Reviewed, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot P41736 (POTX_PARCV)

Names and origin

Protein names	Recommended name:     Poneratoxin       Short name=PoTX Alternative name(s):     Pac-TX
Organism	Paraponera clavata (Bullet ant) (Izuela)
Taxonomic identifier	55425 [NCBI]
Taxonomic lineage	Eukaryota › Metazoa › Arthropoda › Hexapoda › Insecta › Pterygota › Neoptera › Endopterygota › Hymenoptera › Apocrita › Aculeata › Vespoidea › Formicidae › Paraponerinae › Paraponera

Protein attributes

Sequence length	25 AA.
Sequence status	Complete.
Sequence processing	The displayed sequence is not processed.
Protein existence	Evidence at protein level.

General annotation (Comments)

Function	Blocks nicotinic synaptic transmission in insect CNS and affects voltage-dependent sodium channels. It is a strong, but very slowly acting agonist for smooth muscles and its blocks synaptic transmission in the insect CNS in a concentration-dependent manner and depolarizes giant interneurons. Also affects neuromuscular transmission in rat tissue. Ref.5
Subcellular location	Secreted.
Tissue specificity	Expressed by the venom gland.

Ontologies

Keywords
Cellular component	Secreted
Molecular function	Ionic channel inhibitor Neurotoxin Postsynaptic neurotoxin Presynaptic neurotoxin Sodium channel inhibitor Toxin
PTM	Amidation
Technical term	3D-structure Direct protein sequencing
Gene Ontology (GO)
Biological process	pathogenesis Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW synaptic transmission Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW
Cellular component	extracellular region Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-SubCell postsynaptic membrane Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW presynaptic membrane Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW
Molecular function	acetylcholine receptor inhibitor activity Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW sodium channel inhibitor activity Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW
Complete GO annotation...

Sequence annotation (Features)

Feature key

Position(s)

Length

Description

Graphical view

Feature identifier

Molecule processing

Peptide

1 – 25

25

Poneratoxin

PRO_0000044538

Amino acid modifications

Modified residue

25

1

Arginine amide

Secondary structure

1

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

25

Helix Strand Turn

Details...

Helix

2 – 8

7

Beta strand

11 – 13

3

Turn

16 – 18

3

Helix

19 – 24

6

Sequences

	Sequence		Length	Mass (Da)
	P41736-1 [UniParc]. Last modified November 1, 1995. Version 1. Checksum: EEA403CC125E7BB0	FASTA	25	2,757
	10 20 FLPLLILGSL LMTPPVIQAI HDAQR

References

[1]	"Pharmacological characterization and chemical fractionation of the venom of the ponerine ant, Paraponera clavata (F.)." Piek T., Hue B., Mantel P., Nakajima T., Schmidt J.O. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 99C:481-486(1991) [PubMed: 1685424] [Abstract] Cited for: PROTEIN SEQUENCE. Tissue: Venom.
[2]	"Poneratoxin, neurotoxic pentacosapeptide from ant venom: synthetic, biological and conformational studies." Konopinska D., Lombarska-Sliwinska D., Plech A., Rosinski G., Lisowski M. (In) Schneider C.H., Eberles A.N. (eds.); Peptides 1992, pp.759-760, Escom Science Publishers, Leiden (1993) Cited for: PROTEIN SEQUENCE, SYNTHESIS. Tissue: Venom.
[3]	"Poneratoxin, a novel peptide neurotoxin from the venom of the ant, Paraponera clavata." Piek T., Duval A., Hue B., Karst H., Lapied B., Mantel P., Nakajima T., Pelhate M., Schmidt J.O. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 99C:487-495(1991) [PubMed: 1685425] [Abstract] Cited for: CHARACTERIZATION. Tissue: Venom.
[4]	"Poneratoxin, a new toxin from an ant venom, reveals an interconversion between two gating modes of the Na channels in frog skeletal muscle fibres." Duval A., Malecot C.O., Pelhate M., Piek T. Pflugers Arch. 420:239-247(1992) [PubMed: 1317947] [Abstract] Cited for: CHARACTERIZATION. Tissue: Venom.
[5]	"The effect of poneratoxin on neuromuscular transmission in the rat diaphragm." Hendrich A.B., Mozrzymas J.W., Konopinska D., Scuka M. Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett. 7:195-202(2002) [PubMed: 12097919] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION.
[6]	"Poneratoxin, a neurotoxin from ant venom. Structure and expression in insect cells and construction of a bio-insecticide." Szolajska E., Poznanski J., Ferber M.L., Michalik J., Gout E., Fender P., Bailly I., Dublet B., Chroboczek J. Eur. J. Biochem. 271:2127-2136(2004) [PubMed: 15153103] [Abstract] Cited for: STRUCTURE BY NMR, SYNTHESIS.

Web resources

Protein Spotlight

Princess Bala's sting - Issue 14 of September 2001

Cross-references

3D structure databases

PDBPDBe

Entry	Method	Resolution (Å)	Chain	Positions	PDBsum
1G92	NMR	-	A	1-25	[»]

ModBase

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Family and domain databases

ProtoNet

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Entry information

Entry name

POTX_PARCV

Accession

Primary (citable) accession number: P41736

Entry history

Integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:	November 1, 1995
Last sequence update:	November 1, 1995
Last modified:	June 16, 2009
This is version 57 of the entry and version 1 of the sequence. [Complete history]

Entry status

Reviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)