Reviewed, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot P27661 (H2AX_MOUSE)

Names and origin

Protein names

Recommended name:
    Histone H2A.x
      Short name=H2a/x

Gene names

Name:	H2afx
Synonyms:	H2a.x, H2ax, Hist5-2ax

Organism

Mus musculus (Mouse)

Taxonomic identifier

10090 [NCBI]

Taxonomic lineage

Eukaryota › Metazoa › Chordata › Craniata › Vertebrata › Euteleostomi › Mammalia › Eutheria › Euarchontoglires › Glires › Rodentia › Sciurognathi › Muroidea › Muridae › Murinae › Mus

Protein attributes

Sequence length	143 AA.
Sequence status	Complete.
Sequence processing	The displayed sequence is further processed into a mature form.
Protein existence	Evidence at protein level.

General annotation (Comments)

Function	Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. Required for checkpoint-mediated arrest of cell cycle progression in response to low doses of ionizing radiation and for efficient repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) specifically when modified by C-terminal phosphorylation. Ref.8 Ref.10 Ref.11 Ref.12 Ref.13 Ref.14 Ref.15 Ref.17 Ref.18 Ref.19 Ref.21 Ref.22 Ref.23 Ref.24 Ref.25
Subunit structure	The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA. May interact with numerous proteins required for DNA damage signaling and repair when phosphorylated on Ser-140. These include MDC1, TP53BP1 and the MRN complex, composed of MRE11A, RAD50, and NBN. Interaction with the MRN complex is likely mediated at least in part by NBN. May also interact with DHX9/NDHII when phosphorylated on Ser-140.
Subcellular location	Nucleus. Ref.8 Ref.10 Ref.11 Ref.21 Ref.7 Ref.9 Ref.20
Tissue specificity	Most abundant in testis, thymus and spleen. Ref.9
Developmental stage	Synthesized in G1 as well as in S-phase.
Domain	The [ST]-Q motif constitutes a recognition sequence for kinases from the PI3/PI4-kinase family.
Post-translational modification	Phosphorylated on Ser-140 (to form gamma-H2AFX or H2AX139ph) in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) generated by exogenous genotoxic agents, by stalled replication forks, by meiotic recombination events and during immunoglobulin class switching in lymphocytes. Phosphorylation can extend up to several thousand nucleosomes from the actual site of the DSB and may mark the surrounding chromatin for recruitment of proteins required for DNA damage signaling and repair. Widespread phosphorylation may also serve to amplify the damage signal or aid repair of persistent lesions. Phosphorylation of Ser-140 (H2AX139ph) in response to ionizing radiation is mediated by both ATM and PRKDC while defects in DNA replication induce Ser-140 phosphorylation (H2AX139ph) subsequent to activation of ATR and PRKDC. Dephosphorylation of Ser-140 by PP2A is required for DNA DSB repair. In meiosis, Ser-140 phosphorylation (H2AX139ph) first occurs at synaptonemal complexes during leptotene and is an ATM-dependent response to the formation of programmed DSBs by SPO11. Ser-140 phosphorylation (H2AX139ph) subsequently occurs at unsynapsed regions of both autosomes and the XY bivalent during zygotene and is ATR- and BRCA1-dependent. Ser-140 phosphorylation (H2AX139ph) may also be required for transcriptional repression of unsynapsed chromatin and meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI), whereby the X and Y chromosomes condense in pachytene to form the heterochromatic XY-body. During immunoglobulin class switch recombination in lymphocytes, Ser-140 phosphorylation (H2AX139ph) at sites of DNA-recombination requires the activation-induced cytidine deaminase AICDA. Phosphorylation at Tyr-143 (H2AXY142ph) by BAZ1B/WSTF determines the relative recruitment of either DNA repair or pro-apoptotic factors. Phosphorylation at Tyr-143 (H2AXY142ph) favors the recruitment of APBB1/FE65 and pro-apoptosis factors such as MAPK8/JNK1, triggering apoptosis. In contrast, dephosphorylation of Tyr-143 by EYA proteins (EYA1, EYA2, EYA3 or EYA4) favors the recruitment of MDC1-containing DNA repair complexes to the tail of phosphorylated Ser-140 (H2AX139ph). Monoubiquitination of Lys-120 (H2AXK119ub) by RING1 and RNF2/RING2 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression Probable. Following DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), it is ubiquitinated through 'Lys-63' linkage of ubiquitin moieties by the E2 ligase UBE2N and the E3 ligases RNF8 and RNF168, leading to the recruitment of repair proteins to sites of DNA damage. Monoubiquitination and ionizing radiation-induced 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination are distinct events By similarity.
Miscellaneous	Haploinsufficient for the suppression of genomic instability. This phenotype is further exacerbated in the absence of TP53.
Sequence similarities	Belongs to the histone H2A family.

Ontologies

Keywords
Biological process	Cell cycle DNA damage DNA recombination DNA repair Meiosis
Cellular component	Chromosomal protein Nucleosome core Nucleus
Ligand	DNA-binding
PTM	Acetylation Isopeptide bond Phosphoprotein Ubl conjugation
Gene Ontology (GO)
Biological process	double-strand break repair via homologous recombination Ref.12 Inferred from mutant phenotype. Source: MGI meiosis Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW nucleosome assembly Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: InterPro spermatogenesis Ref.12 Inferred from mutant phenotype. Source: MGI
Cellular component	XY body Inferred from direct assay. Source: MGI male germ cell nucleus Inferred from direct assay. Source: MGI nucleosome Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW replication fork Inferred from direct assay. Source: MGI
Molecular function	damaged DNA binding Ref.12 Inferred from direct assay. Source: MGI protein binding Ref.26 Inferred from physical interaction. Source: UniProtKB
Complete GO annotation...

Sequence annotation (Features)

	Feature key	Position(s)	Length	Description	Graphical view	Feature identifier
Molecule processing
	Initiator methionine	1	1	Removed By similarity
	Chain	2 – 143	142	Histone H2A.x		PRO_0000055243
Regions
	Motif	140 – 141	2	[ST]-Q motif
Amino acid modifications
	Modified residue	2	1	N-acetylserine Ref.5
	Modified residue	2	1	Phosphoserine Ref.5
	Modified residue	140	1	Phosphoserine; by ATM, ATR and PRKDC Ref.8 Ref.10 Ref.17 Ref.18 Ref.25 Ref.7 Ref.9 Ref.20 Ref.6
	Modified residue	143	1	Phosphotyrosine; by WSTF
	Cross-link	120		Glycyl lysine isopeptide (Lys-Gly) (interchain with G-Cter in ubiquitin) Probable
Experimental info
	Mutagenesis	137	1	S → A: Increased genomic instability and radiation sensitivity; when associated with A-140. Ref.14
	Mutagenesis	140	1	S → A: Increased genomic instability and radiation sensitivity; when associated with A-137. Reduced homologous recombination. Ref.14 Ref.23

Sequences

	Sequence		Length	Mass (Da)
	P27661-1 [UniParc]. Last modified January 23, 2007. Version 2. Checksum: A3683760C13CC2B9	FASTA	143	15,143
	10 20 30 40 50 60 MSGRGKTGGK ARAKAKSRSS RAGLQFPVGR VHRLLRKGHY AERVGAGAPV YLAAVLEYLT 70 80 90 100 110 120 AEILELAGNA ARDNKKTRII PRHLQLAIRN DEELNKLLGG VTIAQGGVLP NIQAVLLPKK 130 140 SSATVGPKAP AVGKKASQAS QEY

References

	« Hide 'large scale' referencesShow 'large scale' references »
[1]	"Polyadenylated and 3' processed mRNAs are transcribed from the mouse histone H2A.X gene." Nagata T., Kato T., Morita T., Nozaki M., Kubota H., Yagi H., Matsushiro A. Nucleic Acids Res. 19:2441-2447(1991) [PubMed: 2041781] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA]. Strain: 129/Sv.
[2]	"Structure of the mouse H2A.X gene and physical linkage to the UPS locus on chromosome 9: assignment of the human H2A.X gene to 11q23 by sequence analysis." Porcher C., Grandchamp B. Genomics 25:312-313(1995) [PubMed: 7774939] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]. Strain: C3H. Tissue: Placenta.
[3]	"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)." The MGC Project Team Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004) [PubMed: 15489334] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]. Strain: C57BL/6J. Tissue: Mammary gland.
[4]	"Histone 2A, a heteromorphous family of eight protein species." West M.H.P., Bonner W.M. Biochemistry 19:3238-3245(1980) [PubMed: 7407044] [Abstract] Cited for: UBIQUITINATION.
[5]	"Quantitative determination of histone modification. H2A acetylation and phosphorylation." Pantazis P., Bonner W.M. J. Biol. Chem. 256:4669-4675(1981) [PubMed: 7217105] [Abstract] Cited for: PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-2, ACETYLATION AT SER-2.
[6]	"DNA double-stranded breaks induce histone H2AX phosphorylation on serine 139." Rogakou E.P., Pilch D.R., Orr A.H., Ivanova V.S., Bonner W.M. J. Biol. Chem. 273:5858-5868(1998) [PubMed: 9488723] [Abstract] Cited for: PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-140.
[7]	"ATM phosphorylates histone H2AX in response to DNA double-strand breaks." Burma S., Chen B.P., Murphy M., Kurimasa A., Chen D.J. J. Biol. Chem. 276:42462-42467(2001) [PubMed: 11571274] [Abstract] Cited for: SUBCELLULAR LOCATION, PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-140.
[8]	"AID is required to initiate Nbs1/gamma-H2AX focus formation and mutations at sites of class switching." Petersen S., Casellas R., Reina-San-Martin B., Chen H.T., Difilippantonio M.J., Wilson P.C., Hanitsch L., Celeste A., Muramatsu M., Pilch D.R., Redon C., Ried T., Bonner W.M., Honjo T., Nussenzweig M.C., Nussenzweig A. Nature 414:660-665(2001) [PubMed: 11740565] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION, SUBCELLULAR LOCATION, PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-140.
[9]	"Recombinational DNA double-strand breaks in mice precede synapsis." Mahadevaiah S.K., Turner J.M.A., Baudat F., Rogakou E.P., de Boer P., Blanco-Rodriguez J., Jasin M., Keeney S., Bonner W.M., Burgoyne P.S. Nat. Genet. 27:271-276(2001) [PubMed: 11242108] [Abstract] Cited for: SUBCELLULAR LOCATION, PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-140, TISSUE SPECIFICITY.
[10]	"DNA damage-induced G2-M checkpoint activation by histone H2AX and 53BP1." Fernandez-Capetillo O., Chen H.-T., Celeste A., Ward I., Romanienko P.J., Morales J.C., Naka K., Xia Z., Camerini-Otero R.D., Motoyama N., Carpenter P.B., Bonner W.M., Chen J., Nussenzweig A. Nat. Cell Biol. 4:993-997(2002) [PubMed: 12447390] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION, SUBCELLULAR LOCATION, PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-140.
[11]	"Increased ionizing radiation sensitivity and genomic instability in the absence of histone H2AX." Bassing C.H., Chua K.F., Sekiguchi J., Suh H., Whitlow S.R., Fleming J.C., Monroe B.C., Ciccone D.N., Yan C., Vlasakova K., Livingston D.M., Ferguson D.O., Scully R., Alt F.W. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99:8173-8178(2002) [PubMed: 12034884] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION, SUBCELLULAR LOCATION.
[12]	"Genomic instability in mice lacking histone H2AX." Celeste A., Petersen S., Romanienko P.J., Fernandez-Capetillo O., Chen H.T., Sedelnikova O.A., Reina-San-Martin B., Coppola V., Meffre E., Difilippantonio M.J., Redon C., Pilch D.R., Olaru A., Eckhaus M., Camerini-Otero R.D., Tessarollo L., Livak F., Manova K. , Bonner W.M., Nussenzweig M.C., Nussenzweig A. Science 296:922-927(2002) [PubMed: 11934988] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION.
[13]	"Histone H2AX: a dosage-dependent suppressor of oncogenic translocations and tumors." Bassing C.H., Suh H., Ferguson D.O., Chua K.F., Manis J., Eckersdorff M., Gleason M., Bronson R., Lee C., Alt F.W. Cell 114:359-370(2003) [PubMed: 12914700] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION.
[14]	"H2AX haploinsufficiency modifies genomic stability and tumor susceptibility." Celeste A., Difilippantonio S., Difilippantonio M.J., Fernandez-Capetillo O., Pilch D.R., Sedelnikova O.A., Eckhaus M., Ried T., Bonner W.M., Nussenzweig A. Cell 114:371-383(2003) [PubMed: 12914701] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION, MUTAGENESIS OF SER-137 AND SER-140.
[15]	"H2AX is required for chromatin remodeling and inactivation of sex chromosomes in male mouse meiosis." Fernandez-Capetillo O., Mahadevaiah S.K., Celeste A., Romanienko P.J., Camerini-Otero R.D., Bonner W.M., Manova K., Burgoyne P., Nussenzweig A. Dev. Cell 4:497-508(2003) [PubMed: 12689589] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION.
[16]	"Accumulation of checkpoint protein 53BP1 at DNA breaks involves its binding to phosphorylated histone H2AX." Ward I.M., Minn K., Jorda K.G., Chen J. J. Biol. Chem. 278:19579-19582(2003) [PubMed: 12697768] [Abstract] Cited for: INTERACTION WITH TP53BP1.
[17]	"Phosphorylation of histone H2AX and activation of Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1 in response to replication-dependent DNA double-strand breaks induced by mammalian DNA topoisomerase I cleavage complexes." Furuta T., Takemura H., Liao Z.-Y., Aune G.J., Redon C., Sedelnikova O.A., Pilch D.R., Rogakou E.P., Celeste A., Chen H.T., Nussenzweig A., Aladjem M.I., Bonner W.M., Pommier Y. J. Biol. Chem. 278:20303-20312(2003) [PubMed: 12660252] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION, PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-140.
[18]	"H2AX regulates meiotic telomere clustering." Fernandez-Capetillo O., Liebe B., Scherthan H., Nussenzweig A. J. Cell Biol. 163:15-20(2003) [PubMed: 14530383] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION, PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-140.
[19]	"Histone H2AX phosphorylation is dispensable for the initial recognition of DNA breaks." Celeste A., Fernandez-Capetillo O., Kruhlak M.J., Pilch D.R., Staudt D.W., Lee A., Bonner R.F., Bonner W.M., Nussenzweig A. Nat. Cell Biol. 5:675-679(2003) [PubMed: 12792649] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION.
[20]	"ATM and DNA-PK function redundantly to phosphorylate H2AX after exposure to ionizing radiation." Stiff T., O'Driscoll M., Rief N., Iwabuchi K., Loebrich M., Jeggo P.A. Cancer Res. 64:2390-2396(2004) [PubMed: 15059890] [Abstract] Cited for: SUBCELLULAR LOCATION, PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-140.
[21]	"BRCA1, histone H2AX phosphorylation, and male meiotic sex chromosome inactivation." Turner J.M.A., Aprelikova O., Xu X., Wang R., Kim S., Chandramouli G.V.R., Barrett J.C., Burgoyne P.S., Deng C.-X. Curr. Biol. 14:2135-2142(2004) [PubMed: 15589157] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION, SUBCELLULAR LOCATION.
[22]	"A pathway of double-strand break rejoining dependent upon ATM, Artemis, and proteins locating to gamma-H2AX foci." Riballo E., Kuehne M., Rief N., Doherty A., Smith G.C.M., Recio M.-J., Reis C., Dahm K., Fricke A., Krempler A., Parker A.R., Jackson S.P., Gennery A., Jeggo P.A., Loebrich M. Mol. Cell 16:715-724(2004) [PubMed: 15574327] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION.
[23]	"Control of sister chromatid recombination by histone H2AX." Xie A., Puget N., Shim I., Odate S., Jarzyna I., Bassing C.H., Alt F.W., Scully R. Mol. Cell 16:1017-1025(2004) [PubMed: 15610743] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION, MUTAGENESIS OF SER-140.
[24]	"Functional interaction of H2AX, NBS1, and p53 in ATM-dependent DNA damage responses and tumor suppression." Kang J., Ferguson D., Song H., Bassing C., Eckersdorff M., Alt F.W., Xu Y. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25:661-670(2005) [PubMed: 15632067] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION.
[25]	"Silencing of unsynapsed meiotic chromosomes in the mouse." Turner J.M.A., Mahadevaiah S.K., Fernandez-Capetillo O., Nussenzweig A., Xu X., Deng C.-X., Burgoyne P.S. Nat. Genet. 37:41-47(2005) [PubMed: 15580272] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION, PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-140.
[26]	"WSTF regulates the H2A.X DNA damage response via a novel tyrosine kinase activity." Xiao A., Li H., Shechter D., Ahn S.H., Fabrizio L.A., Erdjument-Bromage H., Ishibe-Murakami S., Wang B., Tempst P., Hofmann K., Patel D.J., Elledge S.J., Allis C.D. Nature 457:57-62(2009) [PubMed: 19092802] [Abstract] Cited for: PHOSPHORYLATION AT TYR-143.
+	Additional computationally mapped references.

Cross-references

Sequence databases
EMBLGenBankDDBJ	X58069 mRNA. Translation: CAA41099.1. Z35401 Genomic DNA. Translation: CAA84585.1. BC005468 mRNA. Translation: AAH05468.1. BC010336 mRNA. Translation: AAH10336.1.
IPI	IPI00230264.
PIR	I48406.
RefSeq	NP_034566.1.
UniGene	Mm.245931
3D structure databases
HSSP	HSSP built from PDB template 1AOI based on UniProtKB P06897.
SMR	P27661. Positions 2-123.
ModBase	Search...
Protein-protein interaction databases
IntAct	P27661. 1 interaction.
PTM databases
PhosphoSite	P27661.
Proteomic databases
PRIDE	P27661.
Genome annotation databases
Ensembl	ENSMUSG00000049932. Mus musculus. [Contig view]
GeneID	15270.
KEGG	mmu:15270.
Organism-specific databases
MGI	MGI:102688. H2afx.
Phylogenomic databases
HOVERGEN	P27661.
OMA	P27661. SQASQEY.
Gene expression databases
ArrayExpress	P27661.
Bgee	P27661.
CleanEx	MM_H2AFX.
GermOnline	ENSMUSG00000049932. Mus musculus.
Family and domain databases
InterPro	IPR007125. Histone_core_D. IPR002119. Histone_H2A. [Graphical view]
PANTHER	PTHR23430. Histone_H2A. 1 hit.
Pfam	PF00125. Histone. 1 hit. [Graphical view]
PRINTS	PR00620. HISTONEH2A.
ProDom	PD000522. Histone_H2A. 1 hit. [Graphical view] [Entries sharing at least one domain]
SMART	SM00414. H2A. 1 hit. [Graphical view]
PROSITE	PS00046. HISTONE_H2A. 1 hit. [Graphical view]
ProtoNet	Search...
Other Resources
NextBio	287897.
SOURCE	Search...

Entry information

Entry name

H2AX_MOUSE

Accession

Primary (citable) accession number: P27661

Entry history

Integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:	August 1, 1992
Last sequence update:	January 23, 2007
Last modified:	June 16, 2009
This is version 91 of the entry and version 2 of the sequence. [Complete history]

Entry status

Reviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)

Annotation project

HPI (Human Proteome Initiative)