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P49748 (ACADV_HUMAN) Reviewed, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

Last modified January 25, 2012. Version 122. Feed History...

Clusters with 100%, 90%, 50% identity | Documents (7) | Third-party data text xml rdf/xml gff fasta
to top of pageNames·Attributes·General annotation·Ontologies·Alt products·Sequence annotation·Sequences·References·Web links·Cross-refs·Entry info·DocumentsCustomize order

Names and origin

Protein namesRecommended name:
Very long-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial

Short name=VLCAD
EC=1.3.99.-
Gene names
Name:ACADVL
Synonyms:VLCAD
OrganismHomo sapiens (Human)
Taxonomic identifier9606 [NCBI]
Taxonomic lineageEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomo

Protein attributes

Sequence length655 AA.
Sequence statusComplete.
Sequence processingThe displayed sequence is further processed into a mature form.
Protein existenceEvidence at protein level

General annotation (Comments)

Function

Active toward esters of long-chain and very long chain fatty acids such as palmitoyl-CoA, mysritoyl-CoA and stearoyl-CoA. Can accomodate substrate acyl chain lengths as long as 24 carbons, but shows little activity for substrates of less than 12 carbons. Ref.9

Catalytic activity

Acyl-CoA + acceptor = 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + reduced acceptor.

Cofactor

FAD. Ref.9

Pathway

Lipid metabolism; mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation.

Subunit structure

Homodimer. Ref.9

Subcellular location

Mitochondrion inner membrane.

Involvement in disease

Defects in ACADVL are the cause of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase very long chain deficiency (ACADVLD) [MIM:201475]. ACADVLD is an autosomal recessive disease which leads to impaired long-chain fatty acid beta-oxidation. It is clinically heterogeneous, with three major phenotypes: a severe childhood form, with early onset, high mortality, and high incidence of cardiomyopathy; a milder childhood form, with later onset, usually with hypoketotic hypoglycemia as the main presenting feature, low mortality, and rare cardiomyopathy; and an adult form, with isolated skeletal muscle involvement, rhabdomyolysis, and myoglobinuria, usually triggered by exercise or fasting. Ref.10 Ref.11 Ref.12

Miscellaneous

A number of straight-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases of different substrate specificities are present in mammalian tissues.

Sequence similarities

Belongs to the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family.

Alternative products

This entry describes 2 isoforms produced by alternative splicing. [Align] [Select]
Isoform 1 (identifier: P49748-1)

This isoform has been chosen as the 'canonical' sequence. All positional information in this entry refers to it. This is also the sequence that appears in the downloadable versions of the entry.
Isoform 2 (identifier: P49748-2)

The sequence of this isoform differs from the canonical sequence as follows:
     47-68: Missing.
Note: No experimental confirmation available.

Sequence annotation (Features)

Feature keyPosition(s)LengthDescriptionGraphical viewFeature identifier

Molecule processing

Transit peptide1 – 4040Mitochondrion By similarity
Chain41 – 655615Very long-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
PRO_0000000515

Regions

Nucleotide binding214 – 22310FAD
Nucleotide binding249 – 2513FAD
Nucleotide binding435 – 4395FAD By similarity
Nucleotide binding464 – 4663FAD
Region41 – 482442Catalytic
Region338 – 3414Substrate binging By similarity
Region462 – 4632Substrate binding
Region483 – 51634Membrane-anchoring Probable

Sites

Active site4621Proton acceptor Ref.9
Binding site2231Substrate; via carbonyl oxygen By similarity
Binding site3661FAD By similarity
Binding site4631Substrate; via amide nitrogen By similarity

Amino acid modifications

Modified residue2391N6-acetyllysine Ref.7
Modified residue2761N6-acetyllysine By similarity
Modified residue3311N6-acetyllysine Ref.7
Cross-link331Glycyl lysine isopeptide (Lys-Gly) (interchain with G-Cter in ubiquitin) By similarity

Natural variations

Alternative sequence47 – 6822Missing in isoform 2.
VSP_007734
Natural variant171L → F.
Corresponds to variant rs2230179 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ].
VAR_029286
Natural variant431G → D in ACADVLD; could be a polymorphism.
Corresponds to variant rs2230178 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ].
VAR_000330
Natural variant651P → L.
Corresponds to variant rs28934585 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ].
VAR_048176
Natural variant1301Missing in ACADVLD.
VAR_000331
Natural variant1581T → N in ACADVLD.
VAR_000332
Natural variant1591Q → R in ACADVLD.
VAR_000333
Natural variant1741V → M in ACADVLD.
VAR_000334
Natural variant1851G → S in ACADVLD.
VAR_000335
Natural variant2131A → P in ACADVLD.
VAR_010101
Natural variant2181E → K in ACADVLD.
VAR_000336
Natural variant2431L → R in ACADVLD.
VAR_000337
Natural variant2471K → E in ACADVLD.
VAR_010102
Natural variant2471K → T in ACADVLD.
VAR_000338
Natural variant2601T → M in ACADVLD.
VAR_000339
Natural variant2781Missing in ACADVLD.
VAR_000340
Natural variant2811A → D in ACADVLD.
VAR_000341
Natural variant2831V → A in ACADVLD.
VAR_000342
Natural variant2901G → D in ACADVLD.
VAR_000343
Natural variant2941G → E in ACADVLD.
VAR_000344
Natural variant2991K → N in ACADVLD.
VAR_000345
Natural variant2991Missing in ACADVLD.
VAR_000346
Natural variant3171V → A in ACADVLD.
VAR_000347
Natural variant3521M → V in ACADVLD.
VAR_000348
Natural variant3591A → S.
Corresponds to variant rs1051701 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ].
VAR_011990
Natural variant3661R → C in ACADVLD.
VAR_000349
Natural variant3661R → H in ACADVLD.
VAR_000350
Natural variant3811Missing in ACADVLD.
VAR_000351
Natural variant3821K → Q in ACADVLD. Ref.10
VAR_000352
Natural variant4051D → H in ACADVLD.
VAR_000353
Natural variant4411G → D in ACADVLD.
Corresponds to variant rs2309689 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ].
VAR_000354
Natural variant4501R → H in ACADVLD. Ref.11
VAR_000355
Natural variant4531R → Q in ACADVLD.
VAR_000356
Natural variant4541D → N in ACADVLD.
VAR_000357
Natural variant4561R → H in ACADVLD.
VAR_000358
Natural variant4581F → L in ACADVLD.
VAR_010103
Natural variant4591R → W in ACADVLD.
VAR_000359
Natural variant4631G → E in ACADVLD.
VAR_000360
Natural variant4691R → Q in ACADVLD.
VAR_000361
Natural variant4691R → W in ACADVLD.
VAR_000362
Natural variant4901A → P in ACADVLD.
VAR_010104
Natural variant5021L → P in ACADVLD.
VAR_000363
Natural variant5341E → K in ACADVLD.
Corresponds to variant rs2230180 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ].
VAR_010105
Natural variant6021L → I in ACADVLD.
VAR_000364
Natural variant6131R → W in ACADVLD. Ref.10
VAR_000365
Natural variant6151R → Q in ACADVLD.
VAR_010106
Natural variant6231S → F.
Corresponds to variant rs13383 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ].
VAR_011991

Experimental info

Sequence conflict1931G → C in BAA29057. Ref.3

Secondary structure

............................................................................ 655
Helix Strand Turn

Details...

Sequences

Sequence LengthMass (Da)Tools
Isoform 1 [UniParc].

Last modified October 1, 1996. Version 1.
Checksum: A5594D1EA7911D19

FASTA65570,390
        10         20         30         40         50         60 
MQAARMAASL GRQLLRLGGG SSRLTALLGQ PRPGPARRPY AGGAAQLALD KSDSHPSDAL 

        70         80         90        100        110        120 
TRKKPAKAES KSFAVGMFKG QLTTDQVFPY PSVLNEEQTQ FLKELVEPVS RFFEEVNDPA 

       130        140        150        160        170        180 
KNDALEMVEE TTWQGLKELG AFGLQVPSEL GGVGLCNTQY ARLVEIVGMH DLGVGITLGA 

       190        200        210        220        230        240 
HQSIGFKGIL LFGTKAQKEK YLPKLASGET VAAFCLTEPS SGSDAASIRT SAVPSPCGKY 

       250        260        270        280        290        300 
YTLNGSKLWI SNGGLADIFT VFAKTPVTDP ATGAVKEKIT AFVVERGFGG ITHGPPEKKM 

       310        320        330        340        350        360 
GIKASNTAEV FFDGVRVPSE NVLGEVGSGF KVAMHILNNG RFGMAAALAG TMRGIIAKAV 

       370        380        390        400        410        420 
DHATNRTQFG EKIHNFGLIQ EKLARMVMLQ YVTESMAYMV SANMDQGATD FQIEAAISKI 

       430        440        450        460        470        480 
FGSEAAWKVT DECIQIMGGM GFMKEPGVER VLRDLRIFRI FEGTNDILRL FVALQGCMDK 

       490        500        510        520        530        540 
GKELSGLGSA LKNPFGNAGL LLGEAGKQLR RRAGLGSGLS LSGLVHPELS RSGELAVRAL 

       550        560        570        580        590        600 
EQFATVVEAK LIKHKKGIVN EQFLLQRLAD GAIDLYAMVV VLSRASRSLS EGHPTAQHEK 

       610        620        630        640        650 
MLCDTWCIEA AARIREGMAA LQSDPWQQEL YRNFKSISKA LVERGGVVTS NPLGF 

« Hide

Isoform 2 [UniParc].

Checksum: D84E8F01DF1E8958
Show »

FASTA63368,058

References

« Hide 'large scale' references
[1]"Cloning of human very-long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase and molecular characterization of its deficiency in two patients."
Aoyama T., Souri M., Ueno I., Kamijo T., Yamaguchi S., Rhead W.J., Tanaka K., Hashimoto T.
Am. J. Hum. Genet. 57:273-283(1995) [PubMed: 7668252] [Abstract]
Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORM 1).
[2]"Cloning and characterization of human very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase cDNA, chromosomal assignment of the gene and identification in four patients of nine different mutations within the VLCAD gene."
Andresen B.S., Bross P., Vianey-Saban C., Divry P., Zabot M.-T., Roe C.R., Nada M.A., Byskov A., Kruse T.A., Neve S., Kristiansen K., Knudsen I., Corydon M.J., Gregersen N.
Hum. Mol. Genet. 5:461-472(1996) [PubMed: 8845838] [Abstract]
Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORM 1), TISSUE SPECIFICITY, VARIANTS.
Tissue: Placenta.
[3]"Genomic DNA organization of human mitochondrial very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and mutation analysis."
Orii K.O., Aoyama T., Souri M., Orii K.E., Kondo N., Orii T., Hashimoto T.
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 217:987-992(1995) [PubMed: 8554625] [Abstract]
Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (ISOFORM 1).
Tissue: Peripheral blood.
[4]"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)."
The MGC Project Team
Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004) [PubMed: 15489334] [Abstract]
Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORMS 1 AND 2).
Tissue: Liver, Lung and Pancreas.
[5]"Purification of human very-long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase and characterization of its deficiency in seven patients."
Aoyama T., Souri M., Ushikubo S., Kamijo T., Yamaguchi S., Kelley R.I., Rhead W.J., Uetake K., Tanaka K., Hashimoto T.
J. Clin. Invest. 95:2465-2473(1995) [PubMed: 7769092] [Abstract]
Cited for: CHARACTERIZATION.
[6]"Clear correlation of genotype with disease phenotype in very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency."
Andresen B.S., Olpin S., Poorthuis B.J.H.M., Scholte H.R., Vianey-Saban C., Wanders R., Ijlst L., Morris A., Pourfarzam M., Bartlett K., Baumgartner E.R., de Klerk J.B.C., Schroeder L.D., Corydon T.J., Lund H., Winter V., Bross P., Bolund L., Gregersen N.
Am. J. Hum. Genet. 64:479-494(1999) [PubMed: 9973285] [Abstract]
Cited for: REVIEW ON VARIANTS.
[7]"Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions."
Choudhary C., Kumar C., Gnad F., Nielsen M.L., Rehman M., Walther T., Olsen J.V., Mann M.
Science 325:834-840(2009) [PubMed: 19608861] [Abstract]
Cited for: ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT LYS-239 AND LYS-331, MASS SPECTROMETRY.
[8]"Initial characterization of the human central proteome."
Burkard T.R., Planyavsky M., Kaupe I., Breitwieser F.P., Buerckstuemmer T., Bennett K.L., Superti-Furga G., Colinge J.
BMC Syst. Biol. 5:17-17(2011) [PubMed: 21269460] [Abstract]
Cited for: IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS].
[9]"Structural basis for substrate fatty acyl chain specificity: crystal structure of human very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase."
McAndrew R.P., Wang Y., Mohsen A.W., He M., Vockley J., Kim J.J.
J. Biol. Chem. 283:9435-9443(2008) [PubMed: 18227065] [Abstract]
Cited for: X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (1.91 ANGSTROMS) OF 69-655 IN COMPLEX WITH MYRISTOYL-COA, FUNCTION, SUBUNIT, COFACTOR, ACTIVE SITE.
[10]"Mutation analysis of very-long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency: identification and characterization of mutant VLCAD cDNAs from four patients."
Souri M., Aoyama T., Orii K., Yamaguchi S., Hashimoto T.
Am. J. Hum. Genet. 58:97-106(1996) [PubMed: 8554073] [Abstract]
Cited for: VARIANTS ACADVLD GLU-130 DEL; LYS-299 DEL; GLN-382 AND TRP-613.
[11]"Very long chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency with adult onset."
Smelt A.H., Poorthuis B.J.H.M., Onkenhout W., Scholte H.R., Andresen B.S., van Duinen S.G., Gregersen N., Wintzen A.R.
Ann. Neurol. 43:540-544(1998) [PubMed: 9546340] [Abstract]
Cited for: VARIANT ACADVLD HIS-450.
[12]"Molecular heterogeneity in very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency causing pediatric cardiomyopathy and sudden death."
Mathur A., Sims H.F., Gopalakrishnan D., Gibson B., Rinaldo P., Vockley J., Hug G., Strauss A.W.
Circulation 99:1337-1343(1999) [PubMed: 10077518] [Abstract]
Cited for: VARIANTS ACADVLD.
+Additional computationally mapped references.

Web resources

Cross-references

Sequence databases

EMBL
GenBank
DDBJ
D43682 mRNA. Translation: BAA07781.1.
L46590 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAA79002.1.
X86556 mRNA. Translation: CAA60253.1.
D78298 Genomic DNA. Translation: BAA29057.1.
BC000399 mRNA. Translation: AAH00399.1.
BC012912 mRNA. Translation: AAH12912.1.
BC020218 mRNA. Translation: AAH20218.1.
IPIIPI00178744.
IPI01013108.
PIRS54183.
RefSeqNP_000009.1. NM_000018.2.
NP_001029031.1. NM_001033859.1.
UniGeneHs.437178.

3D structure databases

PDBe
RCSB PDB
PDBj
EntryMethodResolution (Å)ChainPositionsPDBsum
2UXWX-ray1.45A72-655[»]
3B96X-ray1.91A69-655[»]
ProteinModelPortalP49748.
SMRP49748. Positions 69-655.
ModBaseSearch...

Protein-protein interaction databases

IntActP49748. 3 interactions.
MINTMINT-4824254.
STRINGP49748.

PTM databases

PhosphoSiteP49748.

Polymorphism databases

DMDM1703068.

Proteomic databases

PRIDEP49748.

Protocols and materials databases

StructuralBiologyKnowledgebaseSearch...

Genome annotation databases

EnsemblENST00000322910; ENSP00000325395; ENSG00000072778.
ENST00000356839; ENSP00000349297; ENSG00000072778.
GeneID37.
KEGGhsa:37.
UCSCuc002gev.1. human.
uc002gew.1. human.

Organism-specific databases

CTD37.
GeneCardsGC17P007063.
H-InvDBHIX0013488.
HGNCHGNC:92. ACADVL.
HPAHPA019006.
HPA020595.
MIM201475. phenotype.
609575. gene.
neXtProtNX_P49748.
Orphanet26793. Very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.
PharmGKBPA24428.
GenAtlasSearch...

Phylogenomic databases

eggNOGprNOG13137.
HOVERGENHBG050448.
InParanoidP49748.
OrthoDBEOG4P5K8R.
PhylomeDBP49748.

Enzyme and pathway databases

Pathway_Interaction_DBhnf3bpathway. FOXA2 and FOXA3 transcription factor networks.
ReactomeREACT_15380. Diabetes pathways.
REACT_22258. Metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins.

Gene expression databases

ArrayExpressP49748.
BgeeP49748.
CleanExHS_ACADVL.
GenevestigatorP49748.
GermOnlineENSG00000072778. Homo sapiens.

Family and domain databases

InterProIPR006089. Acyl-CoA_DH_CS.
IPR006092. Acyl-CoA_DH_N.
IPR006090. Acyl-CoA_Oxase/DH_1.
IPR006091. Acyl-CoA_Oxase/DH_cen-dom.
IPR009075. AcylCo_DH/oxidase_C.
IPR013786. AcylCoA_DH/ox_N.
IPR009100. AcylCoA_DH/oxidase.
[Graphical view]
Gene3DG3DSA:2.40.110.10. Acyl_CoA_DH/ox_M. 1 hit.
G3DSA:1.10.540.10. AcylCoA_DH/ox_N. 1 hit.
G3DSA:1.20.140.10. AcylCoA_DH_1/2_C. 1 hit.
KOK09479.
PfamPF00441. Acyl-CoA_dh_1. 1 hit.
PF02770. Acyl-CoA_dh_M. 1 hit.
PF02771. Acyl-CoA_dh_N. 1 hit.
[Graphical view]
SUPFAMSSF56645. AcylCoA_dehyd_NM. 1 hit.
SSF47203. AcylCoADH_C_like. 1 hit.
PROSITEPS00072. ACYL_COA_DH_1. 1 hit.
PS00073. ACYL_COA_DH_2. 1 hit.
[Graphical view]
ProtoNetSearch...

Other

NextBio143.
SOURCESearch...

Entry information

Entry nameACADV_HUMAN
AccessionPrimary (citable) accession number: P49748
Secondary accession number(s): O76056, Q8WUL0
Entry history
Integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: October 1, 1996
Last sequence update: October 1, 1996
Last modified: January 25, 2012
This is version 122 of the entry and version 1 of the sequence. [Complete history]
Entry statusReviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
Annotation programChordata Protein Annotation Program
DisclaimerAny medical or genetic information present in this entry is provided for research, educational and informational purposes only. It is not in any way intended to be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or care.

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Human chromosome 17: entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM

Human entries with polymorphisms or disease mutations

List of human entries with polymorphisms or disease mutations

Human polymorphisms and disease mutations

Index of human polymorphisms and disease mutations

MIM cross-references

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM) cross-references in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

PATHWAY comments

Index of metabolic and biosynthesis pathways

PDB cross-references

Index of Protein Data Bank (PDB) cross-references

SIMILARITY comments

Index of protein domains and families