubMed:24463048" FT MUTAGEN 247 FT /note="C->S: No effect on solubility, but 10% loss of FT activity." FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653" FT MUTAGEN 253 FT /note="C->S: No effect on solubility, but loss of FT activity." FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:21166653" FT CONFLICT 200 FT /note="I -> V (in Ref. 5; CAE51203)" FT /evidence="ECO:0000305" FT CONFLICT 272 FT /note="A -> D (in Ref. 5; CAE51203)" FT /evidence="ECO:0000305" FT CONFLICT 300 FT /note="F -> L (in Ref. 5; CAE51203)" FT /evidence="ECO:0000305" FT CONFLICT 391 FT /note="A -> T (in Ref. 4; AAM61211)" FT /evidence="ECO:0000305" FT CONFLICT 435 FT /note="F -> S (in Ref. 5; CAE51203)" FT /evidence="ECO:0000305" SQ SEQUENCE 484 AA; 53159 MW; 5D931EF77293F668 CRC64; MAAKKVFGSA EASNLVTELR RSFDDGVTRG YEWRVTQLKK LMIICDNHEP EIVAALRDDL GKPELESSVY EVSLLRNSIK LALKQLKNWM APEKAKTSLT TFPASAEIVS EPLGVVLVIS AWNYPFLLSI DPVIGAISAG NAVVLKPSEL APASSALLTK LLEQYLDPSA VRVVEGAVTE TSALLEQKWD KIFYTGSSKI GRVIMAAAAK HLTPVVLELG GKSPVVVDSD TDLKVTVRRI IVGKWGCNNG QACVSPDYIL TTKEYAPKLI DAMKLELEKF YGKNPIESKD MSRIVNSNHF DRLSKLLDEK EVSDKIVYGG EKDRENLKIA PTILLDVPLD SLIMSEEIFG PLLPILTLNN LEESFDVIRS RPKPLAAYLF THNKKLKERF AATVSAGGIV VNDIAVHLAL HTLPFGGVGE SGMGAYHGKF SFDAFSHKKA VLYRSLFGDS AVRYPPYSRG KLRLLKALVD SNIFDLFKVL LGLA //