ID   ACTB_RAT                Reviewed;         375 AA.
AC   P60711; P02570; P70514; P99021; Q11211; Q64316;
DT   21-JUL-1986, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.
DT   01-APR-1988, sequence version 1.
DT   27-MAR-2024, entry version 174.
DE   RecName: Full=Actin, cytoplasmic 1;
DE            EC=3.6.4.- {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P68137};
DE   AltName: Full=Beta-actin;
DE   Contains:
DE     RecName: Full=Actin, cytoplasmic 1, N-terminally processed;
GN   Name=Actb;
OS   Rattus norvegicus (Rat).
OC   Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia;
OC   Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha; Muroidea; Muridae;
OC   Murinae; Rattus.
OX   NCBI_TaxID=10116;
RN   [1]
RP   NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE.
RX   PubMed=6300777; DOI=10.1093/nar/11.6.1759;
RA   Nudel U., Zakut R., Shani M., Neuman S., Levy Z., Yaffe D.;
RT   "The nucleotide sequence of the rat cytoplasmic beta-actin gene.";
RL   Nucleic Acids Res. 11:1759-1771(1983).
RN   [2]
RP   NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA].
RC   TISSUE=Pituitary;
RX   PubMed=15489334; DOI=10.1101/gr.2596504;
RG   The MGC Project Team;
RT   "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project:
RT   the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).";
RL   Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004).
RN   [3]
RP   PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 19-39; 51-62; 85-113; 184-191; 197-206; 239-254;
RP   292-312; 316-326; 329-335 AND 360-372, AND IDENTIFICATION BY MASS
RP   SPECTROMETRY.
RC   STRAIN=Sprague-Dawley; TISSUE=Brain, Hippocampus, and Spinal cord;
RA   Lubec G., Afjehi-Sadat L., Chen W.-Q., Kang S.U.;
RL   Submitted (JUL-2007) to UniProtKB.
RN   [4]
RP   METHYLATION AT HIS-73.
RX   PubMed=30526847; DOI=10.7554/elife.37921;
RA   Kwiatkowski S., Seliga A.K., Vertommen D., Terreri M., Ishikawa T.,
RA   Grabowska I., Tiebe M., Teleman A.A., Jagielski A.K., Veiga-da-Cunha M.,
RA   Drozak J.;
RT   "SETD3 protein is the actin-specific histidine N-methyltransferase.";
RL   Elife 7:0-0(2018).
RN   [5]
RP   TISSUE SPECIFICITY.
RX   PubMed=30659401; DOI=10.1007/s10735-019-09813-3;
RA   Sharma S., Hanukoglu I.;
RT   "Mapping the sites of localization of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and
RT   CFTR in segments of the mammalian epididymis.";
RL   J. Mol. Histol. 50:141-154(2019).
CC   -!- FUNCTION: Actin is a highly conserved protein that polymerizes to
CC       produce filaments that form cross-linked networks in the cytoplasm of
CC       cells. Actin exists in both monomeric (G-actin) and polymeric (F-actin)
CC       forms, both forms playing key functions, such as cell motility and
CC       contraction. In addition to their role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton,
CC       G- and F-actin also localize in the nucleus, and regulate gene
CC       transcription and motility and repair of damaged DNA. Part of the
CC       ACTR1A/ACTB filament around which the dynactin complex is built. The
CC       dynactin multiprotein complex activates the molecular motor dynein for
CC       ultra-processive transport along microtubules (By similarity).
CC       {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P60709, ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q6QAQ1}.
CC   -!- CATALYTIC ACTIVITY:
CC       Reaction=ATP + H2O = ADP + H(+) + phosphate; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:13065,
CC         ChEBI:CHEBI:15377, ChEBI:CHEBI:15378, ChEBI:CHEBI:30616,
CC         ChEBI:CHEBI:43474, ChEBI:CHEBI:456216;
CC         Evidence={ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P68137};
CC   -!- SUBUNIT: Polymerization of globular actin (G-actin) leads to a
CC       structural filament (F-actin) in the form of a two-stranded helix. Each
CC       actin can bind to 4 others. Identified in a IGF2BP1-dependent mRNP
CC       granule complex containing untranslated mRNAs. Component of the BAF
CC       complex, which includes at least actin (ACTB), ARID1A, ARID1B/BAF250,
CC       SMARCA2, SMARCA4/BRG1, ACTL6A/BAF53, ACTL6B/BAF53B, SMARCE1/BAF57
CC       SMARCC1/BAF155, SMARCC2/BAF170, SMARCB1/SNF5/INI1, and one or more of
CC       SMARCD1/BAF60A, SMARCD2/BAF60B, or SMARCD3/BAF60C. In muscle cells, the
CC       BAF complex also contains DPF3. Found in a complex with XPO6, Ran, ACTB
CC       and PFN1. Interacts with XPO6 and EMD. Interacts with ERBB2. Interacts
CC       with GCSAM (By similarity). Interacts with TBC1D21. Interacts with
CC       CPNE1 (via VWFA domain) and CPNE4 (via VWFA domain) (By similarity).
CC       Interacts with DHX9 (via C-terminus); this interaction is direct and
CC       mediates the attachment to nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes.
CC       Interacts with FAM107A (By similarity). Part of the ACTR1A/ACTB
CC       filament around which the dynactin complex is built. The filament
CC       contains 8 copies of ACTR1A and 1 ACTB (By similarity).
CC       {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P60709, ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P60710,
CC       ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q6QAQ1}.
CC   -!- INTERACTION:
CC       P60711; Q5BJU7: Wasf1; NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-349272, EBI-7269229;
CC   -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton
CC       {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P60709}. Nucleus {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P60709}.
CC       Note=Localized in cytoplasmic mRNP granules containing untranslated
CC       mRNAs. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P60709}.
CC   -!- TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Expressed in the epididymis (at protein level).
CC       {ECO:0000269|PubMed:30659401}.
CC   -!- PTM: [Actin, cytoplasmic 1]: N-terminal cleavage of acetylated
CC       methionine of immature cytoplasmic actin by ACTMAP.
CC       {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P60709}.
CC   -!- PTM: ISGylated. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P60709}.
CC   -!- PTM: Oxidation of Met-44 and Met-47 by MICALs (MICAL1, MICAL2 or
CC       MICAL3) to form methionine sulfoxide promotes actin filament
CC       depolymerization. MICAL1 and MICAL2 produce the (R)-S-oxide form. The
CC       (R)-S-oxide form is reverted by MSRB1 and MSRB2, which promote actin
CC       repolymerization. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P60710}.
CC   -!- PTM: Monomethylation at Lys-84 (K84me1) regulates actin-myosin
CC       interaction and actomyosin-dependent processes. Demethylation by ALKBH4
CC       is required for maintaining actomyosin dynamics supporting normal
CC       cleavage furrow ingression during cytokinesis and cell migration.
CC       {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P60709}.
CC   -!- PTM: Methylated at His-73 by SETD3 (PubMed:30526847). Methylation at
CC       His-73 is required for smooth muscle contraction of the laboring uterus
CC       during delivery (By similarity). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P60710,
CC       ECO:0000269|PubMed:30526847}.
CC   -!- PTM: [Actin, cytoplasmic 1, N-terminally processed]: N-terminal
CC       acetylation by NAA80 affects actin filament depolymerization and
CC       elongation, including elongation driven by formins. In contrast,
CC       filament nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex is not affected.
CC       {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P60709}.
CC   -!- MISCELLANEOUS: In vertebrates 3 main groups of actin isoforms, alpha,
CC       beta and gamma have been identified. The alpha actins are found in
CC       muscle tissues and are a major constituent of the contractile
CC       apparatus. The beta and gamma actins coexist in most cell types as
CC       components of the cytoskeleton and as mediators of internal cell
CC       motility. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P60709}.
CC   -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the actin family. {ECO:0000305}.
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DR   EMBL; V01217; CAA24528.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR   EMBL; BC063166; AAH63166.1; -; mRNA.
DR   RefSeq; NP_112406.1; NM_031144.3.
DR   AlphaFoldDB; P60711; -.
DR   SMR; P60711; -.
DR   BioGRID; 249680; 24.
DR   CORUM; P60711; -.
DR   IntAct; P60711; 22.
DR   MINT; P60711; -.
DR   STRING; 10116.ENSRNOP00000072672; -.
DR   CarbonylDB; P60711; -.
DR   GlyGen; P60711; 2 sites, 1 O-linked glycan (2 sites).
DR   iPTMnet; P60711; -.
DR   PhosphoSitePlus; P60711; -.
DR   jPOST; P60711; -.
DR   PaxDb; 10116-ENSRNOP00000044296; -.
DR   Ensembl; ENSRNOT00000105242.1; ENSRNOP00000088195.1; ENSRNOG00000034254.5.
DR   Ensembl; ENSRNOT00055019819; ENSRNOP00055015995; ENSRNOG00055011660.
DR   Ensembl; ENSRNOT00060035203; ENSRNOP00060028945; ENSRNOG00060020294.
DR   Ensembl; ENSRNOT00065000244; ENSRNOP00065000243; ENSRNOG00065000139.
DR   GeneID; 81822; -.
DR   KEGG; rno:81822; -.
DR   UCSC; RGD:628837; rat.
DR   AGR; RGD:628837; -.
DR   CTD; 60; -.
DR   RGD; 628837; Actb.
DR   eggNOG; KOG0676; Eukaryota.
DR   GeneTree; ENSGT00950000182960; -.
DR   HOGENOM; CLU_027965_0_2_1; -.
DR   InParanoid; P60711; -.
DR   OrthoDB; 10at2759; -.
DR   PhylomeDB; P60711; -.
DR   TreeFam; TF354237; -.
DR   Reactome; R-RNO-190873; Gap junction degradation.
DR   Reactome; R-RNO-196025; Formation of annular gap junctions.
DR   Reactome; R-RNO-2029482; Regulation of actin dynamics for phagocytic cup formation.
DR   Reactome; R-RNO-3928662; EPHB-mediated forward signaling.
DR   Reactome; R-RNO-418990; Adherens junctions interactions.
DR   Reactome; R-RNO-437239; Recycling pathway of L1.
DR   Reactome; R-RNO-4420097; VEGFA-VEGFR2 Pathway.
DR   Reactome; R-RNO-445095; Interaction between L1 and Ankyrins.
DR   Reactome; R-RNO-446353; Cell-extracellular matrix interactions.
DR   Reactome; R-RNO-5626467; RHO GTPases activate IQGAPs.
DR   Reactome; R-RNO-5663213; RHO GTPases Activate WASPs and WAVEs.
DR   Reactome; R-RNO-5663220; RHO GTPases Activate Formins.
DR   Reactome; R-RNO-5674135; MAP2K and MAPK activation.
DR   Reactome; R-RNO-8856828; Clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
DR   Reactome; R-RNO-9013418; RHOBTB2 GTPase cycle.
DR   PRO; PR:P60711; -.
DR   Proteomes; UP000002494; Chromosome 12.
DR   Bgee; ENSRNOG00000034254; Expressed in lung and 19 other cell types or tissues.
DR   ExpressionAtlas; P60711; baseline and differential.
DR   GO; GO:0015629; C:actin cytoskeleton; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0005884; C:actin filament; IBA:GO_Central.
DR   GO; GO:0005912; C:adherens junction; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0043296; C:apical junction complex; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0030424; C:axon; IDA:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0005903; C:brush border; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0044305; C:calyx of Held; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0005911; C:cell-cell junction; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0030863; C:cortical cytoskeleton; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0005737; C:cytoplasm; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0036464; C:cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granule; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0005856; C:cytoskeleton; IDA:ARUK-UCL.
DR   GO; GO:0005829; C:cytosol; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0097433; C:dense body; ISS:AgBase.
DR   GO; GO:0005925; C:focal adhesion; ISS:AgBase.
DR   GO; GO:0098978; C:glutamatergic synapse; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0030027; C:lamellipodium; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0016020; C:membrane; IBA:GO_Central.
DR   GO; GO:0045121; C:membrane raft; IDA:CAFA.
DR   GO; GO:0035267; C:NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0000786; C:nucleosome; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0005634; C:nucleus; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR   GO; GO:0005886; C:plasma membrane; ISS:AgBase.
DR   GO; GO:0002102; C:podosome; IDA:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0098871; C:postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0032991; C:protein-containing complex; IDA:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:1990904; C:ribonucleoprotein complex; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0098685; C:Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapse; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0001725; C:stress fiber; IDA:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0045202; C:synapse; IBA:GO_Central.
DR   GO; GO:0070160; C:tight junction; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0005524; F:ATP binding; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR   GO; GO:0016787; F:hydrolase activity; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR   GO; GO:0042802; F:identical protein binding; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0019894; F:kinesin binding; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0050998; F:nitric-oxide synthase binding; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0019901; F:protein kinase binding; IPI:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0098973; F:structural constituent of postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0030957; F:Tat protein binding; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0034333; P:adherens junction assembly; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0045176; P:apical protein localization; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0007409; P:axonogenesis; IDA:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0048870; P:cell motility; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0072749; P:cellular response to cytochalasin B; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0071257; P:cellular response to electrical stimulus; IDA:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0007623; P:circadian rhythm; IEP:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0007163; P:establishment or maintenance of cell polarity; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0001738; P:morphogenesis of a polarized epithelium; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:1905168; P:positive regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0098974; P:postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton organization; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0071896; P:protein localization to adherens junction; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0051726; P:regulation of cell cycle; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0000079; P:regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity; IMP:ARUK-UCL.
DR   GO; GO:0051621; P:regulation of norepinephrine uptake; IMP:ARUK-UCL.
DR   GO; GO:1903076; P:regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:1900242; P:regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0150111; P:regulation of transepithelial transport; ISO:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0022898; P:regulation of transmembrane transporter activity; IMP:ARUK-UCL.
DR   GO; GO:0035902; P:response to immobilization stress; IEP:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0009612; P:response to mechanical stimulus; IEP:RGD.
DR   GO; GO:0060041; P:retina development in camera-type eye; IEP:RGD.
DR   CDD; cd00012; NBD_sugar-kinase_HSP70_actin; 1.
DR   Gene3D; 3.30.420.40; -; 2.
DR   InterPro; IPR004000; Actin.
DR   InterPro; IPR020902; Actin/actin-like_CS.
DR   InterPro; IPR004001; Actin_CS.
DR   InterPro; IPR043129; ATPase_NBD.
DR   PANTHER; PTHR11937; ACTIN; 1.
DR   PANTHER; PTHR11937:SF571; ACTIN, CYTOPLASMIC 1; 1.
DR   Pfam; PF00022; Actin; 1.
DR   PRINTS; PR00190; ACTIN.
DR   SMART; SM00268; ACTIN; 1.
DR   SUPFAM; SSF53067; Actin-like ATPase domain; 2.
DR   PROSITE; PS00406; ACTINS_1; 1.
DR   PROSITE; PS00432; ACTINS_2; 1.
DR   PROSITE; PS01132; ACTINS_ACT_LIKE; 1.
DR   World-2DPAGE; 0004:P60711; -.
DR   Genevisible; P60711; RN.
PE   1: Evidence at protein level;
KW   Acetylation; ATP-binding; Cytoplasm; Cytoskeleton;
KW   Direct protein sequencing; Hydrolase; Methylation; Nucleotide-binding;
KW   Nucleus; Oxidation; Reference proteome; Ubl conjugation.
FT   CHAIN           1..375
FT                   /note="Actin, cytoplasmic 1"
FT                   /id="PRO_0000000781"
FT   INIT_MET        1
FT                   /note="Removed; alternate"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P60709"
FT   CHAIN           2..375
FT                   /note="Actin, cytoplasmic 1, N-terminally processed"
FT                   /id="PRO_0000367081"
FT   MOD_RES         1
FT                   /note="N-acetylmethionine"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P60709"
FT   MOD_RES         2
FT                   /note="N-acetylaspartate; in Actin, cytoplasmic 1, N-
FT                   terminally processed"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P60709"
FT   MOD_RES         44
FT                   /note="Methionine (R)-sulfoxide"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P60710"
FT   MOD_RES         47
FT                   /note="Methionine (R)-sulfoxide"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P60710"
FT   MOD_RES         73
FT                   /note="Tele-methylhistidine"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:30526847"
FT   MOD_RES         84
FT                   /note="N6-methyllysine"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P60709"
SQ   SEQUENCE   375 AA;  41737 MW;  6AFD05CA94E360E2 CRC64;
     MDDDIAALVV DNGSGMCKAG FAGDDAPRAV FPSIVGRPRH QGVMVGMGQK DSYVGDEAQS
     KRGILTLKYP IEHGIVTNWD DMEKIWHHTF YNELRVAPEE HPVLLTEAPL NPKANREKMT
     QIMFETFNTP AMYVAIQAVL SLYASGRTTG IVMDSGDGVT HTVPIYEGYA LPHAILRLDL
     AGRDLTDYLM KILTERGYSF TTTAEREIVR DIKEKLCYVA LDFEQEMATA ASSSSLEKSY
     ELPDGQVITI GNERFRCPEA LFQPSFLGME SCGIHETTFN SIMKCDVDIR KDLYANTVLS
     GGTTMYPGIA DRMQKEITAL APSTMKIKII APPERKYSVW IGGSILASLS TFQQMWISKQ
     EYDESGPSIV HRKCF
//