ID TBA1D_BOVIN Reviewed; 452 AA. AC Q2HJ86; DT 29-MAY-2007, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. DT 21-MAR-2006, sequence version 1. DT 27-MAR-2024, entry version 125. DE RecName: Full=Tubulin alpha-1D chain; DE EC=3.6.5.- {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P68363}; DE Contains: DE RecName: Full=Detyrosinated tubulin alpha-1D chain; GN Name=TUBA1D; OS Bos taurus (Bovine). OC Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; OC Eutheria; Laurasiatheria; Artiodactyla; Ruminantia; Pecora; Bovidae; OC Bovinae; Bos. OX NCBI_TaxID=9913; RN [1] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]. RC STRAIN=Hereford; TISSUE=Uterus; RG NIH - Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) project; RL Submitted (FEB-2006) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases. RN [2] RP FUNCTION, SUBUNIT, AND SUBCELLULAR LOCATION. RX PubMed=6504138; DOI=10.1038/312237a0; RA Mitchison T., Kirschner M.; RT "Dynamic instability of microtubule growth."; RL Nature 312:237-242(1984). RN [3] RP FUNCTION, SUBUNIT, AND SUBCELLULAR LOCATION. RX PubMed=2207090; DOI=10.1021/bi00479a022; RA Stewart R.J., Farrell K.W., Wilson L.; RT "Role of GTP hydrolysis in microtubule polymerization: evidence for a RT coupled hydrolysis mechanism."; RL Biochemistry 29:6489-6498(1990). RN [4] RP FUNCTION, SUBUNIT, AND SUBCELLULAR LOCATION. RX PubMed=7704569; DOI=10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00243-8; RA Drechsel D.N., Kirschner M.W.; RT "The minimum GTP cap required to stabilize microtubules."; RL Curr. Biol. 4:1053-1061(1994). CC -!- FUNCTION: Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, a cylinder CC consisting of laterally associated linear protofilaments composed of CC alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers (PubMed:6504138, PubMed:2207090, CC PubMed:7704569). Microtubules grow by the addition of GTP-tubulin CC dimers to the microtubule end, where a stabilizing cap forms. Below the CC cap, tubulin dimers are in GDP-bound state, owing to GTPase activity of CC alpha-tubulin (PubMed:6504138, PubMed:2207090, PubMed:7704569). CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:2207090, ECO:0000269|PubMed:6504138, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:7704569}. CC -!- CATALYTIC ACTIVITY: CC Reaction=GTP + H2O = GDP + H(+) + phosphate; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:19669, CC ChEBI:CHEBI:15377, ChEBI:CHEBI:15378, ChEBI:CHEBI:37565, CC ChEBI:CHEBI:43474, ChEBI:CHEBI:58189; CC Evidence={ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P68363}; CC PhysiologicalDirection=left-to-right; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:19670; CC Evidence={ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P68363}; CC -!- COFACTOR: CC Name=Mg(2+); Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:18420; CC Evidence={ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P68363}; CC -!- SUBUNIT: Dimer of alpha and beta chains (PubMed:6504138, CC PubMed:2207090, PubMed:7704569). A typical microtubule is a hollow CC water-filled tube with an outer diameter of 25 nm and an inner diameter CC of 15 nM. Alpha-beta heterodimers associate head-to-tail to form CC protofilaments running lengthwise along the microtubule wall with the CC beta-tubulin subunit facing the microtubule plus end conferring a CC structural polarity. Microtubules usually have 13 protofilaments but CC different protofilament numbers can be found in some organisms and CC specialized cells. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:2207090, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:6504138, ECO:0000269|PubMed:7704569}. CC -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:2207090, ECO:0000269|PubMed:6504138, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:7704569}. CC -!- DOMAIN: The MREC motif may be critical for tubulin autoregulation. CC {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P68363}. CC -!- PTM: Some glutamate residues at the C-terminus are polyglycylated, CC resulting in polyglycine chains on the gamma-carboxyl group. CC Glycylation is mainly limited to tubulin incorporated into axonemes CC (cilia and flagella) whereas glutamylation is prevalent in neuronal CC cells, centrioles, axonemes, and the mitotic spindle. Both CC modifications can coexist on the same protein on adjacent residues, and CC lowering polyglycylation levels increases polyglutamylation, and CC reciprocally. Cilia and flagella glycylation is required for their CC stability and maintenance. Flagella glycylation controls sperm CC motility. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P68369}. CC -!- PTM: Some glutamate residues at the C-terminus are polyglutamylated, CC resulting in polyglutamate chains on the gamma-carboxyl group (By CC similarity). Polyglutamylation plays a key role in microtubule severing CC by spastin (SPAST). SPAST preferentially recognizes and acts on CC microtubules decorated with short polyglutamate tails: severing CC activity by SPAST increases as the number of glutamates per tubulin CC rises from one to eight, but decreases beyond this glutamylation CC threshold (By similarity). Glutamylation is also involved in cilia CC motility (By similarity). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P68369, CC ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q71U36}. CC -!- PTM: Acetylation of alpha chains at Lys-40 is located inside the CC microtubule lumen. This modification has been correlated with increased CC microtubule stability, intracellular transport and ciliary assembly. CC {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q71U36}. CC -!- PTM: Methylation of alpha chains at Lys-40 is found in mitotic CC microtubules and is required for normal mitosis and cytokinesis CC contributing to genomic stability. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P68363}. CC -!- PTM: Nitration of Tyr-452 is irreversible and interferes with normal CC dynein intracellular distribution. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q71U36}. CC -!- PTM: Undergoes a tyrosination/detyrosination cycle, the cyclic removal CC and re-addition of a C-terminal tyrosine residue by the enzymes tubulin CC tyrosine carboxypeptidase (MATCAP, VASH1 or VASH2) and tubulin tyrosine CC ligase (TTL), respectively. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P68369, CC ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q71U36}. CC -!- PTM: [Tubulin alpha-1D chain]: Tyrosination promotes microtubule CC interaction with CAP-Gly domain-containing proteins such as CLIP1, CC CLIP2 and DCTN1 (By similarity). Tyrosination regulates the initiation CC of dynein-dynactin motility via interaction with DCTN1, which brings CC the dynein-dynactin complex into contact with microtubules. In neurons, CC tyrosinated tubulins mediate the initiation of retrograde vesicle CC transport (By similarity). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P68369, CC ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q71U36}. CC -!- PTM: [Detyrosinated tubulin alpha-1D chain]: Detyrosination is involved CC in metaphase plate congression by guiding chromosomes during mitosis: CC detyrosination promotes interaction with CENPE, promoting pole-proximal CC transport of chromosomes toward the equator (By similarity). CC Detyrosination increases microtubules-dependent mechanotransduction in CC dystrophic cardiac and skeletal muscle. In cardiomyocytes, CC detyrosinated microtubules are required to resist to contractile CC compression during contraction: detyrosination promotes association CC with desmin (DES) at force-generating sarcomeres, leading to buckled CC microtubules and mechanical resistance to contraction (By similarity). CC {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P68373, ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q9BQE3}. CC -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the tubulin family. {ECO:0000305}. CC --------------------------------------------------------------------------- CC Copyrighted by the UniProt Consortium, see https://www.uniprot.org/terms CC Distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) License CC --------------------------------------------------------------------------- DR EMBL; BC113253; AAI13254.1; -; mRNA. DR RefSeq; NP_001039875.1; NM_001046410.1. DR PDB; 1JFF; EM; 3.50 A; A=1-452. DR PDB; 1SA0; X-ray; 3.58 A; A/C=1-452. DR PDB; 1SA1; X-ray; 4.20 A; A/C=1-452. DR PDB; 1TVK; EM; 2.89 A; A=1-440. DR PDB; 1Z2B; X-ray; 4.10 A; A/C=1-451. DR PDB; 2WBE; EM; 9.40 A; A=1-452. DR PDB; 2XRP; EM; 8.20 A; B/D/F/H=1-449. DR PDB; 3EDL; EM; 28.00 A; F=1-452. DR PDB; 3IZ0; EM; 8.60 A; A=1-452. DR PDB; 4AQV; EM; 9.70 A; A=1-452. DR PDB; 4AQW; EM; 9.50 A; A=1-452. DR PDB; 4ATU; EM; 8.30 A; B/D/F/H=1-452. DR PDB; 4ATX; EM; 8.20 A; B=1-452. DR PDB; 4CK5; EM; 10.00 A; A=1-452. DR PDB; 4CK6; EM; 9.20 A; A=1-452. DR PDB; 4CK7; EM; 9.20 A; A=1-452. DR PDB; 5M5I; EM; 9.30 A; A=1-447. DR PDB; 5M5L; EM; 9.30 A; A=1-452. DR PDB; 5M5M; EM; 9.30 A; A=1-452. DR PDB; 5M5N; EM; 9.30 A; A=1-452. DR PDB; 5M5O; EM; 9.30 A; A=1-452. DR PDB; 7RRO; EM; 3.40 A; AA/AC/AE/AG/AI/AK/AM/BA/BC/BE/BG/BI/BK/BM/CA/CC/CE/CG/CI/CK/CM/DA/DC/DE/DG/DI/DK/DM/EC/EE=1-452. DR PDBsum; 1JFF; -. DR PDBsum; 1SA0; -. DR PDBsum; 1SA1; -. DR PDBsum; 1TVK; -. DR PDBsum; 1Z2B; -. DR PDBsum; 2WBE; -. DR PDBsum; 2XRP; -. DR PDBsum; 3EDL; -. DR PDBsum; 3IZ0; -. DR PDBsum; 4AQV; -. DR PDBsum; 4AQW; -. DR PDBsum; 4ATU; -. DR PDBsum; 4ATX; -. DR PDBsum; 4CK5; -. DR PDBsum; 4CK6; -. DR PDBsum; 4CK7; -. DR PDBsum; 5M5I; -. DR PDBsum; 5M5L; -. DR PDBsum; 5M5M; -. DR PDBsum; 5M5N; -. DR PDBsum; 5M5O; -. DR PDBsum; 7RRO; -. DR AlphaFoldDB; Q2HJ86; -. DR EMDB; EMD-16435; -. DR EMDB; EMD-16436; -. DR EMDB; EMD-1788; -. DR EMDB; EMD-2078; -. DR EMDB; EMD-2095; -. DR EMDB; EMD-2098; -. DR EMDB; EMD-21919; -. DR EMDB; EMD-24664; -. DR EMDB; EMD-2533; -. DR EMDB; EMD-2534; -. DR EMDB; EMD-2535; -. DR EMDB; EMD-2536; -. DR EMDB; EMD-2537; -. DR EMDB; EMD-2538; -. DR EMDB; EMD-2539; -. DR EMDB; EMD-2540; -. DR EMDB; EMD-2541; -. DR EMDB; EMD-2542; -. DR EMDB; EMD-25649; -. DR EMDB; EMD-25658; -. DR EMDB; EMD-25664; -. DR EMDB; EMD-25674; -. DR EMDB; EMD-25897; -. DR EMDB; EMD-25908; -. DR EMDB; EMD-3445; -. DR EMDB; EMD-8546; -. DR EMDB; EMD-8547; -. DR SMR; Q2HJ86; -. DR STRING; 9913.ENSBTAP00000057311; -. DR PaxDb; 9913-ENSBTAP00000038183; -. DR PeptideAtlas; Q2HJ86; -. DR Ensembl; ENSBTAT00000076713.1; ENSBTAP00000057311.1; ENSBTAG00000030973.2. DR GeneID; 535605; -. DR KEGG; bta:535605; -. DR CTD; 535605; -. DR VEuPathDB; HostDB:ENSBTAG00000030973; -. DR eggNOG; KOG1376; Eukaryota. DR GeneTree; ENSGT00950000182825; -. DR HOGENOM; CLU_015718_0_0_1; -. DR InParanoid; Q2HJ86; -. DR OMA; MAISREC; -. DR OrthoDB; 899149at2759; -. DR TreeFam; TF300314; -. DR EvolutionaryTrace; Q2HJ86; -. DR Proteomes; UP000009136; Chromosome 2. DR Bgee; ENSBTAG00000030973; Expressed in oviduct epithelium and 89 other cell types or tissues. DR ExpressionAtlas; Q2HJ86; baseline and differential. DR GO; GO:0005737; C:cytoplasm; IBA:GO_Central. DR GO; GO:0005874; C:microtubule; IBA:GO_Central. DR GO; GO:0005525; F:GTP binding; IBA:GO_Central. DR GO; GO:0016787; F:hydrolase activity; IEA:UniProtKB-KW. DR GO; GO:0046872; F:metal ion binding; IEA:UniProtKB-KW. DR GO; GO:0005200; F:structural constituent of cytoskeleton; IBA:GO_Central. DR GO; GO:0000226; P:microtubule cytoskeleton organization; IBA:GO_Central. DR GO; GO:0000278; P:mitotic cell cycle; IBA:GO_Central. DR CDD; cd02186; alpha_tubulin; 1. DR Gene3D; 1.10.287.600; Helix hairpin bin; 1. DR Gene3D; 3.30.1330.20; Tubulin/FtsZ, C-terminal domain; 1. DR Gene3D; 3.40.50.1440; Tubulin/FtsZ, GTPase domain; 1. DR InterPro; IPR002452; Alpha_tubulin. DR InterPro; IPR008280; Tub_FtsZ_C. DR InterPro; IPR000217; Tubulin. DR InterPro; IPR037103; Tubulin/FtsZ-like_C. DR InterPro; IPR018316; Tubulin/FtsZ_2-layer-sand-dom. DR InterPro; IPR036525; Tubulin/FtsZ_GTPase_sf. DR InterPro; IPR023123; Tubulin_C. DR InterPro; IPR017975; Tubulin_CS. DR InterPro; IPR003008; Tubulin_FtsZ_GTPase. DR PANTHER; PTHR11588; TUBULIN; 1. DR PANTHER; PTHR11588:SF292; TUBULIN ALPHA-1D CHAIN; 1. DR Pfam; PF00091; Tubulin; 1. DR Pfam; PF03953; Tubulin_C; 1. DR PRINTS; PR01162; ALPHATUBULIN. DR PRINTS; PR01161; TUBULIN. DR SMART; SM00864; Tubulin; 1. DR SMART; SM00865; Tubulin_C; 1. DR SUPFAM; SSF55307; Tubulin C-terminal domain-like; 1. DR SUPFAM; SSF52490; Tubulin nucleotide-binding domain-like; 1. DR PROSITE; PS00227; TUBULIN; 1. PE 1: Evidence at protein level; KW 3D-structure; Acetylation; Cytoplasm; Cytoskeleton; GTP-binding; Hydrolase; KW Isopeptide bond; Magnesium; Metal-binding; Methylation; Microtubule; KW Nitration; Nucleotide-binding; Phosphoprotein; Reference proteome. FT CHAIN 1..452 FT /note="Tubulin alpha-1D chain" FT /id="PRO_0000288849" FT CHAIN 1..448 FT /note="Detyrosinated tubulin alpha-1D chain" FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q9BQE3" FT /id="PRO_0000437391" FT REGION 432..452 FT /note="Disordered" FT /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite" FT MOTIF 1..4 FT /note="MREC motif" FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P68363" FT COMPBIAS 438..452 FT /note="Acidic residues" FT /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite" FT ACT_SITE 254 FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P68363" FT BINDING 11 FT /ligand="GTP" FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:37565" FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P68363" FT BINDING 71 FT /ligand="GTP" FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:37565" FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P68363" FT BINDING 71 FT /ligand="Mg(2+)" FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:18420" FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P68363" FT BINDING 140 FT /ligand="GTP" FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:37565" FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P68363" FT BINDING 144 FT /ligand="GTP" FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:37565" FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P68363" FT BINDING 145 FT /ligand="GTP" FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:37565" FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P68363" FT BINDING 179 FT /ligand="GTP" FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:37565" FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P68363" FT BINDING 206 FT /ligand="GTP" FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:37565" FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P68363" FT BINDING 228 FT /ligand="GTP" FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:37565" FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P68363" FT SITE 452 FT /note="Involved in polymerization" FT /evidence="ECO:0000250" FT MOD_RES 40 FT /note="N6-acetyllysine" FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q71U36" FT MOD_RES 282 FT /note="3'-nitrotyrosine" FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P68373" FT MOD_RES 439 FT /note="Phosphoserine" FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P68373" FT MOD_RES 446 FT /note="5-glutamyl polyglutamate" FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P68369" FT MOD_RES 452 FT /note="3'-nitrotyrosine" FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q71U36" FT STRAND 3..9 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT HELIX 10..26 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT TURN 27..29 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT HELIX 72..76 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT TURN 77..80 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT HELIX 84..86 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT TURN 89..91 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT HELIX 103..106 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT TURN 107..111 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT HELIX 112..127 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT STRAND 128..138 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT TURN 145..147 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT HELIX 148..158 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT STRAND 164..168 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT STRAND 175..177 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT STRAND 180..182 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT HELIX 184..195 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT STRAND 199..201 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT STRAND 203..205 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT HELIX 206..210 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT TURN 211..215 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT HELIX 224..227 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT TURN 228..231 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT HELIX 232..238 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT TURN 239..243 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT HELIX 252..259 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT STRAND 262..264 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT HELIX 288..295 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT TURN 298..300 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT STRAND 302..304 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT STRAND 312..315 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT STRAND 318..322 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT TURN 325..327 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT HELIX 328..335 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT STRAND 354..357 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT STRAND 366..368 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT TURN 382..384 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT HELIX 385..399 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT TURN 403..405 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT HELIX 406..409 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT TURN 410..412 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT HELIX 415..432 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" FT TURN 433..437 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1TVK" SQ SEQUENCE 452 AA; 50283 MW; BF41F4296CAC7A56 CRC64; MRECISVHVG QAGVQIGNAC WELYCLEHGI QPDGQMPSDK TIGGGDDSFN TFFSETGAGK HVPRAVFVDL EPTVIDEVRT GTYRQLFHPE QLITGKEDAA NNYARGHYTI GKELIDLVLD RIRKLADQCT GLQGFLIFHS FGGGTGSGFT SLLMERLSVD YGKKSKLEFS IYPAPQVSTA VVEPYNSILT THTTLEHSDC AFMVDNEAIY DICRRNLDIE RPTYTNLNRL IGQIVSSITA SLRFDGALNV DLTEFQTNLV PYPRIHFPLA TYAPVISAEK AYHEQLSVAE ITNACFEPAN QMVKCDPRHG KYMACCLLYR GDVVPKDVNA AIATIKTKRT IQFVDWCPTG FKVGINYQPP TVVPGGDLAK VQRAVCMLSN TTAIAEAWAR LDHKFDLMYA KRAFVHWYVG EGMEEGEFSE AREDMAALEK DYEEVGMDSV EGEGEEEEGD EY //