P59538 (T2R31_HUMAN) Reviewed, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

Names and origin

Protein names

Recommended name:
Taste receptor type 2 member 31
Short name=T2R31

Alternative name(s):
Taste receptor type 2 member 44
Short name=T2R44
Taste receptor type 2 member 53
Short name=T2R53

Gene names

Name:	TAS2R31
Synonyms:	TAS2R44

Organism

Homo sapiens (Human) [Reference proteome]

Taxonomic identifier

9606 [NCBI]

Taxonomic lineage

cellular organisms › Eukaryota › Opisthokonta › Metazoa › Eumetazoa › Bilateria › Deuterostomia › Chordata › Craniata › Vertebrata › Gnathostomata › Teleostomi › Euteleostomi › Sarcopterygii › Tetrapoda › Amniota › Mammalia › Theria › Eutheria › Euarchontoglires › Primates › Haplorrhini › Simiiformes › Catarrhini › Hominoidea › Hominidae › Homininae › Homo

Protein attributes

Sequence length	309 AA.
Sequence status	Complete.
Protein existence	Evidence at transcript level

General annotation (Comments)

Function	Receptor that may play a role in the perception of bitterness and is gustducin-linked. May play a role in sensing the chemical composition of the gastrointestinal content. The activity of this receptor may stimulate alpha gustducin, mediate PLC-beta-2 activation and lead to the gating of TRPM5 By similarity. Activated by the sulfonyl amide sweeteners saccharin and acesulfame K.
Subcellular location	Membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein.
Tissue specificity	Expressed in subsets of taste receptor cells of the tongue and exclusively in gustducin-positive cells.
Miscellaneous	Most taste cells may be activated by a limited number of bitter compounds; individual taste cells can discriminate among bitter stimuli.
Sequence similarities	Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor T2R family.

Ontologies

Keywords
Biological process	Sensory transduction Taste
Cellular component	Membrane
Coding sequence diversity	Polymorphism
Domain	Transmembrane Transmembrane helix
Molecular function	G-protein coupled receptor Receptor Transducer
PTM	Glycoprotein
Technical term	Complete proteome Reference proteome
Gene Ontology (GO)
Biological_process	sensory perception of taste Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW
Cellular_component	integral to membrane Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW
Molecular_function	G-protein coupled receptor activity Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW
Complete GO annotation...

Sequence annotation (Features)

	Feature key	Position(s)	Length	Description	Graphical view	Feature identifier
Molecule processing
	Chain	1 – 309	309	Taste receptor type 2 member 31		PRO_0000082309
Regions
	Topological domain	1 – 2	2	Extracellular Potential
	Transmembrane	3 – 23	21	Helical; Name=1; Potential
	Topological domain	24 – 55	32	Cytoplasmic Potential
	Transmembrane	56 – 76	21	Helical; Name=2; Potential
	Topological domain	77 – 100	24	Extracellular Potential
	Transmembrane	101 – 121	21	Helical; Name=3; Potential
	Topological domain	122 – 126	5	Cytoplasmic Potential
	Transmembrane	127 – 147	21	Helical; Name=4; Potential
	Topological domain	148 – 181	34	Extracellular Potential
	Transmembrane	182 – 202	21	Helical; Name=5; Potential
	Topological domain	203 – 229	27	Cytoplasmic Potential
	Transmembrane	230 – 250	21	Helical; Name=6; Potential
	Topological domain	251 – 259	9	Extracellular Potential
	Transmembrane	260 – 280	21	Helical; Name=7; Potential
	Topological domain	281 – 309	29	Cytoplasmic Potential
Amino acid modifications
	Glycosylation	161	1	N-linked (GlcNAc...) Potential
Natural variations
	Natural variant	35	1	R → W. Corresponds to variant rs10845295 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ].		VAR_030684
	Natural variant	162	1	L → M. Ref.1 Ref.3 Corresponds to variant rs10743938 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ].		VAR_030685
	Natural variant	217	1	Q → E. Corresponds to variant rs10845294 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ].		VAR_030686
	Natural variant	227	1	A → V. Ref.3 Corresponds to variant rs10845293 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ].		VAR_030687
	Natural variant	240	1	V → I. Ref.3 Corresponds to variant rs10772423 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ].		VAR_030688
	Natural variant	276	1	P → R. Corresponds to variant rs12318612 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ].		VAR_062090

Sequences

	Sequence		Length	Mass (Da)
	P59538 [UniParc]. Last modified June 28, 2011. Version 2. Checksum: 56926C025E4C6358	FASTA	309	35,278
	10 20 30 40 50 60 MTTFIPIIFS SVVVVLFVIG NFANGFIALV NSIERVKRQK ISFADQILTA LAVSRVGLLW 70 80 90 100 110 120 VLLLNWYSTV FNPAFYSVEV RTTAYNVWAV TGHFSNWLAT SLSIFYLLKI ANFSNLIFLH 130 140 150 160 170 180 LKRRVKSVIL VMLLGPLLFL ACQLFVINMK EIVRTKEYEG NLTWKIKLRS AVYLSDATVT 190 200 210 220 230 240 TLGNLVPFTL TLLCFLLLIC SLCKHLKKMQ LHGKGSQDPS TKVHIKALQT VIFFLLLCAV 250 260 270 280 290 300 YFLSIMISVW SFGSLENKPV FMFCKAIRFS YPSIHPFILI WGNKKLKQTF LSVLRQVRYW VKGEKPSSP

References

	« Hide 'large scale' referencesShow 'large scale' references »
[1]	"The human TAS2R16 receptor mediates bitter taste in response to beta-glucopyranosides." Bufe B., Hofmann T., Krautwurst D., Raguse J.-D., Meyerhof W. Nat. Genet. 32:397-401(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA], VARIANT MET-162.
[2]	"Identification and characterization of human taste receptor genes belonging to the TAS2R family." Conte C., Ebeling M., Marcuz A., Nef P., Andres-Barquin P.J. Cytogenet. Genome Res. 98:45-53(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA].
[3]	"Evolution of bitter taste receptors in humans and apes." Fischer A., Gilad Y., Man O., Paeaebo S. Mol. Biol. Evol. 22:432-436(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA], VARIANTS MET-162; VAL-227 AND ILE-240.
[4]	"The finished DNA sequence of human chromosome 12." Scherer S.E., Muzny D.M., Buhay C.J., Chen R., Cree A., Ding Y., Dugan-Rocha S., Gill R., Gunaratne P., Harris R.A., Hawes A.C., Hernandez J., Hodgson A.V., Hume J., Jackson A., Khan Z.M., Kovar-Smith C., Lewis L.R. , Lozado R.J., Metzker M.L., Milosavljevic A., Miner G.R., Montgomery K.T., Morgan M.B., Nazareth L.V., Scott G., Sodergren E., Song X.-Z., Steffen D., Lovering R.C., Wheeler D.A., Worley K.C., Yuan Y., Zhang Z., Adams C.Q., Ansari-Lari M.A., Ayele M., Brown M.J., Chen G., Chen Z., Clerc-Blankenburg K.P., Davis C., Delgado O., Dinh H.H., Draper H., Gonzalez-Garay M.L., Havlak P., Jackson L.R., Jacob L.S., Kelly S.H., Li L., Li Z., Liu J., Liu W., Lu J., Maheshwari M., Nguyen B.-V., Okwuonu G.O., Pasternak S., Perez L.M., Plopper F.J.H., Santibanez J., Shen H., Tabor P.E., Verduzco D., Waldron L., Wang Q., Williams G.A., Zhang J., Zhou J., Allen C.C., Amin A.G., Anyalebechi V., Bailey M., Barbaria J.A., Bimage K.E., Bryant N.P., Burch P.E., Burkett C.E., Burrell K.L., Calderon E., Cardenas V., Carter K., Casias K., Cavazos I., Cavazos S.R., Ceasar H., Chacko J., Chan S.N., Chavez D., Christopoulos C., Chu J., Cockrell R., Cox C.D., Dang M., Dathorne S.R., David R., Davis C.M., Davy-Carroll L., Deshazo D.R., Donlin J.E., D'Souza L., Eaves K.A., Egan A., Emery-Cohen A.J., Escotto M., Flagg N., Forbes L.D., Gabisi A.M., Garza M., Hamilton C., Henderson N., Hernandez O., Hines S., Hogues M.E., Huang M., Idlebird D.G., Johnson R., Jolivet A., Jones S., Kagan R., King L.M., Leal B., Lebow H., Lee S., LeVan J.M., Lewis L.C., London P., Lorensuhewa L.M., Loulseged H., Lovett D.A., Lucier A., Lucier R.L., Ma J., Madu R.C., Mapua P., Martindale A.D., Martinez E., Massey E., Mawhiney S., Meador M.G., Mendez S., Mercado C., Mercado I.C., Merritt C.E., Miner Z.L., Minja E., Mitchell T., Mohabbat F., Mohabbat K., Montgomery B., Moore N., Morris S., Munidasa M., Ngo R.N., Nguyen N.B., Nickerson E., Nwaokelemeh O.O., Nwokenkwo S., Obregon M., Oguh M., Oragunye N., Oviedo R.J., Parish B.J., Parker D.N., Parrish J., Parks K.L., Paul H.A., Payton B.A., Perez A., Perrin W., Pickens A., Primus E.L., Pu L.-L., Puazo M., Quiles M.M., Quiroz J.B., Rabata D., Reeves K., Ruiz S.J., Shao H., Sisson I., Sonaike T., Sorelle R.P., Sutton A.E., Svatek A.F., Svetz L.A., Tamerisa K.S., Taylor T.R., Teague B., Thomas N., Thorn R.D., Trejos Z.Y., Trevino B.K., Ukegbu O.N., Urban J.B., Vasquez L.I., Vera V.A., Villasana D.M., Wang L., Ward-Moore S., Warren J.T., Wei X., White F., Williamson A.L., Wleczyk R., Wooden H.S., Wooden S.H., Yen J., Yoon L., Yoon V., Zorrilla S.E., Nelson D., Kucherlapati R., Weinstock G., Gibbs R.A. Nature 440:346-351(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA].
[5]	"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)." The MGC Project Team Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]. Tissue: Brain.
[6]	"Receptors for bitter and sweet taste." Montmayeur J.-P., Matsunami H. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 12:366-371(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: REVIEW.
[7]	"Molecular mechanisms of bitter and sweet taste transduction." Margolskee R.F. J. Biol. Chem. 277:1-4(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: REVIEW.
[8]	"Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways." Zhang Y., Hoon M.A., Chandrashekar J., Mueller K.L., Cook B., Wu D., Zuker C.S., Ryba N.J. Cell 112:293-301(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: REVIEW.
[9]	"Bitter taste receptors for saccharin and acesulfame K." Kuhn C., Bufe B., Winnig M., Hofmann T., Frank O., Behrens M., Lewtschenko T., Slack J.P., Ward C.D., Meyerhof W. J. Neurosci. 24:10260-10265(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: ACTIVATION BY SACCHARIN AND ACESULFAME K.

Cross-references

Sequence databases
EMBL GenBank DDBJ	AF494228 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAM19319.1. AY114090 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAM63540.1. AY724942 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAU21144.1. AC018630 Genomic DNA. No translation available. BC117421 mRNA. Translation: AAI17422.1.
IPI	IPI00259671.
RefSeq	NP_795366.2. NM_176885.2.
UniGene	Hs.688197.
3D structure databases
ProteinModelPortal	P59538.
ModBase	Search...
Protein family/group databases
GPCRDB	Search...
PTM databases
PhosphoSite	P59538.
Polymorphism databases
DMDM	29839476.
Proteomic databases
PRIDE	P59538.
Protocols and materials databases
DNASU	259290.
StructuralBiologyKnowledgebase	Search...
Genome annotation databases
Ensembl	ENST00000390675; ENSP00000375093; ENSG00000256436. ENST00000572376; ENSP00000459810; ENSG00000263097.
GeneID	259290.
KEGG	hsa:259290.
UCSC	uc001qzo.1. human.
Organism-specific databases
CTD	259290.
GeneCards	GC12M011183.
HGNC	HGNC:19113. TAS2R31.
MIM	612669. gene.
neXtProt	NX_P59538.
GenAtlas	Search...
Phylogenomic databases
KO	K08474.
OMA	LRQVRYW.
PhylomeDB	P59538.
Gene expression databases
CleanEx	HS_TAS2R44.
Genevestigator	P59538.
Family and domain databases
InterPro	IPR007960. TAS2_rcpt. [Graphical view]
Pfam	PF05296. TAS2R. 1 hit. [Graphical view]
ProtoNet	Search...
Other
GenomeRNAi	259290.
NextBio	93119.
SOURCE	Search...

Entry information

Entry name

T2R31_HUMAN

Accession

Primary (citable) accession number: P59538
Secondary accession number(s): P59547, Q17R84, Q645X5

Entry history

Integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:	April 11, 2003
Last sequence update:	June 28, 2011
Last modified:	April 3, 2013
This is version 83 of the entry and version 2 of the sequence. [Complete history]

Entry status

Reviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)

Annotation program

Chordata Protein Annotation Program

Disclaimer

Any medical or genetic information present in this entry is provided for research, educational and informational purposes only. It is not in any way intended to be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or care.