Q24338 (ESC_DROME) Reviewed, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

Names and origin

Protein names

Recommended name:
Polycomb protein esc

Alternative name(s):
Protein extra sex combs

Gene names

Name:	esc
ORF Names:	CG14941

Organism

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) [Reference proteome]

Taxonomic identifier

7227 [NCBI]

Taxonomic lineage

cellular organisms › Eukaryota › Opisthokonta › Metazoa › Eumetazoa › Bilateria › Protostomia › Ecdysozoa › Panarthropoda › Arthropoda › Mandibulata › Pancrustacea › Hexapoda › Insecta › Dicondylia › Pterygota › Neoptera › Endopterygota › Diptera › Brachycera › Muscomorpha › Eremoneura › Cyclorrhapha › Schizophora › Acalyptratae › Ephydroidea › Drosophilidae › Drosophilinae › Drosophilini › Drosophilina › Drosophiliti › Drosophila › Sophophora › melanogaster group › melanogaster subgroup

Protein attributes

Sequence length	425 AA.
Sequence status	Complete.
Protein existence	Evidence at protein level

General annotation (Comments)

Function	Polycomb group (PcG) protein. While PcG proteins are generally required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development, this protein is specifically required during the first 6 hours of embryogenesis to establish the repressed state. Component of the Esc/E(z) complex, which methylates 'Lys-9' and 'Lys-27' residues of histone H3, leading to transcriptional repression of the affected target gene. The Esc/E(z) complex is necessary but not sufficient for the repression of homeotic target genes, suggesting that the recruitment of the distinct PRC1 complex is also required. Ref.1
Subunit structure	Component of the Esc/E(z) complex, composed of Caf1, esc, E(z), Su(z)12, and possibly pho. The Esc/E(z) complex may also associate with Pcl and Rpd3 during early embryogenesis. This complex is distinct from the PRC1 complex, which contains many other PcG proteins like Pc, Ph, Psc, Su(z)2. The two complexes however cooperate and interact together during the first 3 hours of development to establish PcG silencing. Interacts with corto in vitro. Ref.5 Ref.7 Ref.8 Ref.9 Ref.10 Ref.11 Ref.12 Ref.13
Subcellular location	Nucleus Ref.1 Ref.11.
Tissue specificity	Widely expressed.
Developmental stage	Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Strongly expressed in the oocyte and in early embryos, then decreases at the end of embryogenesis. Weakly expressed in third instar larvae. Transiently required between 2 and 6 hours of embryogenesis to establish PcG silencing and promote viable adults. Ref.1 Ref.11
Sequence similarities	Belongs to the WD repeat ESC family. Contains 7 WD repeats.

Ontologies

Keywords
Biological process	Transcription Transcription regulation
Cellular component	Nucleus
Domain	Repeat WD repeat
Molecular function	Chromatin regulator Developmental protein Repressor
PTM	Phosphoprotein
Technical term	Complete proteome Reference proteome
Gene Ontology (GO)
Biological_process	chromatin silencing Inferred from physical interaction Ref.7. Source: FlyBase chromatin-mediated maintenance of transcription Non-traceable author statement Ref.1. Source: UniProtKB dendrite morphogenesis Inferred from mutant phenotype PubMed 16547170. Source: FlyBase histone H3-K27 methylation Inferred from mutant phenotype PubMed 18276122. Source: FlyBase histone H3-K9 methylation Inferred by curator Ref.9. Source: GOC muscle organ development Inferred from mutant phenotype PubMed 16547170. Source: FlyBase positive regulation of histone methylation Inferred from direct assay PubMed 15776017. Source: FlyBase transcription, DNA-dependent Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW
Cellular_component	ESC/E(Z) complex Inferred from direct assay Ref.9Ref.10PubMed 18276122PubMed 22354997. Source: FlyBase nuclear chromatin Inferred from sequence or structural similarity. Source: UniProtKB
Molecular_function	enzyme activator activity Inferred from direct assay PubMed 15776017. Source: FlyBase
Complete GO annotation...

Binary interactions

With	Entry	#Exp.	IntAct	Notes
itself		3	EBI-88911,EBI-88911
Caf1	Q24572	11	EBI-88911,EBI-75924
corto	P41046	3	EBI-88911,EBI-300379
E(z)	P42124	21	EBI-88911,EBI-112315
Rpd3	Q94517	11	EBI-88911,EBI-302197

Sequence annotation (Features)

	Feature key	Position(s)	Length	Description	Graphical view	Feature identifier
Molecule processing
	Chain	1 – 425	425	Polycomb protein esc		PRO_0000050972
Regions
	Repeat	71 – 114	44	WD 1
	Repeat	126 – 165	40	WD 2
	Repeat	168 – 208	41	WD 3
	Repeat	214 – 253	40	WD 4
	Repeat	284 – 321	38	WD 5
	Repeat	340 – 379	40	WD 6
	Repeat	388 – 424	37	WD 7
Amino acid modifications
	Modified residue	15	1	Phosphoserine Ref.14
Experimental info
	Mutagenesis	64	1	Y → F in esc1; induces homeotic transformation; when associated with R-240.
	Mutagenesis	210 – 211	2	GG → AA: Strongly reduces phosphorylation and the interaction with E(z).
	Mutagenesis	216 – 218	3	RDE → AAA: Strongly reduces phosphorylation and the interaction with E(z). Ref.6
	Mutagenesis	240	1	L → R in esc1; induces homeotic transformation; when associated with F-64.

Sequences

	Sequence		Length	Mass (Da)
	Q24338 [UniParc]. Last modified November 1, 1996. Version 1. Checksum: 511C305E5DE86727	FASTA	425	47,988
	10 20 30 40 50 60 MSSDKVKNGN EPEESEESCG DESASYTTNS TTSRSKSPSS STRSKRRGRR STKSKPKSRA 70 80 90 100 110 120 AYKYDTHVKE NHGANIFGVA FNTLLGKDEP QVFATAGSNR VTVYECPRQG GMQLLHCYAD 130 140 150 160 170 180 PDPDEVFYTC AWSYDLKTSS PLLAAAGYRG VIRVIDVEQN EAVGNYIGHG QAINELKFHP 190 200 210 220 230 240 HKLQLLLSGS KDHAIRLWNI QSHVCIAILG GVEGHRDEVL SIDFNMRGDR IVSSGMDHSL 250 260 270 280 290 300 KLWCLNTPEF HHKIELSNTF SQEKSTLPFP TVTKHFPDFS TRDIHRNYVD CVQWFGNFVL 310 320 330 340 350 360 SKSCENAIVC WKPGQLHQSF EQVKPSDSSC TIIAEFEYDE CEIWFVRFGF NPWQKVIALG 370 380 390 400 410 420 NQQGKVYVWE LDPSDPEGAH MTTLHNSRSV ATVRQIAFSR DASVLVYVCD DATVWRWNRR QTTSI

References

	« Hide 'large scale' referencesShow 'large scale' references »
[1]	"The Polycomb-group gene, extra sex combs, encodes a nuclear member of the WD-40 repeat family." Gutjahr T., Frei E., Spicer C., Baumgartner S., White R.A.H., Noll M. EMBO J. 14:4296-4306(1995) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA], FUNCTION, SUBCELLULAR LOCATION, DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE, MUTANT ESC1. Tissue: Embryo.
[2]	"The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster." Adams M.D., Celniker S.E., Holt R.A., Evans C.A., Gocayne J.D., Amanatides P.G., Scherer S.E., Li P.W., Hoskins R.A., Galle R.F., George R.A., Lewis S.E., Richards S., Ashburner M., Henderson S.N., Sutton G.G., Wortman J.R., Yandell M.D. , Zhang Q., Chen L.X., Brandon R.C., Rogers Y.-H.C., Blazej R.G., Champe M., Pfeiffer B.D., Wan K.H., Doyle C., Baxter E.G., Helt G., Nelson C.R., Miklos G.L.G., Abril J.F., Agbayani A., An H.-J., Andrews-Pfannkoch C., Baldwin D., Ballew R.M., Basu A., Baxendale J., Bayraktaroglu L., Beasley E.M., Beeson K.Y., Benos P.V., Berman B.P., Bhandari D., Bolshakov S., Borkova D., Botchan M.R., Bouck J., Brokstein P., Brottier P., Burtis K.C., Busam D.A., Butler H., Cadieu E., Center A., Chandra I., Cherry J.M., Cawley S., Dahlke C., Davenport L.B., Davies P., de Pablos B., Delcher A., Deng Z., Mays A.D., Dew I., Dietz S.M., Dodson K., Doup L.E., Downes M., Dugan-Rocha S., Dunkov B.C., Dunn P., Durbin K.J., Evangelista C.C., Ferraz C., Ferriera S., Fleischmann W., Fosler C., Gabrielian A.E., Garg N.S., Gelbart W.M., Glasser K., Glodek A., Gong F., Gorrell J.H., Gu Z., Guan P., Harris M., Harris N.L., Harvey D.A., Heiman T.J., Hernandez J.R., Houck J., Hostin D., Houston K.A., Howland T.J., Wei M.-H., Ibegwam C., Jalali M., Kalush F., Karpen G.H., Ke Z., Kennison J.A., Ketchum K.A., Kimmel B.E., Kodira C.D., Kraft C.L., Kravitz S., Kulp D., Lai Z., Lasko P., Lei Y., Levitsky A.A., Li J.H., Li Z., Liang Y., Lin X., Liu X., Mattei B., McIntosh T.C., McLeod M.P., McPherson D., Merkulov G., Milshina N.V., Mobarry C., Morris J., Moshrefi A., Mount S.M., Moy M., Murphy B., Murphy L., Muzny D.M., Nelson D.L., Nelson D.R., Nelson K.A., Nixon K., Nusskern D.R., Pacleb J.M., Palazzolo M., Pittman G.S., Pan S., Pollard J., Puri V., Reese M.G., Reinert K., Remington K., Saunders R.D.C., Scheeler F., Shen H., Shue B.C., Siden-Kiamos I., Simpson M., Skupski M.P., Smith T.J., Spier E., Spradling A.C., Stapleton M., Strong R., Sun E., Svirskas R., Tector C., Turner R., Venter E., Wang A.H., Wang X., Wang Z.-Y., Wassarman D.A., Weinstock G.M., Weissenbach J., Williams S.M., Woodage T., Worley K.C., Wu D., Yang S., Yao Q.A., Ye J., Yeh R.-F., Zaveri J.S., Zhan M., Zhang G., Zhao Q., Zheng L., Zheng X.H., Zhong F.N., Zhong W., Zhou X., Zhu S.C., Zhu X., Smith H.O., Gibbs R.A., Myers E.W., Rubin G.M., Venter J.C. Science 287:2185-2195(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]. Strain: Berkeley.
[3]	"Annotation of the Drosophila melanogaster euchromatic genome: a systematic review." Misra S., Crosby M.A., Mungall C.J., Matthews B.B., Campbell K.S., Hradecky P., Huang Y., Kaminker J.S., Millburn G.H., Prochnik S.E., Smith C.D., Tupy J.L., Whitfield E.J., Bayraktaroglu L., Berman B.P., Bettencourt B.R., Celniker S.E., de Grey A.D.N.J. , Drysdale R.A., Harris N.L., Richter J., Russo S., Schroeder A.J., Shu S.Q., Stapleton M., Yamada C., Ashburner M., Gelbart W.M., Rubin G.M., Lewis S.E. Genome Biol. 3:RESEARCH0083.1-RESEARCH0083.22(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: GENOME REANNOTATION. Strain: Berkeley.
[4]	"A Drosophila full-length cDNA resource." Stapleton M., Carlson J.W., Brokstein P., Yu C., Champe M., George R.A., Guarin H., Kronmiller B., Pacleb J.M., Park S., Wan K.H., Rubin G.M., Celniker S.E. Genome Biol. 3:RESEARCH0080.1-RESEARCH0080.8(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]. Strain: Berkeley. Tissue: Embryo.
[5]	"The Drosophila esc and E(z) proteins are direct partners in polycomb group-mediated repression." Jones C.A., Ng J., Peterson A.J., Morgan K., Simon J.A., Jones R.S. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:2825-2834(1998) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: INTERACTION WITH E(Z).
[6]	"A Drosophila ESC-E(Z) protein complex is distinct from other polycomb group complexes and contains covalently modified ESC." Ng J., Hart C.M., Morgan K., Simon J.A. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:3069-3078(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: PHOSPHORYLATION, MUTAGENESIS OF 210-GLY-GLY-211 AND 216-ARG--GLU-218.
[7]	"The Drosophila polycomb group proteins ESC and E(Z) are present in a complex containing the histone-binding protein p55 and the histone deacetylase RPD3." Tie F., Furuyama T., Prasad-Sinha J., Jane E., Harte P.J. Development 128:275-286(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: IDENTIFICATION IN A COMPLEX WITH RPD3; E(Z) AND CAF1.
[8]	"Establishment of Polycomb silencing requires a transient interaction between PC and ESC." Poux S., Melfi R., Pirrotta V. Genes Dev. 15:2509-2514(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: IDENTIFICATION IN A COMPLEX WITH RPD3; PHO AND E(Z), TRANSIENT INTERACTION WITH THE PRC1 COMPLEX.
[9]	"Drosophila Enhancer of zeste/ESC complexes have a histone H3 methyltransferase activity that marks chromosomal Polycomb sites." Czermin B., Melfi R., McCabe D., Seitz V., Imhof A., Pirrotta V. Cell 111:185-196(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: IDENTIFICATION IN AN ESC/E(Z) COMPLEX WITH CAF1; E(Z); RPD3 AND SU(Z)12, METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY OF THE COMPLEX.
[10]	"Histone methyltransferase activity of a Drosophila Polycomb group repressor complex." Mueller J., Hart C.M., Francis N.J., Vargas M.L., Sengupta A., Wild B., Miller E.L., O'Connor M.B., Kingston R.E., Simon J.A. Cell 111:197-208(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: IDENTIFICATION IN AN ESC/E(Z) COMPLEX WITH E(Z); CAF1 AND SU(Z)12, METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY OF THE COMPLEX.
[11]	"Polycomb group proteins ESC and E(Z) are present in multiple distinct complexes that undergo dynamic changes during development." Furuyama T., Tie F., Harte P.J. Genesis 35:114-124(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: IDENTIFICATION IN AN ESC/E(Z) COMPLEX WITH CAF1; E(Z) AND RPD3, SUBCELLULAR LOCATION, DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE.
[12]	"A 1-megadalton ESC/E(Z) complex from Drosophila that contains polycomblike and RPD3." Tie F., Prasad-Sinha J., Birve A., Rasmuson-Lestander A., Harte P.J. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23:3352-3362(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: IDENTIFICATION IN AN ESC/E(Z) COMPLEX WITH CAF1; E(Z); PCL; RPD3 AND SU(Z)12.
[13]	"The Drosophila Corto protein interacts with Polycomb-group proteins and the GAGA factor." Salvaing J., Lopez A., Boivin A., Deutsch J.S., Peronnet F. Nucleic Acids Res. 31:2873-2882(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: INTERACTION WITH CORTO.
[14]	"Phosphoproteome analysis of Drosophila melanogaster embryos." Zhai B., Villen J., Beausoleil S.A., Mintseris J., Gygi S.P. J. Proteome Res. 7:1675-1682(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-15, MASS SPECTROMETRY. Tissue: Embryo.
+	Additional computationally mapped references.

Cross-references

Sequence databases
EMBL GenBank DDBJ	L41867 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAA86427.1. AE014134 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAF53124.1. AY069796 mRNA. Translation: AAL39941.1.
PIR	S58672.
RefSeq	NP_477431.1. NM_058083.4.
UniGene	Dm.1948.
3D structure databases
ProteinModelPortal	Q24338.
SMR	Q24338. Positions 61-419.
ModBase	Search...
Protein-protein interaction databases
DIP	DIP-20069N.
IntAct	Q24338. 9 interactions.
MINT	MINT-266724.
STRING	7227.FBpp0079907.
Proteomic databases
PaxDb	Q24338.
PRIDE	Q24338.
Protocols and materials databases
StructuralBiologyKnowledgebase	Search...
Genome annotation databases
EnsemblMetazoa	FBtr0080325; FBpp0079907; FBgn0000588.
GeneID	34595.
KEGG	dme:Dmel_CG14941.
Organism-specific databases
CTD	34595.
FlyBase	FBgn0000588. esc.
Phylogenomic databases
eggNOG	COG2319.
GeneTree	ENSGT00510000047334.
InParanoid	Q24338.
KO	K11462.
OMA	DECEIWF.
OrthoDB	EOG4C5B0H.
PhylomeDB	Q24338.
Gene expression databases
Bgee	Q24338.
GermOnline	CG14941. Drosophila melanogaster.
Family and domain databases
Gene3D	2.130.10.10. 1 hit.
InterPro	IPR015943. WD40/YVTN_repeat-like_dom. IPR001680. WD40_repeat. IPR019775. WD40_repeat_CS. IPR017986. WD40_repeat_dom. [Graphical view]
Pfam	PF00400. WD40. 2 hits. [Graphical view]
SMART	SM00320. WD40. 5 hits. [Graphical view]
SUPFAM	SSF50978. WD40_like. 1 hit.
PROSITE	PS00678. WD_REPEATS_1. 1 hit. PS50082. WD_REPEATS_2. 2 hits. PS50294. WD_REPEATS_REGION. 1 hit. [Graphical view]
ProtoNet	Search...
Other
GenomeRNAi	34595.
NextBio	789223.

Entry information

Entry name

ESC_DROME

Accession

Primary (citable) accession number: Q24338

Entry history

Integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:	March 28, 2003
Last sequence update:	November 1, 1996
Last modified:	May 1, 2013
This is version 124 of the entry and version 1 of the sequence. [Complete history]

Entry status

Reviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)

Annotation program

Drosophila annotation project