ID HIS1_HUMAN Reviewed; 57 AA. AC P15515; DT 01-APR-1990, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. DT 01-FEB-1991, sequence version 2. DT 27-MAR-2024, entry version 171. DE RecName: Full=Histatin-1; DE Short=Hst1 {ECO:0000303|PubMed:35970844}; DE AltName: Full=Histidine-rich protein 1 {ECO:0000303|PubMed:3286634}; DE AltName: Full=Post-PB protein; DE Short=PPB; DE Contains: DE RecName: Full=His1-(31-57)-peptide; DE Short=His1 31/57; DE AltName: Full=His1-(12-38)-peptide {ECO:0000303|PubMed:20973643}; DE Short=His1 12/38 {ECO:0000303|PubMed:20973643}; DE AltName: Full=Histatin 2 {ECO:0000303|PubMed:20973643}; DE Short=Hst2 {ECO:0000303|PubMed:35970844}; DE AltName: Full=Histatin-2; DE Flags: Precursor; GN Name=HTN1 {ECO:0000312|HGNC:HGNC:5283}; Synonyms=HIS1; OS Homo sapiens (Human). OC Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; OC Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; OC Homo. OX NCBI_TaxID=9606; RN [1] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA]. RX PubMed=2719677; DOI=10.1016/0006-291x(89)92460-1; RA Sabatini L.M., Azen E.A.; RT "Histatins, a family of salivary histidine-rich proteins, are encoded by at RT least two loci (HIS1 and HIS2)."; RL Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 160:495-502(1989). RN [2] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]. RC TISSUE=Skeletal muscle; RX PubMed=15489334; DOI=10.1101/gr.2596504; RG The MGC Project Team; RT "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: RT the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)."; RL Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004). RN [3] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]. RX PubMed=8336540; DOI=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040022; RA Chen Z.W.; RT "Nucleotide sequence analysis of the human salivary protein genes HIS1 and RT HIS2, and evolution of the STATH/HIS gene family."; RL Mol. Biol. Evol. 10:497-511(1993). RN [4] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] OF 14-57. RX PubMed=2773933; RA Vanderspek J.C., Wyandt H.E., Skare J.C., Milunsky A., Oppenheim F.G., RA Troxler R.F.; RT "Localization of the genes for histatins to human chromosome 4q13 and RT tissue distribution of the mRNAs."; RL Am. J. Hum. Genet. 45:381-387(1989). RN [5] RP PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 20-57, AND FUNCTION. RC TISSUE=Parotid gland; RX PubMed=3944083; DOI=10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36072-6; RA Oppenheim F.G., Yang Y.C., Diamond R.D., Hyslop D., Offner G.D., RA Troxler R.F.; RT "The primary structure and functional characterization of the neutral RT histidine-rich polypeptide from human parotid secretion."; RL J. Biol. Chem. 261:1177-1182(1986). RN [6] RP PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 20-57, PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-21, AND FUNCTION. RC TISSUE=Parotid gland; RX PubMed=3286634; DOI=10.1016/s0021-9258(18)68522-9; RA Oppenheim F.G., Xu T., McMillian F.M., Levitz S.M., Diamond R.D., RA Offner G.D., Troxler R.F.; RT "Histatins, a novel family of histidine-rich proteins in human parotid RT secretion. Isolation, characterization, primary structure, and fungistatic RT effects on Candida albicans."; RL J. Biol. Chem. 263:7472-7477(1988). RN [7] RP PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 20-57. RC TISSUE=Saliva; RX PubMed=2372245; DOI=10.1016/0003-9969(90)90202-l; RA Sugiyama K., Ogino T., Ogata K.; RT "Rapid purification and characterization of histatins (histidine-rich RT polypeptides) from human whole saliva."; RL Arch. Oral Biol. 35:415-419(1990). RN [8] RP PHOSPHORYLATION, SULFATION AT TYR-46; TYR-49; TYR-53 AND TYR-55, TISSUE RP SPECIFICITY, MASS SPECTROMETRY, AND CAUTION. RX PubMed=17503797; DOI=10.1021/pr0700706; RA Cabras T., Fanali C., Monteiro J.A., Amado F., Inzitari R., Desiderio C., RA Scarano E., Giardina B., Castagnola M., Messana I.; RT "Tyrosine polysulfation of human salivary histatin 1. A post-translational RT modification specific of the submandibular gland."; RL J. Proteome Res. 6:2472-2480(2007). RN [9] RP FUNCTION, DOMAIN, AND CAUTION. RX PubMed=18650243; DOI=10.1096/fj.08-112003; RA Oudhoff M.J., Bolscher J.G., Nazmi K., Kalay H., van 't Hof W., RA Amerongen A.V., Veerman E.C.; RT "Histatins are the major wound-closure stimulating factors in human saliva RT as identified in a cell culture assay."; RL FASEB J. 22:3805-3812(2008). RN [10] RP PEPTIDE NOMENCLATURE. RX PubMed=20973643; DOI=10.1586/epr.10.48; RA Amado F., Lobo M.J., Domingues P., Duarte J.A., Vitorino R.; RT "Salivary peptidomics."; RL Expert Rev. Proteomics 7:709-721(2010). RN [11] RP FUNCTION, PHOSPHORYLATION, AND CAUTION. RX PubMed=25903106; DOI=10.1096/fj.14-266825; RA van Dijk I.A., Nazmi K., Bolscher J.G., Veerman E.C., Stap J.; RT "Histatin-1, a histidine-rich peptide in human saliva, promotes cell- RT substrate and cell-cell adhesion."; RL FASEB J. 29:3124-3132(2015). RN [12] RP FUNCTION, AND CAUTION. RX PubMed=28751526; DOI=10.1096/fj.201700085r; RA Torres P., Diaz J., Arce M., Silva P., Mendoza P., Lois P., RA Molina-Berrios A., Owen G.I., Palma V., Torres V.A.; RT "The salivary peptide histatin-1 promotes endothelial cell adhesion, RT migration, and angiogenesis."; RL FASEB J. 31:4946-4958(2017). RN [13] RP FUNCTION, AND CAUTION. RX PubMed=28542418; DOI=10.1371/journal.pone.0178030; RA Shah D., Ali M., Shukla D., Jain S., Aakalu V.K.; RT "Effects of histatin-1 peptide on human corneal epithelial cells."; RL PLoS ONE 12:e0178030-e0178030(2017). RN [14] RP FUNCTION, SUBCELLULAR LOCATION, AND CAUTION. RX PubMed=32225006; DOI=10.3390/cells9040795; RA Ma D., Sun W., Nazmi K., Veerman E.C.I., Bikker F.J., Jaspers R.T., RA Bolscher J.G.M., Wu G.; RT "Salivary Histatin 1 and 2 Are Targeted to Mitochondria and Endoplasmic RT Reticulum in Human Cells."; RL Cells 9:0-0(2020). RN [15] RP FUNCTION, SUBCELLULAR LOCATION, AND INTERACTION WITH TMEM97. RX PubMed=34233061; DOI=10.1111/febs.16108; RA Son K.N., Lee H., Shah D., Kalmodia S., Miller R.C., Ali M., RA Balasubramaniam A., Cologna S.M., Kong H., Shukla D., Aakalu V.K.; RT "Histatin-1 is an endogenous ligand of the sigma-2 receptor."; RL FEBS J. 288:6815-6827(2021). RN [16] RP FUNCTION, AND SUBCELLULAR LOCATION. RX PubMed=35970844; DOI=10.1038/s41368-022-00181-5; RA Ma D., Sun W., Fu C., Nazmi K., Veerman E.C.I., Jaspers R.T., RA Bolscher J.G.M., Bikker F.J., Wu G.; RT "GPCR/endocytosis/ERK signaling/S2R is involved in the regulation of the RT internalization, mitochondria-targeting and -activating properties of human RT salivary histatin 1."; RL Int. J. Oral Sci. 14:42-42(2022). CC -!- FUNCTION: Histatins (Hsts) are cationic and histidine-rich secreted CC peptides mainly synthesized by saliva glands of humans and higher CC primates (PubMed:3944083, PubMed:3286634). Hsts are considered to be CC major precursors of the protective proteinaceous structure on tooth CC surfaces (enamel pellicle). Hsts can be divided into two major groups CC according to their biological functions: antimicrobial Hsts (e.g. Hst CC 5/HTN3) and cell-activating Hsts (e.g. Hst 1/HTN1 and Hst 2/HTN1) CC (PubMed:32225006). Hst 1/HTN1 and Hst 2/HTN1 act in different cell CC types (epithelium, fibroblasts and endothelium) in oral and non-oral CC mucosa (PubMed:25903106, PubMed:28751526, PubMed:28542418, CC PubMed:32225006). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:25903106, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:28542418, ECO:0000269|PubMed:28751526, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:32225006, ECO:0000269|PubMed:3286634, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:3944083}. CC -!- FUNCTION: [Histatin-1]: Hst 1 functions primarily as a wound healing CC factor by activating cell-surface and cell-cell adhesions, cell CC spreading and migration and it can also stimulate cellular metabolic CC activity (PubMed:18650243, PubMed:25903106, PubMed:28751526, CC PubMed:28542418, PubMed:32225006, PubMed:35970844). Hst 1 is CC internalized in host cells in a stereospecific and energy-dependent CC process, which is partially mediated by the G protein-coupled receptors CC (GPCR)-activated endocytosis (PubMed:35970844). Internalized Hst 1 is CC targeted and released via early endosomes trafficking to the CC mitochondria, where it significantly enhances mitochondrial energy CC metabolism (PubMed:32225006, PubMed:35970844). At the mitochondria, Hst CC 1 increases mitochondria-ER contacts through binding with ER receptor CC TMEM97, which also stimulates metabolic activity and cell migration and CC may as well regulate calcium homeostasis of the cell (PubMed:32225006, CC PubMed:34233061, PubMed:35970844). Also activates the ERK1/2 signaling CC pathway to promote cell migration, possibly upon interaction with GPRCs CC at the plasma membrane (PubMed:28751526). Also triggers the CC RIN2/Rab5/Rac1 signaling cascade which activates endothelial cell CC adhesion, spreading and migration required for angiogenesis in the oral CC wound healing process, however the receptor that transduces Hst 1 CC signal has not yet been identified (PubMed:28751526). Also displays CC antimicrobial functions against pathogenic yeast Candida albicans, CC although with less effectiveness than Hst 5 (PubMed:3944083, CC PubMed:3286634, PubMed:28751526). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:18650243, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:25903106, ECO:0000269|PubMed:28542418, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:28751526, ECO:0000269|PubMed:32225006, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:3286634, ECO:0000269|PubMed:34233061, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:35970844, ECO:0000269|PubMed:3944083}. CC -!- FUNCTION: [His1-(31-57)-peptide]: Hst 2 consists of the fragment CC sequence 12-28 of Hst 1. Similar to Hst 1, actively and CC stereospecifically internalized in host cells and targeted to the CC mitochondria and the ER and promotes cell metabolic activity CC (PubMed:18650243, PubMed:32225006). Also activates the ERK1/2 signaling CC pathway to promote cell migration and wound closure (PubMed:18650243). CC In contrast with Hst 1, not able to promote cell-substrate and cell- CC cell adhesion (PubMed:25903106). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:18650243, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:25903106, ECO:0000269|PubMed:32225006}. CC -!- COFACTOR: CC Name=Zn(2+); Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:29105; CC Name=Cu(2+); Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:29036; CC -!- SUBUNIT: [Histatin-1]: Interacts with TMEM97; the interaction induces CC Hst1-stimulating wound healing. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:34233061}. CC -!- INTERACTION: CC P15515; Q8TAX7: MUC7; NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-738638, EBI-738582; CC -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: [Histatin-1]: Secreted. Mitochondrion CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:32225006, ECO:0000269|PubMed:35970844}. Endoplasmic CC reticulum membrane {ECO:0000269|PubMed:32225006, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:34233061, ECO:0000269|PubMed:35970844}. Note=Hst 1 CC co-localized with mitochondria as well as the endoplasmic reticulum CC (ER) after internalization in host cells. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:32225006, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:34233061, ECO:0000269|PubMed:35970844}. CC -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: [His1-(31-57)-peptide]: Secreted. Mitochondrion CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:32225006}. Endoplasmic reticulum membrane CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:32225006}. Note=Hst 2 co-localized with CC mitochondria as well as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) after CC internalization in host cells. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:32225006}. CC -!- TISSUE SPECIFICITY: [Histatin-1]: Submandibular and parotid glands. CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:17503797}. CC -!- DOMAIN: The wound healing domain in C-terminus may promote cell CC migration and proliferation. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:18650243}. CC -!- PTM: [Histatin-1]: Phosphorylated. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:17503797, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:25903106, ECO:0000269|PubMed:3286634}. CC -!- MASS SPECTROMETRY: [Histatin-1]: Mass=4848.2; Mass_error=0.5; CC Method=Electrospray; Note=Not post-translationally modified.; CC Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:17503797}; CC -!- MASS SPECTROMETRY: [Histatin-1]: Mass=4928.2; Mass_error=0.5; CC Method=Electrospray; Note=with 1 phosphate group.; CC Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:17503797}; CC -!- MASS SPECTROMETRY: [Histatin-1]: Mass=5008.6; Mass_error=0.5; CC Method=Electrospray; Note=with 1 phosphate group and 1 sulfate group.; CC Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:17503797}; CC -!- MASS SPECTROMETRY: [Histatin-1]: Mass=5088.4; Mass_error=0.5; CC Method=Electrospray; Note=with 1 phosphate group and 2 sulfate groups.; CC Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:17503797}; CC -!- MASS SPECTROMETRY: [Histatin-1]: Mass=5168.2; Mass_error=0.5; CC Method=Electrospray; Note=with 1 phosphate group and 3 sulfate groups.; CC Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:17503797}; CC -!- MASS SPECTROMETRY: [Histatin-1]: Mass=5247.7; Mass_error=0.5; CC Method=Electrospray; Note=with 1 phosphate group and 4 sulfate groups.; CC Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:17503797}; CC -!- MISCELLANEOUS: The recommended nomenclature of salivary peptides CC follows published guidelines. In agreement with the authors, it has CC been decided to indicate the boundaries of the peptides according to CC the positions within the precursor, and not in the mature protein, as CC has formerly been proposed (Probable). Histatin 1, histatin 3 and CC histatin 5 constitute more than 80% of the total histatin concentration CC (Probable). {ECO:0000305|PubMed:20973643, ECO:0000305|PubMed:3286634}. CC -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the histatin/statherin family. {ECO:0000305}. CC -!- CAUTION: [Histatin-1]: Has been reported to promote cell proliferation CC (PubMed:18650243). However other studies were unable to demonstrate any CC cell proliferation activity (PubMed:25903106, PubMed:28751526, CC PubMed:28542418, PubMed:32225006). The peptide named histatin 2 was CC mistakenly described as the non-phosphorylated form of histatin 1 by CC some authors (PubMed:17503797). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:17503797, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:18650243, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25903106, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:28542418, ECO:0000269|PubMed:28751526, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:32225006}. CC --------------------------------------------------------------------------- CC Copyrighted by the UniProt Consortium, see https://www.uniprot.org/terms CC Distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) License CC --------------------------------------------------------------------------- DR EMBL; M26664; AAA58645.1; -; mRNA. DR EMBL; L04132; AAA02745.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; BC017835; AAH17835.1; -; mRNA. DR CCDS; CCDS3534.1; -. DR PIR; I57425; A32541. DR RefSeq; NP_002150.1; NM_002159.3. DR AlphaFoldDB; P15515; -. DR BioGRID; 109578; 3. DR IntAct; P15515; 1. DR STRING; 9606.ENSP00000424501; -. DR TCDB; 1.C.79.1.3; the channel-forming histatin antimicrobial peptide (histatin) family. DR iPTMnet; P15515; -. DR PhosphoSitePlus; P15515; -. DR BioMuta; HTN1; -. DR MassIVE; P15515; -. DR PaxDb; 9606-ENSP00000424501; -. DR PeptideAtlas; P15515; -. DR ProteomicsDB; 53165; -. DR TopDownProteomics; P15515; -. DR Antibodypedia; 24284; 72 antibodies from 10 providers. DR DNASU; 3346; -. DR Ensembl; ENST00000246896.8; ENSP00000246896.3; ENSG00000126550.10. DR Ensembl; ENST00000511674.5; ENSP00000424501.1; ENSG00000126550.10. DR Ensembl; ENST00000635327.2; ENSP00000489349.1; ENSG00000283046.4. DR Ensembl; ENST00000635569.1; ENSP00000489198.1; ENSG00000283046.4. DR Ensembl; ENST00000678229.1; ENSP00000504066.1; ENSG00000283046.4. DR GeneID; 3346; -. DR KEGG; hsa:3346; -. DR MANE-Select; ENST00000246896.8; ENSP00000246896.3; NM_002159.4; NP_002150.1. DR UCSC; uc003hex.4; human. DR AGR; HGNC:5283; -. DR CTD; 3346; -. DR DisGeNET; 3346; -. DR GeneCards; HTN1; -. DR HGNC; HGNC:5283; HTN1. DR HPA; ENSG00000126550; Tissue enriched (salivary). DR MIM; 142701; gene. DR neXtProt; NX_P15515; -. DR OpenTargets; ENSG00000126550; -. DR PharmGKB; PA29546; -. DR VEuPathDB; HostDB:ENSG00000126550; -. DR eggNOG; ENOG502TEIH; Eukaryota. DR GeneTree; ENSGT00940000164572; -. DR HOGENOM; CLU_208169_1_0_1; -. DR InParanoid; P15515; -. DR OrthoDB; 4682135at2759; -. DR PhylomeDB; P15515; -. DR TreeFam; TF341637; -. DR PathwayCommons; P15515; -. DR Reactome; R-HSA-6803157; Antimicrobial peptides. DR SignaLink; P15515; -. DR BioGRID-ORCS; 3346; 6 hits in 615 CRISPR screens. DR ChiTaRS; HTN1; human. DR GeneWiki; HTN1; -. DR GenomeRNAi; 3346; -. DR Pharos; P15515; Tbio. DR PRO; PR:P15515; -. DR Proteomes; UP000005640; Chromosome 4. DR RNAct; P15515; Protein. DR Bgee; ENSG00000126550; Expressed in male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis and 33 other cell types or tissues. DR GO; GO:0005783; C:endoplasmic reticulum; IDA:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0005789; C:endoplasmic reticulum membrane; IEA:UniProtKB-SubCell. DR GO; GO:0005576; C:extracellular region; TAS:Reactome. DR GO; GO:0005739; C:mitochondrion; IDA:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0031214; P:biomineral tissue development; IEA:UniProtKB-KW. DR GO; GO:0042742; P:defense response to bacterium; NAS:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0050832; P:defense response to fungus; IEA:UniProtKB-KW. DR GO; GO:0031640; P:killing of cells of another organism; IEA:UniProtKB-KW. DR GO; GO:0022409; P:positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion; IDA:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0009893; P:positive regulation of metabolic process; IDA:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:1900026; P:positive regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading; IDA:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0035470; P:positive regulation of vascular wound healing; IDA:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0090303; P:positive regulation of wound healing; IDA:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:1903691; P:positive regulation of wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells; IDA:UniProtKB. DR InterPro; IPR030773; Histatin/statherin. DR PANTHER; PTHR15057:SF2; HISTATIN-1; 1. DR PANTHER; PTHR15057; STATHERIN; 1. DR Genevisible; P15515; HS. PE 1: Evidence at protein level; KW Antibiotic; Antimicrobial; Biomineralization; Direct protein sequencing; KW Endoplasmic reticulum; Fungicide; Membrane; Mitochondrion; Phosphoprotein; KW Reference proteome; Secreted; Signal; Sulfation. FT SIGNAL 1..19 FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:2372245, FT ECO:0000269|PubMed:3286634, ECO:0000269|PubMed:3944083" FT PEPTIDE 20..57 FT /note="Histatin-1" FT /id="PRO_0000021416" FT PEPTIDE 31..57 FT /note="His1-(31-57)-peptide" FT /id="PRO_0000021417" FT REGION 51..56 FT /note="Involved in wound healing" FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:18650243" FT MOD_RES 21 FT /note="Phosphoserine" FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:3286634, FT ECO:0000269|PubMed:3944083" FT MOD_RES 46 FT /note="Sulfotyrosine; in submandibular gland form" FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:17503797" FT MOD_RES 49 FT /note="Sulfotyrosine; in submandibular gland form" FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:17503797" FT MOD_RES 53 FT /note="Sulfotyrosine; in submandibular gland form" FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:17503797" FT MOD_RES 55 FT /note="Sulfotyrosine; in submandibular gland form" FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:17503797" SQ SEQUENCE 57 AA; 6963 MW; F3532BD1DCE23D83 CRC64; MKFFVFALVL ALMISMISAD SHEKRHHGYR RKFHEKHHSH REFPFYGDYG SNYLYDN //