P59533 (T2R38_HUMAN) Reviewed, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

Names and origin

Protein names

Recommended name:
Taste receptor type 2 member 38
Short name=T2R38

Alternative name(s):
PTC bitter taste receptor
Taste receptor type 2 member 61
Short name=T2R61

Gene names

Name:	TAS2R38
Synonyms:	PTC

Organism

Homo sapiens (Human) [Reference proteome]

Taxonomic identifier

9606 [NCBI]

Taxonomic lineage

cellular organisms › Eukaryota › Opisthokonta › Metazoa › Eumetazoa › Bilateria › Deuterostomia › Chordata › Craniata › Vertebrata › Gnathostomata › Teleostomi › Euteleostomi › Sarcopterygii › Tetrapoda › Amniota › Mammalia › Theria › Eutheria › Euarchontoglires › Primates › Haplorrhini › Simiiformes › Catarrhini › Hominoidea › Hominidae › Homininae › Homo

Protein attributes

Sequence length	333 AA.
Sequence status	Complete.
Protein existence	Evidence at transcript level

General annotation (Comments)

Function	Receptor that may play a role in the perception of bitterness and is gustducin-linked. May play a role in sensing the chemical composition of the gastrointestinal content. The activity of this receptor may stimulate alpha gustducin, mediate PLC-beta-2 activation and lead to the gating of TRPM5 By similarity.
Subcellular location	Membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein.
Tissue specificity	Expressed in subsets of taste receptor cells of the tongue and exclusively in gustducin-positive cells.
Polymorphism	Variations in TAS2R38 are associated with the ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC tasting) [MIM:171200]; also called thiourea tasting. The ability to taste the substance PTC and a number of related substances is genetically controlled. Genetic studies have demonstrated complex inheritance for this trait. For some people (and some chimpanzees also), the chemical PTC tastes very bitter. For others, it is tasteless. Actually, substantial variation in taste sensitivity exists in human. Five haplotypes arising from three coding SNPs in the TAS2R38 gene are associated with distinct phenotypes of PTC taste sensitivity.
Miscellaneous	Most taste cells may be activated by a limited number of bitter compounds; individual taste cells can discriminate among bitter stimuli.
Sequence similarities	Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor T2R family.

Ontologies

Keywords
Biological process	Sensory transduction Taste
Cellular component	Membrane
Coding sequence diversity	Polymorphism
Domain	Transmembrane Transmembrane helix
Molecular function	G-protein coupled receptor Receptor Transducer
PTM	Glycoprotein
Technical term	Complete proteome Reference proteome
Gene Ontology (GO)
Biological_process	sensory perception of taste Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW
Cellular_component	integral to membrane Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW
Molecular_function	G-protein coupled receptor activity Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW
Complete GO annotation...

Sequence annotation (Features)

	Feature key	Position(s)	Length	Description	Graphical view	Feature identifier
Molecule processing
	Chain	1 – 333	333	Taste receptor type 2 member 38		PRO_0000082273
Regions
	Topological domain	1 – 17	17	Extracellular Potential
	Transmembrane	18 – 38	21	Helical; Name=1; Potential
	Topological domain	39 – 55	17	Cytoplasmic Potential
	Transmembrane	56 – 76	21	Helical; Name=2; Potential
	Topological domain	77 – 94	18	Extracellular Potential
	Transmembrane	95 – 115	21	Helical; Name=3; Potential
	Topological domain	116 – 142	27	Cytoplasmic Potential
	Transmembrane	143 – 163	21	Helical; Name=4; Potential
	Topological domain	164 – 190	27	Extracellular Potential
	Transmembrane	191 – 211	21	Helical; Name=5; Potential
	Topological domain	212 – 251	40	Cytoplasmic Potential
	Transmembrane	252 – 272	21	Helical; Name=6; Potential
	Topological domain	273 – 276	4	Extracellular Potential
	Transmembrane	277 – 297	21	Helical; Name=7; Potential
	Topological domain	298 – 333	36	Cytoplasmic Potential
Amino acid modifications
	Glycosylation	89	1	N-linked (GlcNAc...) Potential
	Glycosylation	178	1	N-linked (GlcNAc...) Potential
Natural variations
	Natural variant	49	1	A → P. Ref.3 Corresponds to variant rs713598 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ].		VAR_017860
	Natural variant	262	1	A → V. Ref.1 Ref.4 Ref.5 Ref.6 Ref.7 Corresponds to variant rs1726866 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ].		VAR_017861
	Natural variant	296	1	I → V. Ref.3 Corresponds to variant rs10246939 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ].		VAR_017862
Experimental info
	Sequence conflict	186	1	I → N in AAM19322. Ref.1

Sequences

	Sequence		Length	Mass (Da)
	P59533 [UniParc]. Last modified June 21, 2005. Version 3. Checksum: E3B5EDD5AB99994C	FASTA	333	37,892
	10 20 30 40 50 60 MLTLTRIRTV SYEVRSTFLF ISVLEFAVGF LTNAFVFLVN FWDVVKRQAL SNSDCVLLCL 70 80 90 100 110 120 SISRLFLHGL LFLSAIQLTH FQKLSEPLNH SYQAIIMLWM IANQANLWLA ACLSLLYCSK 130 140 150 160 170 180 LIRFSHTFLI CLASWVSRKI SQMLLGIILC SCICTVLCVW CFFSRPHFTV TTVLFMNNNT 190 200 210 220 230 240 RLNWQIKDLN LFYSFLFCYL WSVPPFLLFL VSSGMLTVSL GRHMRTMKVY TRNSRDPSLE 250 260 270 280 290 300 AHIKALKSLV SFFCFFVISS CAAFISVPLL ILWRDKIGVM VCVGIMAACP SGHAAILISG 310 320 330 NAKLRRAVMT ILLWAQSSLK VRADHKADSR TLC

References

	« Hide 'large scale' referencesShow 'large scale' references »
[1]	"The human TAS2R16 receptor mediates bitter taste in response to beta-glucopyranosides." Bufe B., Hofmann T., Krautwurst D., Raguse J.-D., Meyerhof W. Nat. Genet. 32:397-401(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA], VARIANT VAL-262.
[2]	"Identification and characterization of human taste receptor genes belonging to the TAS2R family." Conte C., Ebeling M., Marcuz A., Nef P., Andres-Barquin P.J. Cytogenet. Genome Res. 98:45-53(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA].
[3]	"Positional cloning of the human quantitative trait locus underlying taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide." Kim U.-K., Jorgenson E., Coon H., Leppert M., Risch N., Drayna D.T. Science 299:1221-1225(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA], VARIANTS PRO-49 AND VAL-296.
[4]	"Evolution of bitter taste receptors in humans and apes." Fischer A., Gilad Y., Man O., Paeaebo S. Mol. Biol. Evol. 22:432-436(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA], VARIANT VAL-262.
[5]	"Human chromosome 7: DNA sequence and biology." Scherer S.W., Cheung J., MacDonald J.R., Osborne L.R., Nakabayashi K., Herbrick J.-A., Carson A.R., Parker-Katiraee L., Skaug J., Khaja R., Zhang J., Hudek A.K., Li M., Haddad M., Duggan G.E., Fernandez B.A., Kanematsu E., Gentles S. , Christopoulos C.C., Choufani S., Kwasnicka D., Zheng X.H., Lai Z., Nusskern D.R., Zhang Q., Gu Z., Lu F., Zeesman S., Nowaczyk M.J., Teshima I., Chitayat D., Shuman C., Weksberg R., Zackai E.H., Grebe T.A., Cox S.R., Kirkpatrick S.J., Rahman N., Friedman J.M., Heng H.H.Q., Pelicci P.G., Lo-Coco F., Belloni E., Shaffer L.G., Pober B., Morton C.C., Gusella J.F., Bruns G.A.P., Korf B.R., Quade B.J., Ligon A.H., Ferguson H., Higgins A.W., Leach N.T., Herrick S.R., Lemyre E., Farra C.G., Kim H.-G., Summers A.M., Gripp K.W., Roberts W., Szatmari P., Winsor E.J.T., Grzeschik K.-H., Teebi A., Minassian B.A., Kere J., Armengol L., Pujana M.A., Estivill X., Wilson M.D., Koop B.F., Tosi S., Moore G.E., Boright A.P., Zlotorynski E., Kerem B., Kroisel P.M., Petek E., Oscier D.G., Mould S.J., Doehner H., Doehner K., Rommens J.M., Vincent J.B., Venter J.C., Li P.W., Mural R.J., Adams M.D., Tsui L.-C. Science 300:767-772(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA], VARIANT VAL-262.
[6]	Mural R.J., Istrail S., Sutton G., Florea L., Halpern A.L., Mobarry C.M., Lippert R., Walenz B., Shatkay H., Dew I., Miller J.R., Flanigan M.J., Edwards N.J., Bolanos R., Fasulo D., Halldorsson B.V., Hannenhalli S., Turner R. , Yooseph S., Lu F., Nusskern D.R., Shue B.C., Zheng X.H., Zhong F., Delcher A.L., Huson D.H., Kravitz S.A., Mouchard L., Reinert K., Remington K.A., Clark A.G., Waterman M.S., Eichler E.E., Adams M.D., Hunkapiller M.W., Myers E.W., Venter J.C. Submitted (JUL-2005) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA], VARIANT VAL-262.
[7]	"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)." The MGC Project Team Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA], VARIANT VAL-262.
[8]	"Receptors for bitter and sweet taste." Montmayeur J.-P., Matsunami H. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 12:366-371(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: REVIEW.
[9]	"Molecular mechanisms of bitter and sweet taste transduction." Margolskee R.F. J. Biol. Chem. 277:1-4(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: REVIEW.
[10]	"Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways." Zhang Y., Hoon M.A., Chandrashekar J., Mueller K.L., Cook B., Wu D., Zuker C.S., Ryba N.J. Cell 112:293-301(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: REVIEW.
+	Additional computationally mapped references.

Web resources

Protein Spotlight

A tail of protection - Issue 119 of July 2010

Cross-references

Sequence databases
EMBL GenBank DDBJ	AF494231 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAM19322.1. AY114095 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAM63545.1. AY258598 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAP14667.1. AY724960 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAU21156.1. CH236950 Genomic DNA. Translation: EAL24011.1. CH471070 Genomic DNA. Translation: EAW83993.1. BC104933 mRNA. Translation: AAI04934.1. BC104937 mRNA. Translation: AAI04938.1.
IPI	IPI00249602.
RefSeq	NP_789787.4. NM_176817.4.
UniGene	Hs.647085.
3D structure databases
ProteinModelPortal	P59533.
ModBase	Search...
Protein-protein interaction databases
STRING	9606.ENSP00000331291.
Protein family/group databases
GPCRDB	Search...
PTM databases
PhosphoSite	P59533.
Polymorphism databases
DMDM	68068016.
Proteomic databases
PaxDb	P59533.
PRIDE	P59533.
Protocols and materials databases
StructuralBiologyKnowledgebase	Search...
Genome annotation databases
Ensembl	ENST00000547270; ENSP00000448219; ENSG00000257138. ENST00000567903; ENSP00000455619; ENSG00000260696.
GeneID	5726.
KEGG	hsa:5726.
Organism-specific databases
CTD	5726.
GeneCards	GC07M141672.
H-InvDB	HIX0033729.
HGNC	HGNC:9584. TAS2R38.
MIM	171200. phenotype. 607751. gene.
neXtProt	NX_P59533.
PharmGKB	PA33936.
GenAtlas	Search...
Phylogenomic databases
eggNOG	NOG43295.
HOGENOM	HOG000041379.
HOVERGEN	HBG098741.
InParanoid	P59533.
KO	K08474.
OMA	HMRTMKV.
OrthoDB	EOG4D7Z6B.
PhylomeDB	P59533.
Gene expression databases
ArrayExpress	P59533.
CleanEx	HS_TAS2R38.
Genevestigator	P59533.
GermOnline	ENSG00000183609. Homo sapiens.
Family and domain databases
InterPro	IPR007960. TAS2_rcpt. [Graphical view]
Pfam	PF05296. TAS2R. 1 hit. [Graphical view]
ProtoNet	Search...
Other
GenomeRNAi	5726.
NextBio	22262.
SOURCE	Search...

Entry information

Entry name

T2R38_HUMAN

Accession

Primary (citable) accession number: P59533
Secondary accession number(s): A4D1U6 , P59552, Q2M3E8, Q645W3, Q86UK3

Entry history

Integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:	April 11, 2003
Last sequence update:	June 21, 2005
Last modified:	April 3, 2013
This is version 100 of the entry and version 3 of the sequence. [Complete history]

Entry status

Reviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)

Annotation program

Chordata Protein Annotation Program

Disclaimer

Any medical or genetic information present in this entry is provided for research, educational and informational purposes only. It is not in any way intended to be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or care.