Reviewed, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Q40593 (VDE_TOBAC)

Names and origin

Protein names

Recommended name:
    Violaxanthin de-epoxidase, chloroplastic
    EC=1.10.99.3

Gene names

Name:	VDE1
Synonyms:	TVDE1

Organism

Nicotiana tabacum (Common tobacco)

Taxonomic identifier

4097 [NCBI]

Taxonomic lineage

Eukaryota › Viridiplantae › Streptophyta › Embryophyta › Tracheophyta › Spermatophyta › Magnoliophyta › eudicotyledons › core eudicotyledons › asterids › lamiids › Solanales › Solanaceae › Nicotianoideae › Nicotianeae › Nicotiana

Protein attributes

Sequence length	478 AA.
Sequence status	Complete.
Sequence processing	The displayed sequence is further processed into a mature form.
Protein existence	Evidence at transcript level.

General annotation (Comments)

Function	Part of the xanthophyll (or violaxanthin) cycle for controlling the concentration of zeaxanthin in chloroplasts. Catalyzes the two-step mono de-epoxidation reaction. Stereospecific for all-trans xanthophylls. Zeaxanthin induces the dissipation of excitation energy in the chlorophyll of the light-harvesting protein complex of photosystem II.
Catalytic activity	Violaxanthin + ascorbate = antheraxanthin + dehydroascorbate + H2O. Antheraxanthin + ascorbate = zeaxanthin + dehydroascorbate + H2O.
Subcellular location	Plastid › chloroplast thylakoid membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Lumenal side By similarity.
Developmental stage	Low expression in young leaves, but high expression in older leaves. Ref.3
Sequence similarities	Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family.

Ontologies

Keywords
Cellular component	Chloroplast Membrane Plastid Thylakoid
Domain	Coiled coil Transit peptide
Molecular function	Oxidoreductase
Gene Ontology (GO)
Biological process	oxidation reduction Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW transport Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: InterPro
Cellular component	chloroplast Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW membrane Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW thylakoid Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW
Molecular function	binding Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: InterPro transporter activity Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: InterPro violaxanthin de-epoxidase activity Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: EC
Complete GO annotation...

Sequence annotation (Features)

	Feature key	Position(s)	Length	Description	Graphical view	Feature identifier
Molecule processing
	Transit peptide	1 – ?		Chloroplast Potential
	Transit peptide	? – 134		Thylakoid
	Chain	135 – 478	344	Violaxanthin de-epoxidase, chloroplastic		PRO_5000144729
Regions
	Coiled coil	388 – 453	66	Potential
	Compositional bias	141 – 184	44	Cys-rich
Experimental info
	Sequence conflict	307	1	L → H Ref.2

Sequences

	Sequence		Length	Mass (Da)
	Q40593-1 [UniParc]. Last modified November 1, 1996. Version 1. Checksum: 0967DF4547D7809D	FASTA	478	54,561
	10 20 30 40 50 60 MALAPHSNFL ANHETIKYYV GSKLPGHKRF SWGWEDYFGS IVVAKICSSR RIPRYFRKSP 70 80 90 100 110 120 RICCGLDSRG LQLFSHGKHN LSPAHSINQN VPKGNSGCKF PKDVALMVWE KWGQFAKTAI 130 140 150 160 170 180 VAIFILSVAS KADAVDALKT CTCLLKECRL ELAKCISNPA CAANVACLQT CNNRPDETEC 190 200 210 220 230 240 QIKCGDLFEN SVVDEFNECA VSRKKCVPRK SDVGDFPVPD PSVLVQKFDM KDFSGKWFIT 250 260 270 280 290 300 RGLNPTFDAF DCQLHEFHTE ENKLVGNLSW RIRTPDGGFF TRSAVQKFVQ DPKYPGILYN 310 320 330 340 350 360 HDNEYLLYQD DWYILSSKVE NSPEDYIFVY YKGRNDAWDG YGGSVLYTRS AVLPESIIPE 370 380 390 400 410 420 LQTAAQKVGR DFNTFIKTDN TCGPEPPLVE RLEKKVEEGE RTIIKEVEEI EEEVEKVRDK 430 440 450 460 470 EVTLFSKLFE GFKELQRDEE NFLRELSKEE MDVLDGLKME ATEVEKLFGR ALPIRKLR

References

[1]	"Xanthophyll cycle enzymes are members of the lipocalin family, the first identified from plants." Bugos R.C., Hieber A.D., Yamamoto H.Y. J. Biol. Chem. 273:15321-15324(1998) [PubMed: 9624110] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA]. Strain: cv. Xanthi. Tissue: Leaf.
[2]	"Chemical and mutational modification of histidines in violaxanthinde-epoxidase from Spinacia oleracea." Emanuelsson A.K., Eskling M., Aakerlund H.-E. Physiol. Plantarum 119:97-104(2003) Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA].
[3]	"Developmental expression of violaxanthin de-epoxidase in leaves of tobacco growing under high and low light." Bugos R.C., Chang S.-H., Yamamoto H.Y. Plant Physiol. 121:207-214(1999) [PubMed: 10482676] [Abstract] Cited for: DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE.

Cross-references

Sequence databases
EMBLGenBankDDBJ	U34817 mRNA. Translation: AAC50031.1.
PIR	T03750.
3D structure databases
ModBase	Search...
Enzyme and pathway databases
BRENDA	1.10.99.3. 298.
Family and domain databases
InterPro	IPR012674. Calycin. IPR002345. Lipocalin. IPR010788. VDE. [Graphical view]
Gene3D	G3DSA:2.40.128.20. Calycin. 1 hit.
Pfam	PF07137. VDE. 1 hit. [Graphical view]
PROSITE	PS00213. LIPOCALIN. 1 hit. [Graphical view]
ProtoNet	Search...

Entry information

Entry name

VDE_TOBAC

Accession

Primary (citable) accession number: Q40593

Entry history

Integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:	January 23, 2007
Last sequence update:	November 1, 1996
Last modified:	September 22, 2009
This is version 50 of the entry and version 1 of the sequence. [Complete history]

Entry status

Reviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)

Annotation project

PPAP (Plant Proteome Annotation Project)