Reviewed, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot P35613 (BASI_HUMAN)

Names and origin

Protein names

Recommended name:
    Basigin
Alternative name(s):
    Leukocyte activation antigen M6
    Collagenase stimulatory factor
    Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer
      Short name=EMMPRIN
    5F7
    Tumor cell-derived collagenase stimulatory factor
      Short name=TCSF
    OK blood group antigen
    CD_antigen=CD147

Gene names

Name:	BSG
ORF Names:	UNQ6505/PRO21383

Organism

Homo sapiens (Human) [Complete proteome]

Taxonomic identifier

9606 [NCBI]

Taxonomic lineage

Eukaryota › Metazoa › Chordata › Craniata › Vertebrata › Euteleostomi › Mammalia › Eutheria › Euarchontoglires › Primates › Haplorrhini › Catarrhini › Hominidae › Homo

Protein attributes

Sequence length	385 AA.
Sequence status	Complete.
Sequence processing	The displayed sequence is further processed into a mature form.
Protein existence	Evidence at protein level.

General annotation (Comments)

Function	Plays pivotal roles in spermatogenesis, embryo implantation, neural network formation and tumor progression. Stimulates adjacent fibroblasts to produce matrix metalloproteinases (MMPS). May target monocarboxylate transporters SLC16A1, SLC16A3 and SLC16A8 to plasma membranes of retinal pigment epithelium and neural retina. Seems to be a receptor for oligomannosidic glycans. In vitro, promotes outgrowth of astrocytic processes By similarity.
Subunit structure	Forms homooligomers in a cis-dependent manner on the plasma membrane. Forms a complex with MMP1 at the tumor cell surface. Interacts with SLC16A1 and SLC1A3; probably a BSG dimer is associated with a monocarboxylate transporter dimer. Interacts with ATP1B2, MAG and L1CAM By similarity. Interacts with AJAP1.
Subcellular location	Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein By similarity. Melanosome. Note: Colocalizes with SLC16A1 and SLC16A8 By similarity. Identified by mass spectrometry in melanosome fractions from stage I to stage IV.
Tissue specificity	Present only in vascular endothelium in non-neoplastic regions of the brain, whereas it is present in tumor cells but not in proliferating blood vessels in malignant gliomas.
Induction	Enriched on the surface of tumor cells. Up-regulated in gliomas. Its expression levels correlate with malignant potential of the tumor.
Post-translational modification	N-glycosylated. Ref.17 Ref.23 Ref.24
Sequence similarities	Contains 1 Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. Contains 1 Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain.

Ontologies

Keywords
Cellular component	Cell membrane Membrane
Coding sequence diversity	Alternative splicing Polymorphism
Domain	Immunoglobulin domain Signal Transmembrane
Ligand	Lectin Mannose-binding
Molecular function	Blood group antigen
PTM	Disulfide bond Glycoprotein Phosphoprotein
Technical term	3D-structure Complete proteome Direct protein sequencing
Gene Ontology (GO)
Biological process	cell surface receptor linked signal transduction Ref.6 Traceable author statement. Source: ProtInc pyruvate metabolic process Inferred from Experiment. Source: Reactome
Cellular component	Golgi membrane Inferred from Experiment. Source: Reactome integral to membrane Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-SubCell melanosome Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-SubCell plasma membrane Inferred from Experiment. Source: Reactome
Molecular function	lactate transmembrane transporter activity Inferred from Experiment. Source: Reactome mannose binding Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW protein binding Inferred from physical interaction. Source: IntAct
Complete GO annotation...

Binary interactions

With	Entry	#Exp.	IntAct	Notes
ATXN10	Q9UBB4	1	EBI-750709,EBI-702390
RANBP3	Q9H6Z4	1	EBI-750709,EBI-992681
RFXANK	O14593	1	EBI-750709,EBI-1057665

Alternative products

This entry describes 2 isoforms produced by alternative splicing. [Align] [Select]

Isoform 1 (identifier: P35613-1)

Also known as: Long; Basigin-2;

This isoform has been chosen as the 'canonical' sequence. All positional information in this entry refers to it. This is also the sequence that appears in the downloadable versions of the entry.

Isoform 2 (identifier: P35613-2)

The sequence of this isoform differs from the canonical sequence as follows:
     24-139: Missing.

Sequence annotation (Features)

Feature key

Position(s)

Length

Description

Graphical view

Feature identifier

Molecule processing

Signal peptide

1 – 21

21

Ref.14

Chain

22 – 385

364

Basigin

PRO_0000014518

Regions

Topological domain

138 – 323

186

Extracellular Potential

Transmembrane

324 – 344

21

Potential

Topological domain

345 – 385

41

Cytoplasmic Potential

Domain

138 – 219

82

Ig-like C2-type

Domain

221 – 315

95

Ig-like V-type

Compositional bias

356 – 359

4

Poly-Asp

Amino acid modifications

Modified residue

362

1

Phosphoserine Ref.18

Modified residue

368

1

Phosphoserine Ref.21

Glycosylation

160

1

N-linked (GlcNAc...) Ref.17 Ref.23 Ref.24

Glycosylation

268

1

N-linked (GlcNAc...) Ref.17 Ref.23 Ref.24

Glycosylation

302

1

N-linked (GlcNAc...) Potential

Disulfide bond

157 ↔ 203

By similarity

Disulfide bond

242 ↔ 301

By similarity

Natural variations

Alternative sequence

24 – 139

116

Missing in isoform 2.

VSP_011501

Natural variant

208

1

E → K in Ok(A-). Ref.25

VAR_013574

Natural variant

269

1

G → V: dbSNP rs1803203.

VAR_011720

Experimental info

Sequence conflict

328

1

F → L in BAC76828. Ref.2

Secondary structure

1

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385

Helix Strand Turn

Details...

Beta strand

142 – 148

7

Beta strand

153 – 159

7

Beta strand

170 – 172

3

Beta strand

187 – 192

6

Helix

194 – 197

4

Beta strand

201 – 204

4

Beta strand

213 – 215

3

Beta strand

224 – 226

3

Beta strand

228 – 233

6

Beta strand

238 – 243

6

Beta strand

254 – 257

4

Beta strand

260 – 262

3

Turn

271 – 273

3

Beta strand

274 – 278

5

Beta strand

283 – 287

5

Turn

292 – 294

3

Beta strand

299 – 302

4

Beta strand

312 – 319

8

Sequences

	Sequence		Length	Mass (Da)
	Isoform 1 (Long) (Basigin-2) [UniParc]. Last modified August 31, 2004. Version 2. Checksum: D74C37455BF26685	FASTA	385	42,200
	10 20 30 40 50 60 MAAALFVLLG FALLGTHGAS GAAGFVQAPL SQQRWVGGSV ELHCEAVGSP VPEIQWWFEG 70 80 90 100 110 120 QGPNDTCSQL WDGARLDRVH IHATYHQHAA STISIDTLVE EDTGTYECRA SNDPDRNHLT 130 140 150 160 170 180 RAPRVKWVRA QAVVLVLEPG TVFTTVEDLG SKILLTCSLN DSATEVTGHR WLKGGVVLKE 190 200 210 220 230 240 DALPGQKTEF KVDSDDQWGE YSCVFLPEPM GTANIQLHGP PRVKAVKSSE HINEGETAML 250 260 270 280 290 300 VCKSESVPPV TDWAWYKITD SEDKALMNGS ESRFFVSSSQ GRSELHIENL NMEADPGQYR 310 320 330 340 350 360 CNGTSSKGSD QAIITLRVRS HLAALWPFLG IVAEVLVLVT IIFIYEKRRK PEDVLDDDDA 370 380 GSAPLKSSGQ HQNDKGKNVR QRNSS
	Isoform 2. Checksum: 0C9D6BEB966AC258	FASTA	269	29,221
	10 20 30 40 50 60 MAAALFVLLG FALLGTHGAS GAAGTVFTTV EDLGSKILLT CSLNDSATEV TGHRWLKGGV 70 80 90 100 110 120 VLKEDALPGQ KTEFKVDSDD QWGEYSCVFL PEPMGTANIQ LHGPPRVKAV KSSEHINEGE 130 140 150 160 170 180 TAMLVCKSES VPPVTDWAWY KITDSEDKAL MNGSESRFFV SSSQGRSELH IENLNMEADP 190 200 210 220 230 240 GQYRCNGTSS KGSDQAIITL RVRSHLAALW PFLGIVAEVL VLVTIIFIYE KRRKPEDVLD 250 260 DDDAGSAPLK SSGQHQNDKG KNVRQRNSS

References

	« Hide 'large scale' referencesShow 'large scale' references »
[1]	"Human leukocyte activation antigen M6, a member of the Ig superfamily, is the species homologue of rat OX-47, mouse basigin, and chicken HT7 molecule." Kasinrerk W., Fiebiger E., Stefanova I., Baumruker T., Knapp W., Stockinger H. J. Immunol. 149:847-854(1992) [PubMed: 1634773] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORM 2).
[2]	"The basigin group of the immunoglobulin superfamily: complete conservation of a segment in and around transmembrane domains of human and mouse basigin and chicken HT7 antigen." Miyauchi T., Masuzawa Y., Muramatsu T. J. Biochem. 110:770-774(1991) [PubMed: 1783610] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (ISOFORM 2).
[3]	"The human tumor cell-derived collagenase stimulatory factor (renamed EMMPRIN) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily." Biswas C., Zhang Y., Decastro R., Guo H., Nakamura T., Kataoka H., Nabeshima K. Cancer Res. 55:434-439(1995) [PubMed: 7812975] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORM 2).
[4]	Wakasugi H., Scamps C., Yang G., Vancong N., Bernheim A., Tursz T., Harada N. Submitted (MAR-1996) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE (ISOFORM 2).
[5]	Decastro R., Zhang Y., Kataoka H., Coon J., Biswas C. Submitted (MAR-1996) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE (ISOFORM 2).
[6]	"Characterization of the gene for human EMMPRIN, a tumor cell surface inducer of matrix metalloproteinases." Guo H., Majmudar G., Jensen T.C., Biswas C., Toole B.P., Gordon M.K. Gene 220:99-108(1998) [PubMed: 9767135] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (ISOFORM 2).
[7]	"Regulation of EMMPRIN/CD147 expression and its function of controlling matrix metalloproteinases production and cell-surface localization in co-culture of human uterine cervical carcinoma SKG-II cells and human uterine cervical fibroblasts." Sato T., Takita M., Noguchi Y., Hirata M., Sakai T., Ito A. Submitted (OCT-2001) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE (ISOFORM 2).
[8]	Kim D., Kanai Y., Choi H., Shin H., Kim J., Teraoka H., Shigeta Y., Chairoungdua A., Babu E., Anzai N., Iribe Y., Endou H. Submitted (MAY-2002) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE (ISOFORM 2).
[9]	"Retina-specific expression of 5A11/Basigin-2, a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily." Ochrietor J.D., Moroz T.P., van Ekeris L., Clamp M.F., Jefferson S.C., deCarvalho A.C., Fadool J.M., Wistow G., Muramatsu T., Linser P.J. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44:4086-4096(2003) [PubMed: 12939332] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE (ISOFORM 1). Tissue: Retina.
[10]	"The secreted protein discovery initiative (SPDI), a large-scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins: a bioinformatics assessment." Clark H.F., Gurney A.L., Abaya E., Baker K., Baldwin D.T., Brush J., Chen J., Chow B., Chui C., Crowley C., Currell B., Deuel B., Dowd P., Eaton D., Foster J.S., Grimaldi C., Gu Q., Hass P.E. , Heldens S., Huang A., Kim H.S., Klimowski L., Jin Y., Johnson S., Lee J., Lewis L., Liao D., Mark M.R., Robbie E., Sanchez C., Schoenfeld J., Seshagiri S., Simmons L., Singh J., Smith V., Stinson J., Vagts A., Vandlen R.L., Watanabe C., Wieand D., Woods K., Xie M.-H., Yansura D.G., Yi S., Yu G., Yuan J., Zhang M., Zhang Z., Goddard A.D., Wood W.I., Godowski P.J., Gray A.M. Genome Res. 13:2265-2270(2003) [PubMed: 12975309] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM 1).
[11]	SeattleSNPs variation discovery resource Submitted (FEB-2005) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA].
[12]	"The DNA sequence and biology of human chromosome 19." Grimwood J., Gordon L.A., Olsen A.S., Terry A., Schmutz J., Lamerdin J.E., Hellsten U., Goodstein D., Couronne O., Tran-Gyamfi M., Aerts A., Altherr M., Ashworth L., Bajorek E., Black S., Branscomb E., Caenepeel S., Carrano A.V. , Caoile C., Chan Y.M., Christensen M., Cleland C.A., Copeland A., Dalin E., Dehal P., Denys M., Detter J.C., Escobar J., Flowers D., Fotopulos D., Garcia C., Georgescu A.M., Glavina T., Gomez M., Gonzales E., Groza M., Hammon N., Hawkins T., Haydu L., Ho I., Huang W., Israni S., Jett J., Kadner K., Kimball H., Kobayashi A., Larionov V., Leem S.-H., Lopez F., Lou Y., Lowry S., Malfatti S., Martinez D., McCready P.M., Medina C., Morgan J., Nelson K., Nolan M., Ovcharenko I., Pitluck S., Pollard M., Popkie A.P., Predki P., Quan G., Ramirez L., Rash S., Retterer J., Rodriguez A., Rogers S., Salamov A., Salazar A., She X., Smith D., Slezak T., Solovyev V., Thayer N., Tice H., Tsai M., Ustaszewska A., Vo N., Wagner M., Wheeler J., Wu K., Xie G., Yang J., Dubchak I., Furey T.S., DeJong P., Dickson M., Gordon D., Eichler E.E., Pennacchio L.A., Richardson P., Stubbs L., Rokhsar D.S., Myers R.M., Rubin E.M., Lucas S.M. Nature 428:529-535(2004) [PubMed: 15057824] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA].
[13]	"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)." The MGC Project Team Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004) [PubMed: 15489334] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM 2). Tissue: Eye.
[14]	"Signal peptide prediction based on analysis of experimentally verified cleavage sites." Zhang Z., Henzel W.J. Protein Sci. 13:2819-2824(2004) [PubMed: 15340161] [Abstract] Cited for: PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 22-36 (ISOFORM 1).
[15]	"Partial sequencing and characterization of the tumor cell-derived collagenase stimulatory factor." Nabeshima K., Lane W.S., Biswas C. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 285:90-96(1991) [PubMed: 1846736] [Abstract] Cited for: PARTIAL PROTEIN SEQUENCE, CHARACTERIZATION.
[16]	"Basigin (CD147): a multifunctional transmembrane protein involved in reproduction, neural function, inflammation and tumor invasion." Muramatsu T., Miyauchi T. Histol. Histopathol. 18:981-987(2003) [PubMed: 12792908] [Abstract] Cited for: REVIEW.
[17]	"Identification and quantification of N-linked glycoproteins using hydrazide chemistry, stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometry." Zhang H., Li X.-J., Martin D.B., Aebersold R. Nat. Biotechnol. 21:660-666(2003) [PubMed: 12754519] [Abstract] Cited for: GLYCOSYLATION AT ASN-160 AND ASN-268.
[18]	"Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks." Olsen J.V., Blagoev B., Gnad F., Macek B., Kumar C., Mortensen P., Mann M. Cell 127:635-648(2006) [PubMed: 17081983] [Abstract] Cited for: PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-362, MASS SPECTROMETRY. Tissue: Epithelium.
[19]	"Proteomic and bioinformatic characterization of the biogenesis and function of melanosomes." Chi A., Valencia J.C., Hu Z.-Z., Watabe H., Yamaguchi H., Mangini N.J., Huang H., Canfield V.A., Cheng K.C., Yang F., Abe R., Yamagishi S., Shabanowitz J., Hearing V.J., Wu C., Appella E., Hunt D.F. J. Proteome Res. 5:3135-3144(2006) [PubMed: 17081065] [Abstract] Cited for: SUBCELLULAR LOCATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS], MASS SPECTROMETRY.
[20]	"junction protein shrew-1 influences cell invasion and interacts with invasion-promoting protein CD147." Schreiner A., Ruonala M., Jakob V., Suthaus J., Boles E., Wouters F., Starzinski-Powitz A. Mol. Biol. Cell 18:1272-1281(2007) [PubMed: 17267690] [Abstract] Cited for: INTERACTION WITH AJAP1.
[21]	"Global proteomic profiling of phosphopeptides using electron transfer dissociation tandem mass spectrometry." Molina H., Horn D.M., Tang N., Mathivanan S., Pandey A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104:2199-2204(2007) [PubMed: 17287340] [Abstract] Cited for: PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-368, MASS SPECTROMETRY.
[22]	Colinge J., Superti-Furga G., Bennett K.L. Submitted (OCT-2008) to UniProtKB Cited for: IDENTIFICATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS], MASS SPECTROMETRY.
[23]	"Glycoproteomics analysis of human liver tissue by combination of multiple enzyme digestion and hydrazide chemistry." Chen R., Jiang X., Sun D., Han G., Wang F., Ye M., Wang L., Zou H. J. Proteome Res. 8:651-661(2009) [PubMed: 19159218] [Abstract] Cited for: GLYCOSYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT ASN-160 AND ASN-268, MASS SPECTROMETRY. Tissue: Liver.
[24]	"Mass-spectrometric identification and relative quantification of N-linked cell surface glycoproteins." Wollscheid B., Bausch-Fluck D., Henderson C., O'Brien R., Bibel M., Schiess R., Aebersold R., Watts J.D. Nat. Biotechnol. 27:378-386(2009) [PubMed: 19349973] [Abstract] Cited for: GLYCOSYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT ASN-160 AND ASN-268, MASS SPECTROMETRY.
[25]	"The Ok(a) blood group antigen is a marker for the M6 leukocyte activation antigen, the human homolog of OX-47 antigen, basigin and neurothelin, an immunoglobulin superfamily molecule that is widely expressed in human cells and tissues." Spring F.A., Holmes C.H., Simpson K.L., Mawby W.J., Mattes M.J., Okubo Y., Parsons S.F. Eur. J. Immunol. 27:891-897(1997) [PubMed: 9130641] [Abstract] Cited for: VARIANT LYS-208.
+	Additional computationally mapped references.

Web resources

dbRBC/BGMUT

Blood group antigen gene mutation database

SeattleSNPs

Cross-references

Sequence databases

EMBLGenBankDDBJ

X64364 mRNA. Translation: CAA45716.1.
D45131 mRNA. Translation: BAA08109.1.
L10240 mRNA. Translation: AAA68936.1.
M87879 mRNA. Translation: AAA91084.1.
L20471 mRNA. Translation: AAB41120.1.
AF042854 , AF042848, AF042849, AF042850, AF042851, AF042852, AF042853 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAD10704.1.
AB072923 mRNA. Translation: BAB88938.1.
AB085790 mRNA. Translation: BAC76828.1.
AF548371 mRNA. Translation: AAN40694.1.
AY358113 mRNA. Translation: AAQ88480.1.
AY942196 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAX20110.1.
AC005559 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAC33279.1.
BC009040 mRNA. Translation: AAH09040.1.

IPI

IPI00019906.
IPI00218019.

PIR

A46506.

RefSeq

NP_001719.2.
NP_940991.1.
NP_940993.1.

UniGene

Hs.591382

3D structure databases

PDBPDBe

Entry	Method	Resolution (Å)	Chain	Positions	PDBsum
3B5H	X-ray	2.80	A/B/C/D	140-321	[»]

ModBase

Search...

Protein-protein interaction databases

IntAct

P35613. 5 interactions.

STRING

P35613.

Protein family/group databases

TCDB

8.A.23.1.1. basigin family.

PTM databases

PhosphoSite

P35613.

Proteomic databases

PRIDE

P35613.

Genome annotation databases

Ensembl

ENST00000333511; ENSP00000333769; ENSG00000172270; Homo sapiens. [Genome view]
ENST00000346916; ENSP00000344707; ENSG00000172270; Homo sapiens. [Genome view]
ENST00000353555; ENSP00000343809; ENSG00000172270; Homo sapiens. [Genome view]
ENST00000396012; ENSP00000379333; ENSG00000172270; Homo sapiens. [Genome view]

GeneID

682.

KEGG

hsa:682.

UCSC

uc002loz.1. human.

Organism-specific databases

CTD

682.

GeneCards

GC19P000522.

H-InvDB

HIX0014556.

HGNC

HGNC:1116. BSG.

HPA

CAB002427.

MIM

109480. gene.
111380. phenotype.

PharmGKB

PA25433.

GenAtlas

Search...

Phylogenomic databases

HOGENOM

P35613.

HOVERGEN

P35613.

OMA

DRNHLTR.

Enzyme and pathway databases

Pathway_Interaction_DB

syndecan_1_pathway. Syndecan-1-mediated signaling events.

Reactome

REACT_1046. Pyruvate metabolism and TCA cycle.
REACT_13552. Integrin cell surface interactions.
REACT_474. Metabolism of carbohydrates.
REACT_604. Hemostasis.
REACT_6900. Signaling in Immune system.

Gene expression databases

ArrayExpress

P35613.

Bgee

P35613.

CleanEx

HS_BSG.

Genevestigator

P35613.

GermOnline

ENSG00000172270. Homo sapiens.

Family and domain databases

InterPro

IPR013151. Ig.
IPR007110. Ig-like.
IPR013783. Ig-like_fold.
IPR003599. Ig_sub.
IPR003598. Ig_sub2.
[Graphical view]

Gene3D

G3DSA:2.60.40.10. Ig-like_fold. 2 hits.

Pfam

PF00047. ig. 2 hits.
[Graphical view]

SMART

SM00409. IG. 1 hit.
SM00408. IGc2. 1 hit.
[Graphical view]

PROSITE

PS50835. IG_LIKE. 3 hits.
[Graphical view]

ProtoNet

Search...

Other Resources

NextBio

2802.

PMAP-CutDB

P35613.

SOURCE

Search...

Entry information

Entry name

BASI_HUMAN

Accession

Primary (citable) accession number: P35613
Secondary accession number(s): Q7Z796, Q8IZL7

Entry history

Integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:	June 1, 1994
Last sequence update:	August 31, 2004
Last modified:	November 3, 2009
This is version 111 of the entry and version 2 of the sequence. [Complete history]

Entry status

Reviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)

Annotation project

HPI (Human Proteome Initiative)

Disclaimer

Any medical or genetic information present in this entry is provided for research, educational and informational purposes only. It is not in any way intended to be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or care.