P22466 (GALA_HUMAN) Reviewed, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

Names and origin

Protein names

Recommended name:
Galanin peptides

Cleaved into the following 2 chains:

1. Galanin
2. Galanin message-associated peptide
   Short name=GMAP

Gene names

Name:	GAL
Synonyms:	GAL1, GALN, GLNN

Organism

Homo sapiens (Human) [Reference proteome]

Taxonomic identifier

9606 [NCBI]

Taxonomic lineage

cellular organisms › Eukaryota › Opisthokonta › Metazoa › Eumetazoa › Bilateria › Deuterostomia › Chordata › Craniata › Vertebrata › Gnathostomata › Teleostomi › Euteleostomi › Sarcopterygii › Tetrapoda › Amniota › Mammalia › Theria › Eutheria › Euarchontoglires › Primates › Haplorrhini › Simiiformes › Catarrhini › Hominoidea › Hominidae › Homininae › Homo

Protein attributes

Sequence length	123 AA.
Sequence status	Complete.
Sequence processing	The displayed sequence is further processed into a mature form.
Protein existence	Evidence at protein level

General annotation (Comments)

Function	Contracts smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract, regulates growth hormone release, modulates insulin release, and may be involved in the control of adrenal secretion.
Subcellular location	Secreted.
Sequence similarities	Belongs to the galanin family.

Ontologies

Keywords
Cellular component	Secreted
Coding sequence diversity	Polymorphism
Domain	Signal
Molecular function	Hormone Neuropeptide
PTM	Cleavage on pair of basic residues Phosphoprotein
Technical term	Complete proteome Direct protein sequencing Reference proteome
Gene Ontology (GO)
Biological_process	feeding behavior Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: Compara growth hormone secretion Non-traceable author statement. Source: UniProtKB inflammatory response Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: Compara insulin secretion Non-traceable author statement Ref.2. Source: UniProtKB negative regulation of lymphocyte proliferation Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: Compara nervous system development Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: Compara neuropeptide signaling pathway Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: UniProtKB-KW positive regulation of apoptotic process Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: Compara regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: Compara response to drug Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: Compara response to estrogen stimulus Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: Compara response to insulin stimulus Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: Compara smooth muscle contraction Non-traceable author statement. Source: UniProtKB
Cellular_component	Golgi apparatus Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: Compara extracellular region Traceable author statement. Source: Reactome secretory granule Inferred from electronic annotation. Source: Compara
Molecular_function	neuropeptide hormone activity Non-traceable author statement Ref.5. Source: UniProtKB
Complete GO annotation...

Sequence annotation (Features)

	Feature key	Position(s)	Length	Description	Graphical view	Feature identifier
Molecule processing
	Signal peptide	1 – 19	19	Potential
	Propeptide	20 – 30	11			PRO_0000010448
	Peptide	33 – 62	30	Galanin Ref.4 Ref.5		PRO_0000010449
	Peptide	65 – 123	59	Galanin message-associated peptide		PRO_0000010450
Amino acid modifications
	Modified residue	117	1	Phosphoserine Ref.6 Ref.9
Natural variations
	Natural variant	16	1	A → V. Corresponds to variant rs34725707 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ].		VAR_049121

Sequences

	Sequence		Length	Mass (Da)
	P22466 [UniParc]. Last modified November 1, 1997. Version 3. Checksum: 48D2170AF1248E6D	FASTA	123	13,302
	10 20 30 40 50 60 MARGSALLLA SLLLAAALSA SAGLWSPAKE KRGWTLNSAG YLLGPHAVGN HRSFSDKNGL 70 80 90 100 110 120 TSKRELRPED DMKPGSFDRS IPENNIMRTI IEFLSFLHLK EAGALDRLLD LPAAASSEDI ERS

References

	« Hide 'large scale' referencesShow 'large scale' references »
[1]	"Genomic organization and localization of the gene encoding human preprogalanin." Evans H., Baumgartner M., Shine J., Herzog H. Genomics 18:473-477(1993) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] OF 1-45. Tissue: Blood.
[2]	"Sequence of human galanin and its inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from RIN cells." McKnight G.L., Karlsen A.E., Kowalyk S., Mathewes S.L., Sheppard P.O., O'Hara P.J., Taborsky G.L. Diabetes 41:82-87(1992) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] OF 16-123.
[3]	"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)." The MGC Project Team Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]. Tissue: Cervix.
[4]	"Human galanin: primary structure and identification of two molecular forms." Bersani M., Johnsen A.H., Hoejrup P., Dunning B.E., Andreasen J.J., Holst J.J. FEBS Lett. 283:189-194(1991) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 33-62.
[5]	"Isolation and primary structure of pituitary human galanin, a 30-residue nonamidated neuropeptide." Schmidt W.E., Kratzin H., Eckart K., Drevs D., Mundkowski G., Clemens A., Katsoulis S., Schaefer H., Gallwitz B., Creutzfeldt W. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88:11435-11439(1991) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 33-62, SYNTHESIS. Tissue: Pituitary.
[6]	"Identification and characterization of phosphorylated proteins in the human pituitary." Giorgianni F., Beranova-Giorgianni S., Desiderio D.M. Proteomics 4:587-598(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-117. Tissue: Pituitary.
[7]	"Phosphoproteomic analysis of the human pituitary." Beranova-Giorgianni S., Zhao Y., Desiderio D.M., Giorgianni F. Pituitary 9:109-120(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]. Tissue: Pituitary.
[8]	"A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation." Dephoure N., Zhou C., Villen J., Beausoleil S.A., Bakalarski C.E., Elledge S.J., Gygi S.P. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105:10762-10767(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]. Tissue: Cervix carcinoma.
[9]	"System-wide temporal characterization of the proteome and phosphoproteome of human embryonic stem cell differentiation." Rigbolt K.T., Prokhorova T.A., Akimov V., Henningsen J., Johansen P.T., Kratchmarova I., Kassem M., Mann M., Olsen J.V., Blagoev B. Sci. Signal. 4:RS3-RS3(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-117, MASS SPECTROMETRY.
+	Additional computationally mapped references.

Cross-references

Sequence databases
EMBL GenBank DDBJ	L11144 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAA18248.1. M77140 mRNA. Translation: AAA60178.1. BC030241 mRNA. Translation: AAH30241.1.
IPI	IPI00026637.
PIR	RHHUN. A49353.
RefSeq	NP_057057.2. NM_015973.3.
UniGene	Hs.278959.
3D structure databases
ProteinModelPortal	P22466.
ModBase	Search...
Protein-protein interaction databases
MINT	MINT-7232142.
STRING	9606.ENSP00000265643.
PTM databases
PhosphoSite	P22466.
Polymorphism databases
DMDM	2506449.
Proteomic databases
PaxDb	P22466.
PRIDE	P22466.
Protocols and materials databases
DNASU	51083.
StructuralBiologyKnowledgebase	Search...
Genome annotation databases
Ensembl	ENST00000265643; ENSP00000265643; ENSG00000069482.
GeneID	51083.
KEGG	hsa:51083.
UCSC	uc001oob.3. human.
Organism-specific databases
CTD	51083.
GeneCards	GC11P068451.
HGNC	HGNC:4114. GAL.
HPA	CAB000462.
MIM	137035. gene.
neXtProt	NX_P22466.
PharmGKB	PA28529.
GenAtlas	Search...
Phylogenomic databases
eggNOG	NOG44932.
HOGENOM	HOG000112690.
HOVERGEN	HBG005799.
InParanoid	P22466.
KO	K05244.
OMA	GPHAIDN.
OrthoDB	EOG43N7F9.
PhylomeDB	P22466.
Enzyme and pathway databases
Reactome	REACT_111102. Signal Transduction.
Gene expression databases
Bgee	P22466.
CleanEx	HS_GAL.
Genevestigator	P22466.
GermOnline	ENSG00000069482. Homo sapiens.
Family and domain databases
InterPro	IPR008174. Galanin. IPR008175. Galanin_pre. IPR013068. GMAP. [Graphical view]
Pfam	PF01296. Galanin. 1 hit. PF06540. GMAP. 1 hit. [Graphical view]
PRINTS	PR00273. GALANIN.
ProDom	PD005962. Galanin. 1 hit. PD012185. GMAP. 1 hit. [Graphical view] [Entries sharing at least one domain]
SMART	SM00071. Galanin. 1 hit. [Graphical view]
PROSITE	PS00861. GALANIN. 1 hit. [Graphical view]
ProtoNet	Search...
Other
BindingDB	P22466.
ChiTaRS	GAL. human.
GenomeRNAi	51083.
NextBio	53733.
SOURCE	Search...

Entry information

Entry name

GALA_HUMAN

Accession

Primary (citable) accession number: P22466
Secondary accession number(s): Q14413

Entry history

Integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:	August 1, 1991
Last sequence update:	November 1, 1997
Last modified:	April 3, 2013
This is version 124 of the entry and version 3 of the sequence. [Complete history]

Entry status

Reviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)

Annotation program

Chordata Protein Annotation Program

Disclaimer

Any medical or genetic information present in this entry is provided for research, educational and informational purposes only. It is not in any way intended to be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or care.