Reviewed, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot P61586 (RHOA_HUMAN)

Names and origin

Protein names

Recommended name:
    Transforming protein RhoA
Alternative name(s):
    H12

Gene names

Name:	RHOA
Synonyms:	ARH12, ARHA, RHO12

Organism

Homo sapiens (Human)

Taxonomic identifier

9606 [NCBI]

Taxonomic lineage

Eukaryota › Metazoa › Chordata › Craniata › Vertebrata › Euteleostomi › Mammalia › Eutheria › Euarchontoglires › Primates › Haplorrhini › Catarrhini › Hominidae › Homo

Protein attributes

Sequence length	193 AA.
Sequence status	Complete.
Sequence processing	The displayed sequence is further processed into a mature form.
Protein existence	Evidence at protein level.

General annotation (Comments)

Function	Regulates a signal transduction pathway linking plasma membrane receptors to the assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. Serves as a target for the yopT cysteine peptidase from Yersinia pestis, vector of the plague, and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, which causes gastrointestinal disorders. May be an activator of PLCE1. Activated by ARHGEF2, which promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP. Ref.18
Cofactor	Magnesium.
Subunit structure	Interacts with RGNEF By similarity. Binds PRKCL1, ROCK1 and ROCK2. Interacts with ARHGEF2, ARHGEF3, NET1 and RTKN. Interacts with PLCE1 and AKAP13. Interacts with human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) protein F; this interaction facilitates virus-induced syncytium formation.
Subcellular location	Cell membrane; Lipid-anchor; Cytoplasmic side. Cytoplasm › cytoskeleton.
Domain	The basic-rich region is essential for yopT recognition and cleavage.
Post-translational modification	Substrate for botulinum ADP-ribosyltransferase. Cleaved by yopT protease when the cell is infected by some Yersinia pathogens. This removes the lipid attachment, and leads to its displacement from plasma membrane and to subsequent cytoskeleton cleavage.
Sequence similarities	Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rho family.

Ontologies

Keywords
Biological process	Host-virus interaction
Cellular component	Cell membrane Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton Membrane
Disease	Proto-oncogene
Ligand	GTP-binding Magnesium Nucleotide-binding
PTM	ADP-ribosylation Lipoprotein Methylation Prenylation
Technical term	3D-structure Direct protein sequencing
Gene Ontology (GO)
Biological process	Rho protein signal transduction Traceable author statement. Source: UniProtKB positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade Inferred from expression pattern. Source: UniProtKB positive regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus Non-traceable author statement. Source: UniProtKB positive regulation of neuron differentiation Inferred from mutant phenotype. Source: MGI positive regulation of stress fiber formation Inferred from direct assay. Source: MGI
Cellular component	cytoplasm Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-SubCell cytoskeleton Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-SubCell plasma membrane Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-SubCell
Molecular function	GTP binding Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW GTPase activity Traceable author statement. Source: UniProtKB magnesium ion binding Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW myosin binding Inferred from physical interaction. Source: UniProtKB
Complete GO annotation...

Binary interactions

With	Entry	#Exp.	IntAct	Notes
ARHGAP1	Q07960	1	EBI-446668,EBI-602762
ARHGDIA	P52565	1	EBI-446668,EBI-712693
ARHGEF5	Q12774	1	EBI-446668,EBI-602199
CNKSR1	Q969H4	2	EBI-446668,EBI-741671
Mcf2l	Q6PDM6	3	EBI-446668,EBI-602149	From a different organism.
PKN1	Q16512	1	EBI-446668,EBI-602382
Rabac1	Q9Z0S9	1	EBI-446668,EBI-476965	From a different organism.
RTKN	Q9BST9	1	EBI-446668,EBI-446694

Sequence annotation (Features)

Feature key

Position(s)

Length

Description

Graphical view

Feature identifier

Molecule processing

Chain

1 – 190

190

Transforming protein RhoA

PRO_0000030411

Propeptide

191 – 193

3

Removed in mature form

PRO_0000030412

Regions

Nucleotide binding

12 – 19

8

GTP

Nucleotide binding

59 – 63

5

GTP By similarity

Nucleotide binding

117 – 120

4

GTP

Motif

34 – 42

9

Effector region Potential

Compositional bias

182 – 187

6

Arg/Lys-rich (basic)

Sites

Site

189 – 190

2

Cleavage; by yopT

Amino acid modifications

Modified residue

41

1

ADP-ribosylasparagine; by botulinum toxin Probable

Modified residue

190

1

Cysteine methyl ester

Lipidation

190

1

S-geranylgeranyl cysteine

Experimental info

Mutagenesis

14

1

G → V: Causes constitutive activation.

Mutagenesis

63

1

Q → L: Causes constitutive activation.

Mutagenesis

193

1

L → M: Converts geranyl-geranylation to farnesylation; does not prevent the cleavage by yopT. Ref.19

Secondary structure

1

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

193

Helix Strand Turn

Details...

Beta strand

5 – 13

9

Helix

18 – 27

10

Beta strand

38 – 48

11

Beta strand

51 – 60

10

Helix

64 – 66

3

Turn

67 – 69

3

Helix

70 – 72

3

Beta strand

78 – 87

10

Helix

90 – 97

8

Helix

99 – 106

8

Beta strand

112 – 117

6

Helix

119 – 122

4

Helix

125 – 133

9

Helix

141 – 150

10

Beta strand

154 – 158

5

Turn

161 – 163

3

Helix

167 – 179

13

Sequences

	Sequence		Length	Mass (Da)
	P61586-1 [UniParc]. Last modified January 1, 1988. Version 1. Checksum: C4DA2DC31FF858BC	FASTA	193	21,768
	10 20 30 40 50 60 MAAIRKKLVI VGDGACGKTC LLIVFSKDQF PEVYVPTVFE NYVADIEVDG KQVELALWDT 70 80 90 100 110 120 AGQEDYDRLR PLSYPDTDVI LMCFSIDSPD SLENIPEKWT PEVKHFCPNV PIILVGNKKD 130 140 150 160 170 180 LRNDEHTRRE LAKMKQEPVK PEEGRDMANR IGAFGYMECS AKTKDGVREV FEMATRAALQ 190 ARRGKKKSGC LVL

References

	« Hide 'large scale' referencesShow 'large scale' references »
[1]	"Nucleotide sequence of human rho cDNA clone 12." Yeramian P., Chardin P., Madaule P., Tavitian A. Nucleic Acids Res. 15:1869-1869(1987) [PubMed: 3822842] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA].
[2]	"Sequence of rho small GTP-binding protein cDNAs from human retina and identification of novel 5' end cloning artifacts." Fagan K.P., Oliveira L., Pittler S.J. Exp. Eye Res. 59:235-237(1994) [PubMed: 7835413] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA]. Tissue: Retina.
[3]	"cDNA clones of human proteins involved in signal transduction sequenced by the Guthrie cDNA resource center (www.cdna.org)." Puhl H.L. III, Ikeda S.R., Aronstam R.S. Submitted (APR-2002) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]. Tissue: Brain.
[4]	"Cloning of human full-length CDSs in BD Creator(TM) system donor vector." Kalnine N., Chen X., Rolfs A., Halleck A., Hines L., Eisenstein S., Koundinya M., Raphael J., Moreira D., Kelley T., LaBaer J., Lin Y., Phelan M., Farmer A. Submitted (OCT-2004) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA].
[5]	"The full-ORF clone resource of the German cDNA consortium." Bechtel S., Rosenfelder H., Duda A., Schmidt C.P., Ernst U., Wellenreuther R., Mehrle A., Schuster C., Bahr A., Blocker H., Heubner D., Hoerlein A., Michel G., Wedler H., Kohrer K., Ottenwalder B., Poustka A., Wiemann S., Schupp I. BMC Genomics 8:399-399(2007) [PubMed: 17974005] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]. Tissue: Oesophageal carcinoma.
[6]	"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)." The MGC Project Team Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004) [PubMed: 15489334] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]. Tissue: Brain and Colon.
[7]	"Utilization of multiple polyadenylation signals in the human RHOA protooncogene." Moscow J.A., He R., Gudas J.M., Cowan K.H. Gene 144:229-236(1994) [PubMed: 8039707] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] OF 5-193. Tissue: Mammary cancer.
[8]	"A rho gene product in human blood platelets. I. Identification of the platelet substrate for botulinum C3 ADP-ribosyltransferase as rhoA protein." Nemoto Y., Namba T., Teru-uchi T., Ushikubi F., Morii N., Narumiya S. J. Biol. Chem. 267:20916-20920(1992) [PubMed: 1328215] [Abstract] Cited for: PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 28-39; 45-57; 78-86; 130-144; 146-162 AND 165-184, ADP-RIBOSYLATION AT ASN-41.
[9]	"Structure and function of the 5'-flanking sequence of the human cytosolic selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase gene (hgpx1)." Moscow J.A., Morrow C.S., He R., Mullenbach G.T., Cowan K.H. J. Biol. Chem. 267:5949-5958(1992) [PubMed: 1556108] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] OF 137-193.
[10]	"The small GTP-binding protein Rho binds to and activates a 160 kDa Ser/Thr protein kinase homologous to myotonic dystrophy kinase." Ishizaki T., Maekawa M., Fujisawa K., Okawa K., Iwamatsu A., Fujita A., Watanabe N., Saito Y., Kakizuka A., Morii N., Narumiya S. EMBO J. 15:1885-1893(1996) [PubMed: 8617235] [Abstract] Cited for: INTERACTION WITH ROCK1.
[11]	"Rho-associated kinase, a novel serine/threonine kinase, as a putative target for small GTP binding protein Rho." Matsui T., Amano M., Yamamoto T., Chihara K., Nakafuku M., Ito M., Nakano T., Okawa K., Iwamatsu A., Kaibuchi K. EMBO J. 15:2208-2216(1996) [PubMed: 8641286] [Abstract] Cited for: INTERACTION WITH ROCK2.
[12]	"Cloning and characterization of GEF-H1, a microtubule-associated guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac and Rho GTPases." Ren Y., Li R., Zheng Y., Busch H. J. Biol. Chem. 273:34954-34960(1998) [PubMed: 9857026] [Abstract] Cited for: INTERACTION WITH ARHGEF2.
[13]	"RhoA interacts with the fusion glycoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus and facilitates virus-induced syncytium formation." Pastey M.K., Crowe J.E. Jr., Graham B.S. J. Virol. 73:7262-7270(1999) [PubMed: 10438814] [Abstract] Cited for: INTERACTION WITH HRSV PROTEIN F.
[14]	"The PDZ protein TIP-1 interacts with the Rho effector rhotekin and is involved in Rho signaling to the serum response element." Reynaud C., Fabre S., Jalinot P. J. Biol. Chem. 275:33962-33968(2000) [PubMed: 10940294] [Abstract] Cited for: INTERACTION WITH RTKN.
[15]	"Ht31: the first protein kinase A anchoring protein to integrate protein kinase A and Rho signaling." Klussmann E., Edemir B., Pepperle B., Tamma G., Henn V., Klauschenz E., Hundsrucker C., Maric K., Rosenthal W. FEBS Lett. 507:264-268(2001) [PubMed: 11696353] [Abstract] Cited for: INTERACTION WITH AKAP13.
[16]	"XPLN, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for RhoA and RhoB, but not RhoC." Arthur W.T., Ellerbroek S.M., Der C.J., Burridge K., Wennerberg K. J. Biol. Chem. 277:42964-42972(2002) [PubMed: 12221096] [Abstract] Cited for: INTERACTION WITH ARHGEF3.
[17]	"A Yersinia effector and a Pseudomonas avirulence protein define a family of cysteine proteases functioning in bacterial pathogenesis." Shao F., Merritt P.M., Bao Z., Innes R.W., Dixon J.E. Cell 109:575-588(2002) [PubMed: 12062101] [Abstract] Cited for: INTERACTION WITH YERSINIA PESTIS YOPT, CLEAVAGE.
[18]	"Direct activation of phospholipase C-epsilon by Rho." Wing M.R., Snyder J.T., Sondek J., Harden T.K. J. Biol. Chem. 278:41253-41258(2003) [PubMed: 12900402] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION, INTERACTION WITH PLCE1.
[19]	"Biochemical characterization of the Yersinia YopT protease: cleavage site and recognition elements in Rho GTPases." Shao F., Vacratsis P.O., Bao Z., Bowers K.E., Fierke C.A., Dixon J.E. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100:904-909(2003) [PubMed: 12538863] [Abstract] Cited for: INTERACTION WITH YERSINIA PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS YOPT, CLEAVAGE, MUTAGENESIS OF LEU-193.
[20]	Colinge J., Superti-Furga G., Bennett K.L. Submitted (OCT-2008) to UniProtKB Cited for: IDENTIFICATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS], MASS SPECTROMETRY.
[21]	"Crystal structure of RhoA-GDP and its functional implications." Wei Y., Zhang Y., Derewenda U., Liu X., Minor W., Nakamoto R.K., Somlyo A.V., Somlyo A.P., Derewenda Z.S. Nat. Struct. Biol. 4:699-703(1997) [PubMed: 9302995] [Abstract] Cited for: X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.1 ANGSTROMS).
[22]	"Crystal structure of human RhoA in a dominantly active form complexed with a GTP analogue." Ihara K., Muraguchi S., Kato M., Shimizu T., Shirakawa M., Kuroda S., Kaibuchi K., Hakoshima T. J. Biol. Chem. 273:9656-9666(1998) [PubMed: 9545299] [Abstract] Cited for: X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.4 ANGSTROMS) OF 4-181 OF MUTANT VAL-14.
[23]	"Biochemical and crystallographic characterization of a Rho effector domain of the protein serine/threonine kinase N in a complex with RhoA." Maesaki R., Shimizu T., Ihara K., Kuroda S., Kaibuchi K., Hakoshima T. J. Struct. Biol. 126:166-170(1999) [PubMed: 10388627] [Abstract] Cited for: X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.2 ANGSTROMS) OF 1-181 IN COMPLEX WITH PRKCL1.
[24]	"An open conformation of switch I revealed by the crystal structure of a Mg2+-free form of RHOA complexed with GDP. Implications for the GDP/GTP exchange mechanism." Shimizu T., Ihara K., Maesaki R., Kuroda S., Kaibuchi K., Hakoshima T. J. Biol. Chem. 275:18311-18317(2000) [PubMed: 10748207] [Abstract] Cited for: X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.0 ANGSTROMS) OF 3-180 IN COMPLEX WITH GDP.
[25]	"MgF(3)(-) as a transition state analog of phosphoryl transfer." Graham D.L., Lowe P.N., Grime G.W., Marsh M., Rittinger K., Smerdon S.J., Gamblin S.J., Eccleston J.F. Chem. Biol. 9:375-381(2002) [PubMed: 11927263] [Abstract] Cited for: X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (1.8 ANGSTROMS).
[26]	"Structural basis for the selective activation of Rho GTPases by Dbl exchange factors." Snyder J.T., Worthylake D.K., Rossman K.L., Betts L., Pruitt W.M., Siderovski D.P., Der C.J., Sondek J. Nat. Struct. Biol. 9:468-475(2002) [PubMed: 12006984] [Abstract] Cited for: X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.81 ANGSTROMS) IN COMPLEX WITH MCF2.
[27]	"Structure of a constitutively activated RhoA mutant (Q63L) at 1.55 A resolution." Longenecker K., Read P., Lin S.-K., Somlyo A.P., Nakamoto R.K., Derewenda Z.S. Acta Crystallogr. D 59:876-880(2003) [PubMed: 12777804] [Abstract] Cited for: X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (1.5 ANGSTROMS) OF MUTANT LEU-63 IN COMPLEX WITH A GTP ANALOG AND MG(2+).
+	Additional computationally mapped references.

Web resources

Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology

Cross-references

Sequence databases

EMBLGenBankDDBJ

X05026 mRNA. Translation: CAA28690.1.
L25080 mRNA. Translation: AAC33178.1.
AF498970 mRNA. Translation: AAM21117.1.
BT019870 mRNA. Translation: AAV38673.1.
BX647063 mRNA. Translation: CAE46190.1.
BC001360 mRNA. Translation: AAH01360.1.
BC005976 mRNA. Translation: AAH05976.1.
L09159 mRNA. Translation: AAA50612.1.
M83094 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAA67539.1.

IPI

IPI00478231.

PIR

TVHU12. A26675.

RefSeq

NP_001655.1.

UniGene

Hs.247077
Hs.709788

3D structure databases

PDBPDBe

Entry	Method	Resolution (Å)	Chain	Positions	PDBsum
1A2B	X-ray	2.40	A	1-181	[»]
1CC0	X-ray	5.00	A/C	1-190	[»]
1CXZ	X-ray	2.20	A	1-181	[»]
1DPF	X-ray	2.00	A	1-180	[»]
1FTN	X-ray	2.10	A	1-193	[»]
1KMQ	X-ray	1.55	A	4-181	[»]
1LB1	X-ray	2.81	B/D/F/H	1-189	[»]
1OW3	X-ray	1.80	B	1-193	[»]
1S1C	X-ray	2.60	A/B	1-181	[»]
1TX4	X-ray	1.65	B	3-179	[»]
1X86	X-ray	3.22	B/D/F/H	1-193	[»]
1XCG	X-ray	2.50	B/F	3-180	[»]
2RGN	X-ray	3.50	C/F	1-193	[»]

ModBase

Search...

Protein-protein interaction databases

IntAct

P61586. 14 interactions.

PTM databases

PhosphoSite

P61586.

Proteomic databases

PeptideAtlas

P61586.

PRIDE

P61586.

Genome annotation databases

Ensembl

ENSG00000067560. Homo sapiens. [Contig view]

GeneID

387.

KEGG

hsa:387.

Organism-specific databases

GeneCards

GC03M049371.

H-InvDB

HIX0003297.

HGNC

HGNC:667. RHOA.

HPA

CAB005052.

MIM

165390. gene.

PharmGKB

PA134865095.

GenAtlas

Search...

Phylogenomic databases

HOVERGEN

P61586.

OMA

P61586. QVRRGKK.

Enzyme and pathway databases

Pathway_Interaction_DB

amb2_neutrophils_pathway. amb2 Integrin signaling.
arf6downstreampathway. Arf6 downstream pathway.
aurora_b_pathway. Aurora B signaling.
pi3kcipathway. Class I PI3K signaling events.
endothelinpathway. Endothelins.
epha_fwdpathway. EPHA forward signaling.
epha2_fwdpathway. EPHA2 forward signaling.
ephbfwdpathway. EPHB forward signaling.
il2_1pathway. IL2-mediated signaling events.
avb3_integrin_pathway. Integrins in angiogenesis.
lis1pathway. Lissencephaly gene (LIS1) in neuronal migration and development.
lysophospholipid_pathway. LPA receptor mediated events.
trkrpathway. Neurotrophic factor-mediated Trk receptor signaling.
avb3_opn_pathway. Osteopontin-mediated events.
p75ntrpathway. p75(NTR)-mediated signaling.
a4b1_paxindep_pathway. Paxillin-independent events mediated by a4b1 and a4b7.
er_nongenomic_pathway. Plasma membrane estrogen receptor signaling.
s1p_s1p1_pathway. S1P1 pathway.
s1p_s1p2_pathway. S1P2 pathway.
s1p_s1p3_pathway. S1P3 pathway.
s1p_s1p4_pathway. S1P4 pathway.
s1p_s1p5_pathway. S1P5 pathway.
prlsignalingeventspathway. Signaling events mediated by PRL.
ptp1bpathway. Signaling events mediated by PTP1B.
vegfr1_2_pathway. Signaling events mediated by VEGFR1 and VEGFR2.
ret_pathway. Signaling events regulated by Ret tyrosine kinase.
syndecan_2_pathway. Syndecan-2-mediated signaling events.
syndecan_4_pathway. Syndecan-4-mediated signaling events.
tcrpathway. TCR signaling in naive CD4+ T cells.
tgfbrpathway. TGF-beta receptor signaling.
txa2pathway. Thromboxane A2 receptor signaling.

Reactome

REACT_11044. Signaling by Rho GTPases.
REACT_11061. Signalling by NGF.

Gene expression databases

ArrayExpress

P61586.

Bgee

P61586.

CleanEx

HS_RHOA.

GermOnline

ENSG00000067560. Homo sapiens.

Family and domain databases

InterPro

IPR003578. GTPase_Rho.
IPR013753. Ras.
IPR001806. Ras_GTPase.
IPR005225. Small_GTP_bd.
[Graphical view]

Pfam

PF00071. Ras. 1 hit.
[Graphical view]

PRINTS

PR00449. RASTRNSFRMNG.

SMART

SM00174. RHO. 1 hit.
[Graphical view]

TIGRFAMs

TIGR00231. small_GTP. 1 hit.

PROSITE

PS51420. RHO. 1 hit.
[Graphical view]

ProtoNet

Search...

Other Resources

DrugBank

DB01076. Atorvastatin.
DB00641. Simvastatin.

NextBio

1611.

PMAP-CutDB

P61586.

SOURCE

Search...

Entry information

Entry name

RHOA_HUMAN

Accession

Primary (citable) accession number: P61586
Secondary accession number(s): P06749, Q5U024, Q9UEJ4

Entry history

Integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:	January 1, 1988
Last sequence update:	January 1, 1988
Last modified:	June 16, 2009
This is version 72 of the entry and version 1 of the sequence. [Complete history]

Entry status

Reviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)

Annotation project

HPI (Human Proteome Initiative)