ID TPO_HUMAN Reviewed; 353 AA. AC P40225; A1L3Y0; B7ZLR8; B9EGA8; Q13020; Q15790; Q15791; Q15792; DT 01-FEB-1995, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. DT 01-FEB-1995, sequence version 1. DT 27-MAR-2024, entry version 203. DE RecName: Full=Thrombopoietin; DE AltName: Full=C-mpl ligand; DE Short=ML; DE AltName: Full=Megakaryocyte colony-stimulating factor; DE AltName: Full=Megakaryocyte growth and development factor; DE Short=MGDF; DE AltName: Full=Myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene ligand; DE Flags: Precursor; GN Name=THPO; Synonyms=MGDF; OS Homo sapiens (Human). OC Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; OC Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; OC Homo. OX NCBI_TaxID=9606; RN [1] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORM 1). RC TISSUE=Fetal liver; RX PubMed=8202154; DOI=10.1038/369533a0; RA de Sauvage F.J., Hass P.E., Spencer S.D., Malloy B.E., Gurney A.L., RA Spencer S.A., Darbonne W.C., Henzel W.J., Wong S.C., Kuang W.-J., RA Oles K.J., Hultgren B., Solberg L.A. Jr., Goeddel D.V., Eaton D.L.; RT "Stimulation of megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis by the c-Mpl RT ligand."; RL Nature 369:533-538(1994). RN [2] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORM 1). RC TISSUE=Fetal liver; RX PubMed=8020099; DOI=10.1016/0092-8674(94)90450-2; RA Bartley T.D., Bogenberger J., Hunt P., Li Y.-S., Lu H.S., Martin F., RA Chang M.-S., Samal B.B., Nichol J.L., Swift S., Johnson M.J., Hsu R.-Y., RA Parker V.P., Suggs S., Skrine J.D., Merewether L.A., Clogson C., Hsu E., RA Hokom M.M., Hornkohl A., Choi E., Pangelinan M., Sun Y., Mar V., McNich J., RA Simonet L., Jacobsen F., Xie C., Shutter J., Chute H., Basu R., RA Selander L., Trollinger D., Sieu L., Padilla D., Trail G., Elliott G., RA Izumi R., Covey T., Crouse J., Garcia A., Xu W., del Castillo J., Biron J., RA Cole S., Hu M.C.-T., Pacifici R., Ponting I., Saris C., Wen D., Yung Y.P., RA Lin H., Bosselman R.A.; RT "Identification and cloning of a megakaryocyte growth and development RT factor that is a ligand for the cytokine receptor Mpl."; RL Cell 77:1117-1124(1994). RN [3] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA / MRNA] (ISOFORM 1). RX PubMed=7809166; DOI=10.1073/pnas.91.26.13023; RA Foster D.C., Sprecher C.A., Grant F.J., Kramer J.M., Kuijper J.L., RA Holly R.D., Whitmore T.E., Heipel M.D., Bell L.A.N., Ching A.F., RA McGrane V., Hart C., O'Hara P.J., Lok S.; RT "Human thrombopoietin: gene structure, cDNA sequence, expression, and RT chromosomal localization."; RL Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91:13023-13027(1994). RN [4] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (ISOFORM 1). RX PubMed=7926023; DOI=10.1016/0014-5793(94)01008-0; RA Sohma Y., Akahori H., Seki N., Hori T.-A., Ogami K., Kawamura K., RA Miyazaki H.; RT "Molecular cloning and chromosomal localization of the human thrombopoietin RT gene."; RL FEBS Lett. 353:57-61(1994). RN [5] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (ISOFORMS 1 AND 2). RX PubMed=7849319; RA Gurney A.L., Kuang W.-J., Xie M.-H., Malloy B.E., Eaton D.L., RA de Sauvage F.J.; RT "Genomic structure, chromosomal localization, and conserved alternative RT splice forms of thrombopoietin."; RL Blood 85:981-988(1995). RN [6] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORM 1). RC TISSUE=Liver; RX PubMed=8537317; DOI=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a124883; RA Kato T., Ogami K., Shimada Y., Iwamatsu A., Sohma Y., Akahori H., Horie K., RA Kokubo A., Kudo Y., Maeda E., Kobayashi K., Ohashi H., Ozawa T., Inoue H., RA Kawamura K., Miyazaki H.; RT "Purification and characterization of thrombopoietin."; RL J. Biochem. 118:229-236(1995). RN [7] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (ISOFORM 1). RC TISSUE=Placenta; RX PubMed=7822271; DOI=10.1074/jbc.270.2.511; RA Chang M., McNinch J., Basu R., Shutter J., Hsu R., Perkins C., Mar V., RA Suggs S., Welcher A., Li L., Lu H., Bartley T., Hunt P., Martin F., RA Samal B., Bogenberger J.; RT "Cloning and characterization of the human megakaryocyte growth and RT development factor (MGDF) gene."; RL J. Biol. Chem. 270:511-514(1995). RN [8] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (ISOFORMS 1 AND 3). RA Im S.H., Lee W.S., Chung K.H.; RT "Cloning and sequencing of human thrombopoietin."; RL Submitted (MAY-1996) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases. RN [9] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORMS 1 AND 2). RC TISSUE=Brain, and Testis; RX PubMed=15489334; DOI=10.1101/gr.2596504; RG The MGC Project Team; RT "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: RT the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)."; RL Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004). RN [10] RP DISEASE. RX PubMed=9425899; DOI=10.1038/ng0198-49; RA Wiestner A., Schlemper R.J., van der Maas A.P.C., Skoda R.C.; RT "An activating splice donor mutation in the thrombopoietin gene causes RT hereditary thrombocythaemia."; RL Nat. Genet. 18:49-52(1998). RN [11] RP DISULFIDE BONDS, AND GLYCOSYLATION AT SER-22; THR-58; THR-131; THR-179; RP THR-180; SER-184; ASN-197; ASN-206; THR-213; ASN-234; ASN-255 AND SER-265. RX PubMed=8942648; DOI=10.1021/bi961075b; RA Hoffman R.C., Andersen H., Walker K., Krakover J.D., Patel S., Stamm M.R., RA Osborn S.G.; RT "Peptide, disulfide, and glycosylation mapping of recombinant human RT thrombopoietin from ser1 to Arg246."; RL Biochemistry 35:14849-14861(1996). RN [12] RP X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.51 ANGSTROMS) OF 22-184 IN COMPLEX WITH ANTIBODY, RP AND DISULFIDE BONDS. RX PubMed=14769915; DOI=10.1073/pnas.0308530100; RA Feese M.D., Tamada T., Kato Y., Maeda Y., Hirose M., Matsukura Y., RA Shigematsu H., Muto T., Matsumoto A., Watarai H., Ogami K., Tahara T., RA Kato T., Miyazaki H., Kuroki R.; RT "Structure of the receptor-binding domain of human thrombopoietin RT determined by complexation with a neutralizing antibody fragment."; RL Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101:1816-1821(2004). CC -!- FUNCTION: Lineage-specific cytokine affecting the proliferation and CC maturation of megakaryocytes from their committed progenitor cells. It CC acts at a late stage of megakaryocyte development. It may be the major CC physiological regulator of circulating platelets. CC -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. CC -!- ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS: CC Event=Alternative splicing; Named isoforms=3; CC Name=1; CC IsoId=P40225-1; Sequence=Displayed; CC Name=2; Synonyms=TPO-2; CC IsoId=P40225-2; Sequence=VSP_001450; CC Name=3; Synonyms=Truncated; CC IsoId=P40225-3; Sequence=VSP_001451; CC -!- DOMAIN: Two-domain structure with an erythropoietin-like N-terminal and CC a Ser/Pro/Thr-rich C-terminal. CC -!- DISEASE: Thrombocythemia 1 (THCYT1) [MIM:187950]: A myeloproliferative CC disorder characterized by excessive platelet production, resulting in CC increased numbers of circulating platelets. It can be associated with CC spontaneous hemorrhages and thrombotic episodes. Note=The disease is CC caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry. CC -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the EPO/TPO family. {ECO:0000305}. CC --------------------------------------------------------------------------- CC Copyrighted by the UniProt Consortium, see https://www.uniprot.org/terms CC Distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) License CC --------------------------------------------------------------------------- DR EMBL; L33410; AAA59857.1; -; mRNA. DR EMBL; U11025; AAA50553.1; -; mRNA. DR EMBL; L36051; AAC37568.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; L36052; AAC37566.1; -; mRNA. DR EMBL; D32046; BAA06807.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; S76771; AAB33390.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; D32047; BAA21930.1; -; mRNA. DR EMBL; U59493; AAB03392.1; -; mRNA. DR EMBL; U59494; AAB03393.1; -; mRNA. DR EMBL; U59495; AAB03394.1; -; mRNA. DR EMBL; U17071; AAA74083.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; BC130322; AAI30323.1; -; mRNA. DR EMBL; BC136338; AAI36339.1; -; mRNA. DR EMBL; BC143982; AAI43983.1; -; mRNA. DR CCDS; CCDS3265.1; -. [P40225-1] DR CCDS; CCDS54693.1; -. [P40225-2] DR PIR; G02729; G02729. DR PIR; I59281; I80105. DR RefSeq; NP_000451.1; NM_000460.3. [P40225-1] DR RefSeq; NP_001171068.1; NM_001177597.2. [P40225-2] DR RefSeq; NP_001171069.1; NM_001177598.2. DR RefSeq; NP_001276926.1; NM_001289997.1. DR RefSeq; NP_001276927.1; NM_001289998.1. [P40225-1] DR RefSeq; NP_001276932.1; NM_001290003.1. DR RefSeq; NP_001276951.1; NM_001290022.1. [P40225-2] DR RefSeq; NP_001276955.1; NM_001290026.1. DR RefSeq; NP_001276956.1; NM_001290027.1. DR RefSeq; NP_001276957.1; NM_001290028.1. [P40225-1] DR PDB; 1V7M; X-ray; 2.51 A; V/X=22-184. DR PDB; 1V7N; X-ray; 3.30 A; V/X/Y/Z=22-184. DR PDB; 8G04; EM; 3.40 A; A=22-184. DR PDBsum; 1V7M; -. DR PDBsum; 1V7N; -. DR PDBsum; 8G04; -. DR AlphaFoldDB; P40225; -. DR EMDB; EMD-29644; -. DR SMR; P40225; -. DR BioGRID; 112922; 6. DR DIP; DIP-5729N; -. DR ELM; P40225; -. DR IntAct; P40225; 3. DR STRING; 9606.ENSP00000494504; -. DR ChEMBL; CHEMBL1293256; -. DR GlyConnect; 592; 12 N-Linked glycans, 4 O-Linked glycans. DR GlyCosmos; P40225; 14 sites, 32 glycans. DR GlyGen; P40225; 15 sites, 25 N-linked glycans (2 sites), 7 O-linked glycans (1 site). DR iPTMnet; P40225; -. DR PhosphoSitePlus; P40225; -. DR BioMuta; THPO; -. DR DMDM; 730982; -. DR MassIVE; P40225; -. DR PaxDb; 9606-ENSP00000204615; -. DR PeptideAtlas; P40225; -. DR ProteomicsDB; 55350; -. [P40225-1] DR ProteomicsDB; 55351; -. [P40225-2] DR ProteomicsDB; 55352; -. [P40225-3] DR ABCD; P40225; 1 sequenced antibody. DR Antibodypedia; 19145; 682 antibodies from 36 providers. DR DNASU; 7066; -. DR Ensembl; ENST00000445696.6; ENSP00000410763.2; ENSG00000090534.20. [P40225-2] DR Ensembl; ENST00000647395.1; ENSP00000494504.1; ENSG00000090534.20. [P40225-1] DR GeneID; 7066; -. DR KEGG; hsa:7066; -. DR MANE-Select; ENST00000647395.1; ENSP00000494504.1; NM_000460.4; NP_000451.1. DR UCSC; uc003fol.2; human. [P40225-1] DR AGR; HGNC:11795; -. DR CTD; 7066; -. DR DisGeNET; 7066; -. DR GeneCards; THPO; -. DR HGNC; HGNC:11795; THPO. DR HPA; ENSG00000090534; Tissue enriched (liver). DR MalaCards; THPO; -. DR MIM; 187950; phenotype. DR MIM; 600044; gene. DR neXtProt; NX_P40225; -. DR OpenTargets; ENSG00000090534; -. DR Orphanet; 3319; Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia. DR Orphanet; 71493; Familial thrombocytosis. DR Orphanet; 397692; Hereditary isolated aplastic anemia. DR Orphanet; 329319; Thrombocythemia with distal limb defects. DR PharmGKB; PA36506; -. DR VEuPathDB; HostDB:ENSG00000090534; -. DR eggNOG; ENOG502S9T0; Eukaryota. DR GeneTree; ENSGT00390000006294; -. DR HOGENOM; CLU_039844_0_0_1; -. DR InParanoid; P40225; -. DR OMA; PILCARQ; -. DR OrthoDB; 5347971at2759; -. DR PhylomeDB; P40225; -. DR TreeFam; TF338084; -. DR PathwayCommons; P40225; -. DR Reactome; R-HSA-76009; Platelet Aggregation (Plug Formation). DR SignaLink; P40225; -. DR SIGNOR; P40225; -. DR BioGRID-ORCS; 7066; 7 hits in 1139 CRISPR screens. DR ChiTaRS; THPO; human. DR EvolutionaryTrace; P40225; -. DR GeneWiki; Thrombopoietin; -. DR GenomeRNAi; 7066; -. DR Pharos; P40225; Tbio. DR PRO; PR:P40225; -. DR Proteomes; UP000005640; Chromosome 3. DR RNAct; P40225; Protein. DR Bgee; ENSG00000090534; Expressed in right lobe of liver and 93 other cell types or tissues. DR ExpressionAtlas; P40225; baseline and differential. DR GO; GO:0005576; C:extracellular region; IBA:GO_Central. DR GO; GO:0005615; C:extracellular space; IEA:UniProtKB-KW. DR GO; GO:0005125; F:cytokine activity; IEA:UniProtKB-KW. DR GO; GO:0008083; F:growth factor activity; TAS:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0005179; F:hormone activity; IEA:UniProtKB-KW. DR GO; GO:0005102; F:signaling receptor binding; IBA:GO_Central. DR GO; GO:0008283; P:cell population proliferation; IEA:InterPro. DR GO; GO:0035855; P:megakaryocyte development; IDA:ARUK-UCL. DR GO; GO:0030219; P:megakaryocyte differentiation; IDA:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0008284; P:positive regulation of cell population proliferation; IDA:ARUK-UCL. DR GO; GO:0070374; P:positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade; ISS:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:1902035; P:positive regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation; IDA:MGI. DR GO; GO:0043410; P:positive regulation of MAPK cascade; IDA:ARUK-UCL. DR GO; GO:0045654; P:positive regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation; ISS:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0051897; P:positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction; IDA:ARUK-UCL. DR GO; GO:0001934; P:positive regulation of protein phosphorylation; ISS:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0097696; P:receptor signaling pathway via STAT; IDA:ARUK-UCL. DR GO; GO:0038163; P:thrombopoietin-mediated signaling pathway; IDA:ARUK-UCL. DR Gene3D; 1.20.1250.10; -; 1. DR InterPro; IPR009079; 4_helix_cytokine-like_core. DR InterPro; IPR019767; EPO/TPO_CS. DR InterPro; IPR001323; EPO_TPO. DR InterPro; IPR003978; Thrombopoietin. DR PANTHER; PTHR10560; THROMBOPOIETIN; 1. DR PANTHER; PTHR10560:SF0; THROMBOPOIETIN; 1. DR Pfam; PF00758; EPO_TPO; 1. DR PRINTS; PR01485; THROMBOPTN. DR SUPFAM; SSF47266; 4-helical cytokines; 1. DR PROSITE; PS00817; EPO_TPO; 1. DR Genevisible; P40225; HS. PE 1: Evidence at protein level; KW 3D-structure; Alternative splicing; Cytokine; Disulfide bond; Glycoprotein; KW Hormone; Reference proteome; Secreted; Signal. FT SIGNAL 1..21 FT CHAIN 22..353 FT /note="Thrombopoietin" FT /id="PRO_0000008411" FT REGION 257..353 FT /note="Disordered" FT /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite" FT COMPBIAS 271..288 FT /note="Polar residues" FT /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite" FT COMPBIAS 289..334 FT /note="Pro residues" FT /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite" FT COMPBIAS 335..353 FT /note="Polar residues" FT /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite" FT CARBOHYD 22 FT /note="O-linked (GalNAc...) serine" FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:8942648" FT CARBOHYD 58 FT /note="O-linked (GalNAc...) threonine" FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:8942648" FT CARBOHYD 131 FT /note="O-linked (GalNAc...) threonine" FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:8942648" FT CARBOHYD 179 FT /note="O-linked (GalNAc...) threonine" FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:8942648" FT CARBOHYD 180 FT /note="O-linked (GalNAc...) threonine" FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:8942648" FT CARBOHYD 184 FT /note="O-linked (GalNAc...) serine" FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:8942648" FT CARBOHYD 197 FT /note="N-linked (GlcNAc...) (complex) asparagine" FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:8942648" FT CARBOHYD 206 FT /note="N-linked (GlcNAc...) (complex) asparagine" FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:8942648" FT CARBOHYD 213 FT /note="O-linked (GalNAc...) threonine" FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:8942648" FT CARBOHYD 234 FT /note="N-linked (GlcNAc...) (complex) asparagine" FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:8942648" FT CARBOHYD 255 FT /note="N-linked (GlcNAc...) (complex) asparagine" FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:8942648" FT CARBOHYD 265 FT /note="O-linked (GalNAc...) serine" FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:8942648" FT CARBOHYD 340 FT /note="N-linked (GlcNAc...) asparagine" FT /evidence="ECO:0000255" FT CARBOHYD 348 FT /note="N-linked (GlcNAc...) asparagine" FT /evidence="ECO:0000255" FT DISULFID 28..172 FT DISULFID 50..106 FT VAR_SEQ 133..136 FT /note="Missing (in isoform 2)" FT /evidence="ECO:0000303|PubMed:15489334" FT /id="VSP_001450" FT VAR_SEQ 160..198 FT /note="Missing (in isoform 3)" FT /evidence="ECO:0000305" FT /id="VSP_001451" FT VARIANT 14 FT /note="L -> P (in dbSNP:rs1042346)" FT /id="VAR_011795" FT VARIANT 116 FT /note="G -> E (in dbSNP:rs1126665)" FT /id="VAR_011796" FT CONFLICT 46 FT /note="R -> K (in Ref. 8; AAB03392/AAB03393/AAB03394)" FT /evidence="ECO:0000305" FT CONFLICT 76 FT /note="M -> MSQ (in Ref. 7; AAA74083)" FT /evidence="ECO:0000305" FT CONFLICT 113 FT /note="Q -> E (in Ref. 2; AAA50553)" FT /evidence="ECO:0000305" FT CONFLICT 131 FT /note="T -> P (in Ref. 7; AAA74083)" FT /evidence="ECO:0000305" FT CONFLICT 277 FT /note="G -> E (in Ref. 8; AAB03393/AAB03394)" FT /evidence="ECO:0000305" FT CONFLICT 346 FT /note="S -> C (in Ref. 8; AAB03393/AAB03394)" FT /evidence="ECO:0000305" FT HELIX 32..45 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1V7M" FT HELIX 46..48 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1V7M" FT STRAND 49..52 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1V7M" FT STRAND 60..63 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1V7M" FT HELIX 70..74 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1V7M" FT HELIX 77..98 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1V7M" FT TURN 99..101 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1V7M" FT STRAND 104..106 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1V7M" FT HELIX 107..110 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1V7M" FT HELIX 113..129 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1V7M" FT STRAND 139..143 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1V7M" FT HELIX 145..147 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1V7M" FT HELIX 148..157 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1V7M" FT TURN 158..160 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1V7M" FT HELIX 161..163 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1V7M" FT STRAND 165..167 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1V7N" SQ SEQUENCE 353 AA; 37823 MW; F0AB5449B72E5526 CRC64; MELTELLLVV MLLLTARLTL SSPAPPACDL RVLSKLLRDS HVLHSRLSQC PEVHPLPTPV LLPAVDFSLG EWKTQMEETK AQDILGAVTL LLEGVMAARG QLGPTCLSSL LGQLSGQVRL LLGALQSLLG TQLPPQGRTT AHKDPNAIFL SFQHLLRGKV RFLMLVGGST LCVRRAPPTT AVPSRTSLVL TLNELPNRTS GLLETNFTAS ARTTGSGLLK WQQGFRAKIP GLLNQTSRSL DQIPGYLNRI HELLNGTRGL FPGPSRRTLG APDISSGTSD TGSLPPNLQP GYSPSPTHPP TGQYTLFPLP PTLPTPVVQL HPLLPDPSAP TPTPTSPLLN TSYTHSQNLS QEG //