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Reviewed, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Q06187 (BTK_HUMAN)

Last modified June 16, 2009. Version 126. Feed History...

Clusters with 100%, 90%, 50% identity | Documents (7) | Third-party data | Customize display text xml rdf/xml gff fasta
Names and origin · Protein attributes · General annotation (Comments) · Ontologies · Binary interactions · Sequence annotation (Features) · Sequences · References · Web resources · Cross-references · Entry information · Relevant documents

Names and origin

Protein namesRecommended name:
    Tyrosine-protein kinase BTK
    EC=2.7.10.2
Alternative name(s):
    Bruton tyrosine kinase
    Agammaglobulinaemia tyrosine kinase
      Short name=ATK
    B-cell progenitor kinase
      Short name=BPK
Gene names
Name: BTK
Synonyms: AGMX1, ATK, BPK
OrganismHomo sapiens (Human)
Taxonomic identifier9606 [NCBI]
Taxonomic lineageEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomo

Protein attributes

Sequence length659 AA.
Sequence statusComplete.
Sequence processingThe displayed sequence is further processed into a mature form.
Protein existenceEvidence at protein level.

General annotation (Comments)

Function

Plays a crucial role in B-cell ontogeny. Transiently phosphorylates GTF2I on tyrosine residues in response to B-cell receptor cross-linking. Required for the formation of functional ARID3A DNA-binding complexes. Ref.12 Ref.15

Catalytic activity

ATP + a [protein]-L-tyrosine = ADP + a [protein]-L-tyrosine phosphate.

Cofactor

Binds 1 zinc ion per subunit.

Enzyme regulation

Inhibited by IBTK. Activated by phosphorylation. Ref.13

Subunit structure

Binds GTF2I through the PH domain. Interacts with SH3BP5 via the SH3 domain. Interacts with IBTK via its PH domain. Interacts with GTF2I and ARID3A. Ref.15 Ref.13 Ref.14

Subcellular location

Cytoplasm By similarity. Membrane; Peripheral membrane protein By similarity. Nucleus By similarity.

Post-translational modification

Autophosphorylated on Tyr-223 and Tyr-551. Phosphorylation of Tyr-223 may create a docking site for a SH2 containing protein By similarity.

Involvement in disease

Defects in BTK are the cause of X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) [MIM:300755]; also called X-linked agammaglobulinemia type 1 (AGMX1) or immunodeficiency type 1 (IMD1). XLA is a humoral immunodeficiency disease which results in developmental defects in the maturation pathway of B-cells. Affected boys have normal levels of pre-B-cells in their bone marrow but virtually no circulating mature B-lymphocytes. This results in a lack of immunoglobulins of all classes and leads to recurrent bacterial infections like otitis, conjunctivitis, dermatitis, sinusitis in the first few years of life, or even some patients present overwhelming sepsis or meningitis, resulting in death in a few hours. Treatment in most cases is by infusion of intravenous immunoglobulin. Ref.5 Ref.23 Ref.24 Ref.25 Ref.26 Ref.27 Ref.28 Ref.29 Ref.30 Ref.31 Ref.32 Ref.33 Ref.34 Ref.35 Ref.36 Ref.37 Ref.38 Ref.39 Ref.40 Ref.41 Ref.42 Ref.43 Ref.44 Ref.45

Defects in BTK may be the cause of X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia and isolated growth hormone deficiency (XLA-IGHD) [MIM:307200]; also known as agammaglobulinemia and isolated growth hormone deficiency or Fleisher syndrome or isolated growth hormone deficiency type 3 (IGHD3). In rare cases XLA is inherited together with isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD).

Sequence similarities

Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. TEC subfamily.

Contains 1 Btk-type zinc finger.

Contains 1 PH domain.

Contains 1 protein kinase domain.

Contains 1 SH2 domain.

Contains 1 SH3 domain.

Sequence annotation (Features)

Feature keyPosition(s)LengthDescriptionGraphical viewFeature identifier

Molecule processing

Initiator methionine11Removed Ref.10
Chain2 – 659658Tyrosine-protein kinase BTK
PRO_0000088065

Regions

Domain3 – 133131PH
Domain214 – 27461SH3
Domain281 – 37797SH2
Domain402 – 655254Protein kinase
Zinc finger135 – 17137Btk-type
Nucleotide binding408 – 4169ATP By similarity

Sites

Active site5211Proton acceptor By similarity
Metal binding1431Zinc
Metal binding1541Zinc
Metal binding1551Zinc
Metal binding1651Zinc
Binding site4301ATP By similarity

Amino acid modifications

Modified residue21N-acetylalanine Ref.10
Modified residue401Phosphotyrosine By similarity
Modified residue2231Phosphotyrosine; by autocatalysis Ref.12 Ref.11
Modified residue3441Phosphotyrosine By similarity
Modified residue5511Phosphotyrosine; by autocatalysis Ref.12 Ref.16

Natural variations

Natural variant111L → P in XLA.
VAR_006216
Natural variant121K → R in XLA. Ref.37
VAR_006217
Natural variant141S → F in XLA.
VAR_006218
Natural variant191K → E in XLA. Ref.42
VAR_008291
Natural variant251F → S in XLA. Ref.30
VAR_006219
Natural variant271K → R in XLA.
VAR_008292
Natural variant281R → C in XLA; no effect on phosphorylation of GTF2I. Ref.25 Ref.27 Ref.37 Ref.42
VAR_008293
Natural variant281R → H in XLA; moderate. Ref.25 Ref.27 Ref.37 Ref.42
VAR_006220
Natural variant281R → P in XLA. Ref.25 Ref.27 Ref.37 Ref.42
VAR_006221
Natural variant331T → P in XLA; severe. Ref.27 Ref.32
VAR_006222
Natural variant391Y → S in XLA. Ref.45
VAR_008960
Natural variant401Y → C in XLA. Ref.24
VAR_008294
Natural variant401Y → N in XLA. Ref.24
VAR_008295
Natural variant611I → N in XLA. Ref.42
VAR_008296
Natural variant641V → D in XLA. Ref.29
VAR_008297
Natural variant641V → F in XLA. Ref.29
VAR_006223
Natural variant821R → K: dbSNP rs56035945. Ref.46
VAR_041676
Natural variant1031Q → QSVFSSTR in XLA.
VAR_006224
Natural variant1131V → D in XLA. Ref.26
VAR_006225
Natural variant1151S → F in XLA.
VAR_008298
Natural variant1171T → P in XLA. Ref.42
VAR_008299
Natural variant1271Q → H in XLA. Ref.42
VAR_008300
Natural variant1541C → S in XLA. Ref.39
VAR_008301
Natural variant1551C → G in XLA. Ref.39 Ref.42
VAR_008302
Natural variant1551C → R in XLA. Ref.39 Ref.42
VAR_008303
Natural variant1841T → P in XLA.
VAR_008304
Natural variant1901P → K in a lung large cell carcinoma sample; somatic mutation; requires 2 nucleotide substitutions. Ref.24 Ref.46
VAR_041677
Natural variant260 – 28021Missing in XLA; severe. Ref.24 Ref.27
VAR_006226
Natural variant2881R → Q in XLA. Ref.24 Ref.25 Ref.30 Ref.38 Ref.41
VAR_008305
Natural variant2881R → W in XLA. Ref.24 Ref.25 Ref.30 Ref.38 Ref.41
VAR_006227
Natural variant2951L → P in XLA. Ref.36 Ref.42
VAR_006228
Natural variant3021G → E in XLA. Ref.32 Ref.34 Ref.37
VAR_006230
Natural variant3021G → R in XLA. Ref.32 Ref.34 Ref.37
VAR_008306
Natural variant3021Missing in XLA. Ref.32 Ref.34 Ref.37
VAR_006229
Natural variant3071R → G in XLA; loss of activity. Ref.24 Ref.41
VAR_006231
Natural variant3071R → T in XLA. Ref.24 Ref.41
VAR_008307
Natural variant3081D → E in XLA.
VAR_008308
Natural variant3191V → A in XLA; moderate.
VAR_008309
Natural variant3341Y → S in XLA. Ref.5
VAR_006232
Natural variant3581L → F in XLA. Ref.35
VAR_006233
Natural variant3611Y → C in XLA; mild. dbSNP rs28935478. Ref.26
VAR_006234
Natural variant3621H → Q in XLA.
VAR_006235
Natural variant3641H → P in XLA.
VAR_006236
Natural variant3651N → Y in XLA.
VAR_006237
Natural variant3661S → F in XLA.
VAR_008310
Natural variant3691L → F in XLA. Ref.42
VAR_008311
Natural variant3701I → M in XLA. Ref.24 Ref.30
VAR_006238
Natural variant3721R → G in XLA. Ref.42
VAR_008312
Natural variant4081L → P in XLA; moderate. Ref.27
VAR_006239
Natural variant4141G → R in XLA. Ref.42
VAR_008313
Natural variant4181Y → H in XLA.
VAR_006240
Natural variant4291I → N in XLA. Ref.33
VAR_006241
Natural variant4301K → E in XLA; loss of phosphorylation of GTF2I. Ref.24 Ref.28 Ref.41
VAR_006242
Natural variant4301K → R in XLA. Ref.24 Ref.28 Ref.41
VAR_008314
Natural variant4451E → D in XLA. Ref.41
VAR_008315
Natural variant4621G → D in XLA.
VAR_008316
Natural variant4621G → V in XLA.
VAR_008317
Natural variant4761Y → D in XLA. Ref.34
VAR_006243
Natural variant4771M → R in XLA. Ref.33
VAR_006244
Natural variant5021C → F in XLA. Ref.37
VAR_006245
Natural variant5021C → W in XLA. Ref.37
VAR_006246
Natural variant5061C → R in XLA. Ref.5 Ref.42
VAR_006247
Natural variant5061C → Y in XLA. Ref.5 Ref.42
VAR_006248
Natural variant5081A → D in XLA.
VAR_008318
Natural variant5091M → I in XLA. Ref.30
VAR_008319
Natural variant5091M → V in XLA. Ref.30
VAR_006249
Natural variant5121L → P in XLA. Ref.45
VAR_008961
Natural variant5121L → Q in XLA. Ref.45
VAR_008962
Natural variant5181L → R in XLA.
VAR_008320
Natural variant5201R → Q in XLA; severe; prevents activation due to absence of contact between the catalytic loop and the regulatory phosphorylated residue. Ref.5 Ref.24 Ref.26 Ref.28 Ref.32
VAR_006251
Natural variant5211D → G in XLA. Ref.37 Ref.42
VAR_008321
Natural variant5211D → H in XLA; severe. Ref.37 Ref.42
VAR_006252
Natural variant5211D → N in XLA; severe. Ref.37 Ref.42
VAR_006253
Natural variant5231A → E in XLA.
VAR_008322
Natural variant5251R → G in XLA. Ref.28 Ref.30 Ref.41 Ref.42
VAR_008323
Natural variant5251R → P in XLA. Ref.28 Ref.30 Ref.41 Ref.42
VAR_006254
Natural variant5251R → Q in XLA; severe; disturbs ATP-binding. Ref.28 Ref.30 Ref.41 Ref.42
VAR_006255
Natural variant5261N → K in XLA. Ref.30
VAR_006256
Natural variant5351V → F in XLA. Ref.41
VAR_008324
Natural variant5421L → P in XLA; growth hormone deficiency. Ref.26
VAR_006257
Natural variant5441R → G in XLA. Ref.38 Ref.45
VAR_008963
Natural variant5441R → K in XLA. Ref.38 Ref.45
VAR_006258
Natural variant5591F → S in XLA. Ref.42
VAR_008325
Natural variant5621R → P in XLA. Ref.5 Ref.26 Ref.28 Ref.30 Ref.42 Ref.44
VAR_006259
Natural variant5621R → W in XLA. Ref.5 Ref.26 Ref.28 Ref.30 Ref.42 Ref.44
VAR_006260
Natural variant5631W → L in XLA. Ref.41
VAR_008326
Natural variant5671E → K in XLA; severe. Ref.31
VAR_006261
Natural variant5781S → Y in XLA. Ref.45
VAR_008964
Natural variant5811W → R in XLA.
VAR_006262
Natural variant5821A → V in XLA. Ref.28 Ref.30
VAR_006263
Natural variant5831F → S in XLA.
VAR_008327
Natural variant5871M → L in XLA; mild. Ref.31
VAR_006264
Natural variant5891E → D in XLA. Ref.27 Ref.28 Ref.45
VAR_008328
Natural variant5891E → G in XLA; moderate; interferes with substrate binding. Ref.27 Ref.28 Ref.45
VAR_006265
Natural variant5891E → K in XLA. Ref.27 Ref.28 Ref.45
VAR_008965
Natural variant5921S → P in XLA. Ref.38
VAR_006267
Natural variant5941G → E in XLA; mild; interferes with substrate binding. Ref.28 Ref.30 Ref.42
VAR_006268
Natural variant5941G → R in XLA. Ref.28 Ref.30 Ref.42
VAR_006269
Natural variant5981Y → C in XLA.
VAR_006270
Natural variant6071A → D in XLA; mild. Ref.24
VAR_006271
Natural variant6131G → D in XLA; mild; interferes with substrate binding and/or domain interactions. Ref.27 Ref.28
VAR_006272
Natural variant6191P → A in XLA. Ref.42
VAR_008330
Natural variant6191P → S in XLA. Ref.42
VAR_006273
Natural variant6191P → T in XLA. Ref.42
VAR_008331
Natural variant6221A → P in XLA. Ref.41
VAR_008332
Natural variant6261V → G in XLA. Ref.42
VAR_008333
Natural variant6301M → I Polymorphism, 35%. Ref.5 Ref.24 Ref.26
VAR_006274
Natural variant6301M → K in XLA. Ref.5 Ref.24 Ref.26
VAR_006275
Natural variant6301M → T in XLA. Ref.5 Ref.24 Ref.26
VAR_008334
Natural variant6331C → Y in XLA. Ref.37
VAR_006276
Natural variant6411R → C in XLA. Ref.31 Ref.32 Ref.42
VAR_006277
Natural variant6411R → H in XLA; severe. Ref.31 Ref.32 Ref.42
VAR_006278
Natural variant6441F → L in XLA. Ref.37
VAR_008335
Natural variant6441F → S in XLA. Ref.37
VAR_006279
Natural variant6471L → P in XLA.
VAR_006280
Natural variant6521L → P in XLA. Ref.26
VAR_006281

Experimental info

Mutagenesis411E → K: No effect on phosphorylation of GTF2I. Ref.12 Ref.14
Mutagenesis1891P → A: No effect on phosphorylation of GTF2I. Ref.12 Ref.14
Mutagenesis2231Y → F: Loss of phosphorylation of GTF2I. Ref.12 Ref.14
Mutagenesis251 – 2522WW → LL: Large decrease in binding by SH3BP5. Ref.12 Ref.14
Mutagenesis2511W → L: No effect on phosphorylation of GTF2I. Ref.12 Ref.14
Mutagenesis3071R → K: Loss of phosphorylation of GTF2I. Ref.12 Ref.14
Mutagenesis5511Y → F: Loss of phosphorylation of GTF2I. Ref.12 Ref.14

Secondary structure

.................................................................................................... 659
Helix Strand Turn

Details...

Sequences

Sequence LengthMass (Da)Tools
Q06187-1 [UniParc].

Last modified January 23, 2007. Version 3.
Checksum: DF06B5D1FEC257CC

FASTA65976,281
        10         20         30         40         50         60 
MAAVILESIF LKRSQQKKKT SPLNFKKRLF LLTVHKLSYY EYDFERGRRG SKKGSIDVEK 

        70         80         90        100        110        120 
ITCVETVVPE KNPPPERQIP RRGEESSEME QISIIERFPY PFQVVYDEGP LYVFSPTEEL 

       130        140        150        160        170        180 
RKRWIHQLKN VIRYNSDLVQ KYHPCFWIDG QYLCCSQTAK NAMGCQILEN RNGSLKPGSS 

       190        200        210        220        230        240 
HRKTKKPLPP TPEEDQILKK PLPPEPAAAP VSTSELKKVV ALYDYMPMNA NDLQLRKGDE 

       250        260        270        280        290        300 
YFILEESNLP WWRARDKNGQ EGYIPSNYVT EAEDSIEMYE WYSKHMTRSQ AEQLLKQEGK 

       310        320        330        340        350        360 
EGGFIVRDSS KAGKYTVSVF AKSTGDPQGV IRHYVVCSTP QSQYYLAEKH LFSTIPELIN 

       370        380        390        400        410        420 
YHQHNSAGLI SRLKYPVSQQ NKNAPSTAGL GYGSWEIDPK DLTFLKELGT GQFGVVKYGK 

       430        440        450        460        470        480 
WRGQYDVAIK MIKEGSMSED EFIEEAKVMM NLSHEKLVQL YGVCTKQRPI FIITEYMANG 

       490        500        510        520        530        540 
CLLNYLREMR HRFQTQQLLE MCKDVCEAME YLESKQFLHR DLAARNCLVN DQGVVKVSDF 

       550        560        570        580        590        600 
GLSRYVLDDE YTSSVGSKFP VRWSPPEVLM YSKFSSKSDI WAFGVLMWEI YSLGKMPYER 

       610        620        630        640        650 
FTNSETAEHI AQGLRLYRPH LASEKVYTIM YSCWHEKADE RPTFKILLSN ILDVMDEES 

« Hide

References

« Hide 'large scale' references
[1]"The gene involved in X-linked agammaglobulinaemia is a member of the src family of protein-tyrosine kinases."
Vetrie D., Vorechovsky I., Sideras P., Holland J., Davies A., Flinter F., Hammarstroem L., Kinnon C., Levinsky R.J., Bobrow M., Smith C.I.E., Bentley D.R.
Nature 361:226-233(1993) [PubMed: 8380905] [Abstract]
Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA].
[2]Erratum
Vetrie D., Vorechovsky I., Sideras P., Holland J., Davies A., Flinter F., Hammarstroem L., Kinnon C., Levinsky R.J., Bobrow M., Smith C.I.E., Bentley D.R.
Nature 364:362-362(1993)
[3]"Genomic organization and structure of Bruton agammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase: localization of mutations associated with varied clinical presentations and course in X chromosome-linked agammaglobulinemia."
Ohta Y., Haire R.N., Litman R.T., Fu S.M., Nelson R.P., Kratz J., Kornfeld S.J., la Morena M., Good R.A., Litman G.W.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91:9062-9066(1994) [PubMed: 8090769] [Abstract]
Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA].
Tissue: Blood.
[4]"The genomic structure of human BTK, the defective gene in X-linked agammaglobulinemia."
Rohrer J., Parolini O., Belmont J.W., Conley M.E.
Immunogenetics 40:319-324(1994) [PubMed: 7927535] [Abstract]
Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA].
[5]"Genomic organization of the Btk gene and exon scanning for mutations in patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia."
Hagemann T.L., Chen Y., Rosen F.S., Kwan S.-P.
Hum. Mol. Genet. 3:1743-1749(1994) [PubMed: 7880320] [Abstract]
Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA], VARIANTS XLA SER-334; ARG-506; GLN-520; TRP-562 AND LYS-630.
[6]"Sixty-nine kilobases of contiguous human genomic sequence containing the alpha-galactosidase A and Bruton's tyrosine kinase loci."
Oeltjen J.C., Liu X., Lu J., Allen R.C., Muzny D.M., Belmont J.W., Gibbs R.A.
Mamm. Genome 6:334-338(1995) [PubMed: 7626884] [Abstract]
Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA].
[7]"The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome."
Ross M.T., Grafham D.V., Coffey A.J., Scherer S., McLay K., Muzny D., Platzer M., Howell G.R., Burrows C., Bird C.P., Frankish A., Lovell F.L., Howe K.L., Ashurst J.L., Fulton R.S., Sudbrak R., Wen G., Jones M.C. expand/collapse author list , Hurles M.E., Andrews T.D., Scott C.E., Searle S., Ramser J., Whittaker A., Deadman R., Carter N.P., Hunt S.E., Chen R., Cree A., Gunaratne P., Havlak P., Hodgson A., Metzker M.L., Richards S., Scott G., Steffen D., Sodergren E., Wheeler D.A., Worley K.C., Ainscough R., Ambrose K.D., Ansari-Lari M.A., Aradhya S., Ashwell R.I., Babbage A.K., Bagguley C.L., Ballabio A., Banerjee R., Barker G.E., Barlow K.F., Barrett I.P., Bates K.N., Beare D.M., Beasley H., Beasley O., Beck A., Bethel G., Blechschmidt K., Brady N., Bray-Allen S., Bridgeman A.M., Brown A.J., Brown M.J., Bonnin D., Bruford E.A., Buhay C., Burch P., Burford D., Burgess J., Burrill W., Burton J., Bye J.M., Carder C., Carrel L., Chako J., Chapman J.C., Chavez D., Chen E., Chen G., Chen Y., Chen Z., Chinault C., Ciccodicola A., Clark S.Y., Clarke G., Clee C.M., Clegg S., Clerc-Blankenburg K., Clifford K., Cobley V., Cole C.G., Conquer J.S., Corby N., Connor R.E., David R., Davies J., Davis C., Davis J., Delgado O., Deshazo D., Dhami P., Ding Y., Dinh H., Dodsworth S., Draper H., Dugan-Rocha S., Dunham A., Dunn M., Durbin K.J., Dutta I., Eades T., Ellwood M., Emery-Cohen A., Errington H., Evans K.L., Faulkner L., Francis F., Frankland J., Fraser A.E., Galgoczy P., Gilbert J., Gill R., Gloeckner G., Gregory S.G., Gribble S., Griffiths C., Grocock R., Gu Y., Gwilliam R., Hamilton C., Hart E.A., Hawes A., Heath P.D., Heitmann K., Hennig S., Hernandez J., Hinzmann B., Ho S., Hoffs M., Howden P.J., Huckle E.J., Hume J., Hunt P.J., Hunt A.R., Isherwood J., Jacob L., Johnson D., Jones S., de Jong P.J., Joseph S.S., Keenan S., Kelly S., Kershaw J.K., Khan Z., Kioschis P., Klages S., Knights A.J., Kosiura A., Kovar-Smith C., Laird G.K., Langford C., Lawlor S., Leversha M., Lewis L., Liu W., Lloyd C., Lloyd D.M., Loulseged H., Loveland J.E., Lovell J.D., Lozado R., Lu J., Lyne R., Ma J., Maheshwari M., Matthews L.H., McDowall J., McLaren S., McMurray A., Meidl P., Meitinger T., Milne S., Miner G., Mistry S.L., Morgan M., Morris S., Mueller I., Mullikin J.C., Nguyen N., Nordsiek G., Nyakatura G., O'dell C.N., Okwuonu G., Palmer S., Pandian R., Parker D., Parrish J., Pasternak S., Patel D., Pearce A.V., Pearson D.M., Pelan S.E., Perez L., Porter K.M., Ramsey Y., Reichwald K., Rhodes S., Ridler K.A., Schlessinger D., Schueler M.G., Sehra H.K., Shaw-Smith C., Shen H., Sheridan E.M., Shownkeen R., Skuce C.D., Smith M.L., Sotheran E.C., Steingruber H.E., Steward C.A., Storey R., Swann R.M., Swarbreck D., Tabor P.E., Taudien S., Taylor T., Teague B., Thomas K., Thorpe A., Timms K., Tracey A., Trevanion S., Tromans A.C., d'Urso M., Verduzco D., Villasana D., Waldron L., Wall M., Wang Q., Warren J., Warry G.L., Wei X., West A., Whitehead S.L., Whiteley M.N., Wilkinson J.E., Willey D.L., Williams G., Williams L., Williamson A., Williamson H., Wilming L., Woodmansey R.L., Wray P.W., Yen J., Zhang J., Zhou J., Zoghbi H., Zorilla S., Buck D., Reinhardt R., Poustka A., Rosenthal A., Lehrach H., Meindl A., Minx P.J., Hillier L.W., Willard H.F., Wilson R.K., Waterston R.H., Rice C.M., Vaudin M., Coulson A., Nelson D.L., Weinstock G., Sulston J.E., Durbin R.M., Hubbard T., Gibbs R.A., Beck S., Rogers J., Bentley D.R.
Nature 434:325-337(2005) [PubMed: 15772651] [Abstract]
Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA].
[8]"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)."
The MGC Project Team
Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004) [PubMed: 15489334] [Abstract]
Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA].
[9]"Deficient expression of a B cell cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase in human X-linked agammaglobulinemia."
Tsukada S., Saffran D.C., Rawlings D.J., Parolini O., Allen R.C., Klisak I., Sparkes R.S., Kubagawa H., Mohandas T., Quan S., Belmont J.W., Cooper M.D., Conley M.E., Witte O.N.
Cell 72:279-290(1993) [PubMed: 8425221] [Abstract]
Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE OF 1-442.
[10]Bienvenut W.V., Claeys D.
Submitted (NOV-2005) to UniProtKB
Cited for: PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-12 AND 323-332, CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE, ACETYLATION AT ALA-2, MASS SPECTROMETRY.
Tissue: Platelet.
[11]"Identification of phosphorylation sites within the SH3 domains of Tec family tyrosine kinases."
Nore B.F., Mattsson P.T., Antonsson P., Backesjo C.-M., Westlund A., Lennartsson J., Hansson H., Low P., Ronnstrand L., Smith C.I.E.
Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1645:123-132(2003) [PubMed: 12573241] [Abstract]
Cited for: PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 219-235, PHOSPHORYLATION AT TYR-223.
[12]"BAP-135, a target for Bruton's tyrosine kinase in response to B cell receptor engagement."
Yang W., Desiderio S.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94:604-609(1997) [PubMed: 9012831] [Abstract]
Cited for: FUNCTION IN PHOSPHORYLATION OF GTF2I, PHOSPHORYLATION AT TYR-223 AND TYR-551, MUTAGENESIS OF GLU-41; PRO-189; TYR-223; TRP-251; ARG-307 AND TYR-551.
[13]"Direct inhibition of Bruton's tyrosine kinase by IBtk, a Btk-binding protein."
Liu W., Quinto I., Chen X., Palmieri C., Rabin R.L., Schwartz O.M., Nelson D.L., Scala G.
Nat. Immunol. 2:939-946(2001) [PubMed: 11577348] [Abstract]
Cited for: INTERACTION WITH IBTK, ENZYME REGULATION.
[14]"Identification and characterization of a novel SH3-domain binding protein, Sab, which preferentially associates with Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk)."
Matsushita M., Yamadori T., Kato S., Takemoto Y., Inazawa J., Baba Y., Hashimoto S., Sekine S., Arai S., Kunikata T., Kurimoto M., Kishimoto T., Tsukada S.
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 245:337-343(1998) [PubMed: 9571151] [Abstract]
Cited for: MUTAGENESIS OF 251-TRP-TRP-252, INTERACTION WITH SH3BP5.
[15]"Induction of immunoglobulin heavy-chain transcription through the transcription factor Bright requires TFII-I."
Rajaiya J., Nixon J.C., Ayers N., Desgranges Z.P., Roy A.L., Webb C.F.
Mol. Cell. Biol. 26:4758-4768(2006) [PubMed: 16738337] [Abstract]
Cited for: INTERACTION WITH GTF2I AND ARID3A, FUNCTION.
[16]"Global survey of phosphotyrosine signaling identifies oncogenic kinases in lung cancer."
Rikova K., Guo A., Zeng Q., Possemato A., Yu J., Haack H., Nardone J., Lee K., Reeves C., Li Y., Hu Y., Tan Z., Stokes M., Sullivan L., Mitchell J., Wetzel R., Macneill J., Ren J.M. expand/collapse author list , Yuan J., Bakalarski C.E., Villen J., Kornhauser J.M., Smith B., Li D., Zhou X., Gygi S.P., Gu T.-L., Polakiewicz R.D., Rush J., Comb M.J.
Cell 131:1190-1203(2007) [PubMed: 18083107] [Abstract]
Cited for: PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT TYR-551, MASS SPECTROMETRY.
[17]Colinge J., Superti-Furga G., Bennett K.L.
Submitted (OCT-2008) to UniProtKB
Cited for: IDENTIFICATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS], MASS SPECTROMETRY.
[18]"Structure of the PH domain and Btk motif from Bruton's tyrosine kinase: molecular explanations for X-linked agammaglobulinaemia."
Hyvoenen M., Saraste M.
EMBO J. 16:3396-3404(1997) [PubMed: 9218782] [Abstract]
Cited for: X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (1.6 ANGSTROMS) OF 1-170.
[19]"Structure of the PH domain from Bruton's tyrosine kinase in complex with inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate."
Baraldi E., Carugo K.D., Hyvoenen M., Surdo P.L., Riley A.M., Potter B.V.L., O'Brien R., Ladbury J.E., Saraste M.
Structure 7:449-460(1999) [PubMed: 10196129] [Abstract]
Cited for: X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.1 ANGSTROMS) OF 1-170.
[20]"Solution structure of the SH3 domain from Bruton's tyrosine kinase."
Hansson H., Mattsson P.T., Allard P., Haapaniemi P., Vihinen M., Smith C.I.E., Haerd T.
Biochemistry 37:2912-2924(1998) [PubMed: 9485443] [Abstract]
Cited for: STRUCTURE BY NMR OF 209-275.
[21]"BTKbase, mutation database for X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA)."
Vihinen M., Iwata T., Kinnon C., Kwan S.-P., Ochs H.D., Vorechovsky I., Smith C.I.E.
Nucleic Acids Res. 24:160-165(1996) [PubMed: 8594569] [Abstract]
Cited for: REVIEW ON XLA VARIANTS.
[22]"BTKbase, mutation database for X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA)."
Vihinen M., Belohradsky B.H., Haire R.N., Holinski-Feder E., Kwan S.-P., Lappalainen I., Lehvaeslaiho H., Lester T., Meindl A., Ochs H.D., Ollila J., Vorechovsky I., Weiss M., Smith C.I.E.
Nucleic Acids Res. 25:166-171(1997) [PubMed: 9016530] [Abstract]
Cited for: REVIEW ON XLA VARIANTS.
[23]"An exon-skipping mutation in the btk gene of a patient with X-linked agammaglobulinemia and isolated growth hormone deficiency."
Duriez B., Duquesnoy P., Dastot F., Bougneres P., Amselem S., Goossens M.
FEBS Lett. 346:165-170(1994) [PubMed: 8013627] [Abstract]
Cited for: INVOLVEMENT IN XLA-IGHD.
[24]"Mutation detection in the X-linked agammaglobulinemia gene, BTK, using single strand conformation polymorphism analysis."
Bradley L.A.D., Sweatman A.K., Lovering R.C., Jones A.M., Morgan G., Levinsky R.J., Kinnon C.
Hum. Mol. Genet. 3:79-83(1994) [PubMed: 8162056] [Abstract]
Cited for: VARIANTS XLA TRP-288; GLY-307; ASP-607 AND SER-VAL-PHE-SER-SER-THR-ARG-103 INS.
[25]"Mutation analysis of the Bruton's tyrosine kinase gene in X-linked agammaglobulinemia: identification of a mutation which affects the same codon as is altered in immunodeficient xid mice."
de Weers M., Mensink R.G.J., Kraakman M.E.M., Schuurman R.K.B., Hendriks R.W.
Hum. Mol. Genet. 3:161-166(1994) [PubMed: 8162018] [Abstract]
Cited for: VARIANTS XLA HIS-28 AND TRP-288.
[26]"Screening of genomic DNA to identify mutations in the gene for Bruton's tyrosine kinase."
Conley M.E., Fitch-Hilgenberg M.E., Cleveland J.L., Parolini O., Rohrer J.
Hum. Mol. Genet. 3:1751-1756(1994) [PubMed: 7849697] [Abstract]
Cited for: VARIANTS XLA ASP-113; CYS-361; GLN-520; PRO-542; TRP-562; LYS-630 AND PRO-652.
[27]"Unique mutations of Bruton's tyrosine kinase in fourteen unrelated X-linked agammaglobulinemia families."
Zhu Q., Zhang M., Winkelstein J., Chen S.-H., Ochs H.D.
Hum. Mol. Genet. 3:1899-1900(1994) [PubMed: 7849721] [Abstract]
Cited for: VARIANTS XLA HIS-28; PRO-33; PRO-408; GLY-589; ASP-613 AND 260-GLN--GLU-280 DEL.
[28]"Structural basis for chromosome X-linked agammaglobulinemia: a tyrosine kinase disease."
Vihinen M., Vetrie D., Maniar H.S., Ochs H.D., Zhu Q., Vorechovsky I., Webster A.D.B., Notarangelo L.D., Nilsson L., Sowadski J.M., Smith C.I.E.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91:12803-12807(1994) [PubMed: 7809124] [Abstract]
Cited for: VARIANTS XLA GLU-430; GLN-520; GLN-525; PRO-562; VAL-582; GLY-589; GLU-594 AND ASP-613.
[29]"Structural basis for pleckstrin homology domain mutations in X-linked agammaglobulinemia."
Vihinen M., Zvelebil J.J.M., Zhu Q., Brooimans R.A., Ochs H.D., Zegers B.J.M., Nilsson L., Waterfield M.D., Smith C.I.E.
Biochemistry 34:1475-1481(1995) [PubMed: 7849006] [Abstract]
Cited for: VARIANT XLA PHE-64, CHARACTERIZATION OF OTHER XLA VARIANTS.
[30]"DNA-based mutation analysis of Bruton's tyrosine kinase gene in patients with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia."
Vorechovsky I., Vihinen M., de Saint Basile G., Honsova S., Hammarstroem L., Mueller S., Nilsson L., Fischer A., Smith C.I.E.
Hum. Mol. Genet. 4:51-58(1995) [PubMed: 7711734] [Abstract]
Cited for: VARIANTS XLA SER-25; TRP-288; MET-370; VAL-509; PRO-525; LYS-526; TRP-562; VAL-582 AND ARG-594.
[31]"Identification of Btk mutations in 20 unrelated patients with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA)."
Jin H., Webster A.D.B., Vihinen M., Sideras P., Vorechovsky I., Hammarstroem L., Bernatowska-Matuszkiewicz E., Smith C.I.E., Bobrow M., Vetrie D.
Hum. Mol. Genet. 4:693-700(1995) [PubMed: 7633420] [Abstract]
Cited for: VARIANTS XLA LYS-567; LEU-587 AND HIS-641.
[32]"Mutation analysis in Bruton's tyrosine kinase, the X-linked agammaglobulinaemia gene, including identification of an insertional hotspot."
Gaspar H.B., Bradley L.A.D., Katz F., Lovering R.C., Roifman C.M., Morgan G., Levinsky R.J., Kinnon C.
Hum. Mol. Genet. 4:755-757(1995) [PubMed: 7633429] [Abstract]
Cited for: VARIANTS XLA PRO-33; GLY-302 DEL; GLN-520 AND CYS-641.
[33]"Improved oligonucleotide primer set for molecular diagnosis of X-linked agammaglobulinaemia: predominance of amino acid substitutions in the catalytic domain of Bruton's tyrosine kinase."
Vorechovsky I., Luo L., de Saint Basile G., Hammarstroem L., Webster A.D.B., Smith C.I.E.
Hum. Mol. Genet. 4:2403-2405(1995) [PubMed: 8634718] [Abstract]
Cited for: VARIANTS XLA ASN-429 AND ARG-477.
[34]"Characterization of germline mutations of the gene encoding Bruton's tyrosine kinase in families with X-linked agammaglobulinemia."
Hagemann T.L., Rosen F.S., Kwan S.-P.
Hum. Mutat. 5:296-302(1995) [PubMed: 7627183] [Abstract]
Cited for: VARIANTS XLA GLU-302 AND ASP-476.
[35]"A new point mutation involving a highly conserved leucine in the Btk SH2 domain in a family with X linked agammaglobulinaemia."
Ohashi Y., Tsuchiya S., Konno T.
J. Med. Genet. 32:77-79(1995) [PubMed: 7897635] [Abstract]
Cited for: VARIANT XLA PHE-358.
[36]"Detection of a novel mutation in the SRC homology domain 2 (SH2) of Bruton's tyrosine kinase and direct female carrier evaluation in a family with X-linked agammaglobulinemia."
Schuster V., Seidenspinner S., Kreth H.W.
Am. J. Med. Genet. 63:318-322(1996) [PubMed: 8723128] [Abstract]
Cited for: VARIANT XLA PRO-295.
[37]"Identification of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) gene mutations and characterization of the derived proteins in 35 X-linked agammaglobulinemia families: a nationwide study of Btk deficiency in Japan."
Hashimoto S., Tsukada S., Matsushita M., Miyawaki T., Niida Y., Yachie A., Kobayashi S., Iwata T., Hayakawa H., Matsuoka H., Tsuge I., Yamadori T., Kunikata T., Arai S., Yoshizaki K., Taniguchi N., Kishimoto T.
Blood 88:561-573(1996) [PubMed: 8695804] [Abstract]
Cited for: VARIANTS XLA ARG-12; PRO-28; GLU-302; TRP-502; HIS-521; TYR-633 AND SER-644.
[38]"Mutations of the Btk gene in 12 unrelated families with X-linked agammaglobulinemia in Japan."
Kobayashi S., Iwata T., Saito M., Iwasaki R., Matsumoto H., Naritaka S., Kono Y., Hayashi Y.
Hum. Genet. 97:424-430(1996) [PubMed: 8834236] [Abstract]
Cited for: VARIANTS XLA TRP-288; LYS-544 AND PRO-592.
[39]"Missense mutations affecting a conserved cysteine pair in the TH domain of Btk."
Vihinen M., Nore B., Mattsson P.T., Backesj C.-M., Nars M., Koutaniemi S., Watanabe C., Lester T., Jones A.M., Ochs H.D., Smith C.I.E.
FEBS Lett. 413:205-210(1997) [PubMed: 9280283] [Abstract]
Cited for: VARIANTS XLA SER-154 AND ARG-155.
[40]"Molecular and structural characterization of five novel mutations in the Bruton's tyrosine kinase gene from patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia."
Saha B.K., Curtis S.K., Vogler L.B., Vihinen M.
Mol. Med. 3:477-485(1997) [PubMed: 9260159] [Abstract]
Cited for: VARIANTS XLA.
[41]"Mutations in btk in patients with presumed X-linked agammaglobulinemia."
Conley M.E., Mathias D., Treadaway J., Minegishi Y., Rohrer J.
Am. J. Hum. Genet. 62:1034-1043(1998) [PubMed: 9545398] [Abstract]
Cited for: VARIANTS XLA GLN-288; THR-307; ARG-430; ASP-445; GLY-525; PHE-535; LEU-563 AND PRO-622.
[42]"Mutation screening of the BTK gene in 56 families with X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA): 47 unique mutations without correlation to clinical course."
Holinski-Feder E., Weiss M., Brandau O., Jedele K.B., Nore B., Baeckesjoe C.-M., Vihinen M., Hubbard S.R., Belohradsky B.H., Smith C.I.E., Meindl A.
Pediatrics 101:276-284(1998) [PubMed: 9445504] [Abstract]
Cited for: VARIANTS XLA GLU-19; HIS-28; ASN-61; PRO-117; HIS-127; ARG-155; PRO-295; PHE-369; GLY-372; ARG-414; TYR-506; GLY-521; GLN-525; SER-559; TRP-562; GLU-594; THR-619; GLY-626 AND HIS-641.
[43]"Mutations of the human BTK gene coding for Bruton tyrosine kinase in X-linked agammaglobulinemia."
Vihinen M., Kwan S.-P., Lester T., Ochs H.D., Resnick I., Vaeliaho J., Conley M.E., Smith C.I.E.
Hum. Mutat. 13:280-285(1999) [PubMed: 10220140] [Abstract]
Cited for: VARIANTS XLA.
[44]"Twin carriers of X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) due to germline mutation in the Btk gene."
Curtis S.K., Hebert M.D., Saha B.K.
Am. J. Med. Genet. 90:229-232(2000) [PubMed: 10678660] [Abstract]
Cited for: VARIANT XLA PRO-562.
[45]"Identification of nine novel mutations in the Bruton's tyrosine kinase gene in X-linked agammaglobulinaemia patients."
Orlandi P., Ritis K., Moschese V., Angelini F., Arvanitidis K., Speletas M., Sideras P., Plebani A., Rossi P.
Hum. Mutat. 15:117-117(2000) [PubMed: 10612838] [Abstract]
Cited for: VARIANTS XLA SER-39; PRO-512; GLN-512; GLY-544; TYR-578 AND LYS-589.
[46]"Patterns of somatic mutation in human cancer genomes."
Greenman C., Stephens P., Smith R., Dalgliesh G.L., Hunter C., Bignell G., Davies H., Teague J., Butler A., Stevens C., Edkins S., O'Meara S., Vastrik I., Schmidt E.E., Avis T., Barthorpe S., Bhamra G., Buck G. expand/collapse author list , Choudhury B., Clements J., Cole J., Dicks E., Forbes S., Gray K., Halliday K., Harrison R., Hills K., Hinton J., Jenkinson A., Jones D., Menzies A., Mironenko T., Perry J., Raine K., Richardson D., Shepherd R., Small A., Tofts C., Varian J., Webb T., West S., Widaa S., Yates A., Cahill D.P., Louis D.N., Goldstraw P., Nicholson A.G., Brasseur F., Looijenga L., Weber B.L., Chiew Y.-E., DeFazio A., Greaves M.F., Green A.R., Campbell P., Birney E., Easton D.F., Chenevix-Trench G., Tan M.-H., Khoo S.K., Teh B.T., Yuen S.T., Leung S.Y., Wooster R., Futreal P.A., Stratton M.R.
Nature 446:153-158(2007) [PubMed: 17344846] [Abstract]
Cited for: VARIANTS [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] LYS-82 AND LYS-190.
+Additional computationally mapped references.

Cross-references

Sequence databases

X58957 mRNA. Translation: CAA41728.1.
U10087 expand/collapse EMBL AC list , U10084, U10085, U10086 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAB60639.1.
L31572 expand/collapse EMBL AC list , L31557, L31558, L31559, L31561, L31563, L31564, L31565, L31566, L31567, L31568, L31569, L31570, L31571 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAA61479.1.
U13433 expand/collapse EMBL AC list , U13410, U13412, U13413, U13414, U13415, U13416, U13417, U13422, U13423, U13424, U13425, U13427, U13428, U13429, U13430, U13431, U13432 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAC51347.1.
U78027 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAB64205.1.
AL035422 Genomic DNA. Translation: CAB55876.1.
BC109079 mRNA. Translation: AAI09080.1.
BC109080 mRNA. Translation: AAI09081.1.
IPIIPI00029132.
PIRA45184. I37212.
RefSeqNP_000052.1.
UniGeneHs.159494

3D structure databases

EntryMethodResolution (Å)ChainPositionsPDBsum
1AWWNMR-A212-275[»]
1AWXNMR-A212-275[»]
1B55X-ray2.40A/B2-170[»]
1BTKX-ray1.60A/B2-170[»]
1BWNX-ray2.10A/B2-170[»]
1K2PX-ray2.10A/B397-659[»]
1QLYNMR-A216-273[»]
2GE9NMR-A270-386[»]
2Z0PX-ray2.58A/B/C/D2-170[»]
ModBaseSearch...

Protein-protein interaction databases

IntActQ06187. 12 interactions.

PTM databases

PhosphoSiteQ06187.

Proteomic databases

PRIDEQ06187.

Genome annotation databases

EnsemblENSG00000010671. Homo sapiens. [Contig view]
GeneID695.
KEGGhsa:695.

Organism-specific databases

GeneCardsGC0XM100491.
H-InvDBHIX0016926.
HGNCHGNC:1133. BTK.
HPACAB016689.
HPA001198.
HPA002028.
MIM300300. gene.
300755. phenotype.
307200. phenotype.
Orphanet47. X-linked agammaglobulinemia.
PharmGKBPA25454.
GenAtlasSearch...

Phylogenomic databases

HOGENOMQ06187.
HOVERGENQ06187.
OMAQ06187. PPEVLLY.

Enzyme and pathway databases

BRENDA2.7.10.2. 247.
Pathway_Interaction_DBbcr_5pathway. BCR signaling pathway.
pi3kcipathway. Class I PI3K signaling events.
epopathway. EPO signaling pathway.
fcer1pathway. Fc-epsilon receptor I signaling in mast cells.

Gene expression databases

ArrayExpressQ06187.
BgeeQ06187.
CleanExHS_BTK.
GermOnlineENSG00000010671. Homo sapiens.

Family and domain databases

InterProIPR011993. PH_type.
IPR001849. Pleckstrin_homology.
IPR000719. Prot_kinase_core.
IPR017441. Protein_kinase_ATP_BS.
IPR000980. SH2.
IPR001452. SH3_domain.
IPR001245. Tyr_pkinase.
IPR008266. Tyr_pkinase_AS.
IPR001562. Znf_Btk_motif.
[Graphical view]
Gene3DG3DSA:2.30.29.30. PH_type. 1 hit.
G3DSA:3.30.505.10. SH2. 1 hit.
PfamPF00779. BTK. 1 hit.
PF00169. PH. 1 hit.
PF07714. Pkinase_Tyr. 1 hit.
PF00017. SH2. 1 hit.
PF00018. SH3_1. 1 hit.
[Graphical view]
PRINTSPR00401. SH2DOMAIN.
PR00402. TECBTKDOMAIN.
PR00109. TYRKINASE.
ProDomPD000001. Prot_kinase. 2 hits.
PD000093. SH2. 1 hit.
PD000066. SH3. 1 hit.
[Graphical view] [Entries sharing at least one domain]
SMARTSM00107. BTK. 1 hit.
SM00233. PH. 1 hit.
SM00252. SH2. 1 hit.
SM00326. SH3. 1 hit.
SM00219. TyrKc. 1 hit.
[Graphical view]
PROSITEPS50003. PH_DOMAIN. 1 hit.
PS00107. PROTEIN_KINASE_ATP. 1 hit.
PS50011. PROTEIN_KINASE_DOM. 1 hit.
PS00109. PROTEIN_KINASE_TYR. 1 hit.
PS50001. SH2. 1 hit.
PS50002. SH3. 1 hit.
PS51113. ZF_BTK. 1 hit.
[Graphical view]
ProtoNetSearch...

Other Resources

NextBio2850.
SOURCESearch...

Entry information

Entry nameBTK_HUMAN
AccessionPrimary (citable) accession number: Q06187
Secondary accession number(s): Q32ML5
Entry history
Integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: June 1, 1994
Last sequence update: January 23, 2007
Last modified: June 16, 2009
This is version 126 of the entry and version 3 of the sequence. [Complete history]
Entry statusReviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
Annotation projectHPI (Human Proteome Initiative)

Relevant documents

Human chromosome X

Human chromosome X: entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM

Human entries with polymorphisms or disease mutations

List of human entries with polymorphisms or disease mutations

Human polymorphisms and disease mutations

Index of human polymorphisms and disease mutations

MIM cross-references

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM) cross-references in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

PDB cross-references

Index of Protein Data Bank (PDB) cross-references

Human and mouse protein kinases

Human and mouse protein kinases: classification and index

SIMILARITY comments

Index of protein domains and families

Names and origin · Protein attributes · General annotation (Comments) · Ontologies · Binary interactions · Sequence annotation (Features) · Sequences · References · Web resources · Cross-references · Entry information · Relevant documents