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Reviewed, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot P10845 (BXA1_CLOBO)

Last modified January 19, 2010. Version 123. Feed History...

Clusters with 100%, 90%, 50% identity | Documents (3) | Third-party data | Customize display text xml rdf/xml gff fasta
Names and origin · Protein attributes · General annotation (Comments) · Ontologies · Sequence annotation (Features) · Sequences · References · Web resources · Cross-references · Entry information · Relevant documents

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Names and origin

Protein namesRecommended name:
    Botulinum neurotoxin type A
      Short name=BoNT/A
    EC=3.4.24.69
Alternative name(s):
    Bontoxilysin-A
      Short name=BOTOX
Cleaved into the following 2 chains:
    1- Recommended name:
            Botulinum neurotoxin A light chain
    2- Recommended name:
            Botulinum neurotoxin A heavy chain
Gene names
Name: botA
Synonyms: atx, bna
OrganismClostridium botulinum
Taxonomic identifier1491 [NCBI]
Taxonomic lineageBacteria › Firmicutes › Clostridia › Clostridiales › Clostridiaceae › Clostridium

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Protein attributes

Sequence length1296 AA.
Sequence statusComplete.
Sequence processingThe displayed sequence is further processed into a mature form.
Protein existenceEvidence at protein level.

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General annotation (Comments)

Function

Inhibits acetylcholine release. The botulinum toxin binds with high affinity to peripheral neuronal presynaptic membrane to the secretory vesicle protein SV2. It binds directly to the largest luminal loop of SV2A, SV2B and SV2C. It is then internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis. The C-terminus of the heavy chain (H) is responsible for the adherence of the toxin to the cell surface while the N-terminus mediates transport of the light chain from the endocytic vesicle to the cytosol. After translocation, the light chain (L) hydrolyzes the 197-Gln-|-Arg-198 bond in SNAP-25, thereby blocking neurotransmitter release. Inhibition of acetylcholine release results in flaccid paralysis, with frequent heart or respiratory failure.

Catalytic activity

Limited hydrolysis of proteins of the neuroexocytosis apparatus, synaptobrevins, SNAP25 or syntaxin. No detected action on small molecule substrates.

Cofactor

Binds 1 zinc ion per subunit.

Subunit structure

Disulfide-linked heterodimer of a light chain (L) and a heavy chain (H).

Subcellular location

Botulinum neurotoxin A light chain: Secreted. Host cytoplasm › host cytosol.

Botulinum neurotoxin A heavy chain: Secreted. Host cell junction › host synapse › host presynaptic cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein Potential.

Pharmaceutical use

Available under the name BOTOX (Allergan) for the treatment of strabismus and blepharospasm associated with dystonia and cervical dystonia. Also used for the treatment of hemifacial spasm and a number of other neurological disorders characterized by abnormal muscle contraction.

Miscellaneous

There are seven antigenically distinct forms of botulinum neurotoxin: Types A, B, C1, D, E, F, and G.

Sequence similarities

Belongs to the peptidase M27 family.

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Sequence annotation (Features)

Feature keyPosition(s)LengthDescriptionGraphical viewFeature identifier

Molecule processing

Initiator methionine11Removed Ref.5 Ref.6 Ref.7
Chain2 – 448447Botulinum neurotoxin A light chain
PRO_0000029211
Chain449 – 1296848Botulinum neurotoxin A heavy chain
PRO_0000029212

Regions

Transmembrane627 – 64721 Potential
Transmembrane656 – 67621 Potential

Sites

Active site2241
Metal binding2231Zinc; catalytic
Metal binding2271Zinc; catalytic
Metal binding2621Zinc; catalytic

Amino acid modifications

Disulfide bond430 ↔ 454Interchain (between light and heavy chains)
Disulfide bond1235 ↔ 1280

Natural variations

Natural variant271V → A

Experimental info

Mutagenesis2621E → A: Drastic decrease in enzymatic activity. Ref.11
Mutagenesis2661F → A: Decreases enzymatic activity. Ref.11
Mutagenesis3661Y → A: Decreases enzymatic activity. Ref.11
Sequence conflict21P → Q in CAA36289. Ref.1
Sequence conflict4801E → P AA sequence Ref.9
Sequence conflict8761T → L AA sequence Ref.8
Sequence conflict8921S → K AA sequence Ref.8

Secondary structure

1 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1296
Helix Strand Turn

Details...

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Sequences

Sequence LengthMass (Da)Tools
P10845-1 [UniParc].

Last modified January 23, 2007. Version 4.
Checksum: B731EF5BA5E62FDA

FASTA1,296149,454
        10         20         30         40         50         60 
MPFVNKQFNY KDPVNGVDIA YIKIPNVGQM QPVKAFKIHN KIWVIPERDT FTNPEEGDLN 

        70         80         90        100        110        120 
PPPEAKQVPV SYYDSTYLST DNEKDNYLKG VTKLFERIYS TDLGRMLLTS IVRGIPFWGG 

       130        140        150        160        170        180 
STIDTELKVI DTNCINVIQP DGSYRSEELN LVIIGPSADI IQFECKSFGH EVLNLTRNGY 

       190        200        210        220        230        240 
GSTQYIRFSP DFTFGFEESL EVDTNPLLGA GKFATDPAVT LAHELIHAGH RLYGIAINPN 

       250        260        270        280        290        300 
RVFKVNTNAY YEMSGLEVSF EELRTFGGHD AKFIDSLQEN EFRLYYYNKF KDIASTLNKA 

       310        320        330        340        350        360 
KSIVGTTASL QYMKNVFKEK YLLSEDTSGK FSVDKLKFDK LYKMLTEIYT EDNFVKFFKV 

       370        380        390        400        410        420 
LNRKTYLNFD KAVFKINIVP KVNYTIYDGF NLRNTNLAAN FNGQNTEINN MNFTKLKNFT 

       430        440        450        460        470        480 
GLFEFYKLLC VRGIITSKTK SLDKGYNKAL NDLCIKVNNW DLFFSPSEDN FTNDLNKGEE 

       490        500        510        520        530        540 
ITSDTNIEAA EENISLDLIQ QYYLTFNFDN EPENISIENL SSDIIGQLEL MPNIERFPNG 

       550        560        570        580        590        600 
KKYELDKYTM FHYLRAQEFE HGKSRIALTN SVNEALLNPS RVYTFFSSDY VKKVNKATEA 

       610        620        630        640        650        660 
AMFLGWVEQL VYDFTDETSE VSTTDKIADI TIIIPYIGPA LNIGNMLYKD DFVGALIFSG 

       670        680        690        700        710        720 
AVILLEFIPE IAIPVLGTFA LVSYIANKVL TVQTIDNALS KRNEKWDEVY KYIVTNWLAK 

       730        740        750        760        770        780 
VNTQIDLIRK KMKEALENQA EATKAIINYQ YNQYTEEEKN NINFNIDDLS SKLNESINKA 

       790        800        810        820        830        840 
MININKFLNQ CSVSYLMNSM IPYGVKRLED FDASLKDALL KYIYDNRGTL IGQVDRLKDK 

       850        860        870        880        890        900 
VNNTLSTDIP FQLSKYVDNQ RLLSTFTEYI KNIINTSILN LRYESNHLID LSRYASKINI 

       910        920        930        940        950        960 
GSKVNFDPID KNQIQLFNLE SSKIEVILKN AIVYNSMYEN FSTSFWIRIP KYFNSISLNN 

       970        980        990       1000       1010       1020 
EYTIINCMEN NSGWKVSLNY GEIIWTLQDT QEIKQRVVFK YSQMINISDY INRWIFVTIT 

      1030       1040       1050       1060       1070       1080 
NNRLNNSKIY INGRLIDQKP ISNLGNIHAS NNIMFKLDGC RDTHRYIWIK YFNLFDKELN 

      1090       1100       1110       1120       1130       1140 
EKEIKDLYDN QSNSGILKDF WGDYLQYDKP YYMLNLYDPN KYVDVNNVGI RGYMYLKGPR 

      1150       1160       1170       1180       1190       1200 
GSVMTTNIYL NSSLYRGTKF IIKKYASGNK DNIVRNNDRV YINVVVKNKE YRLATNASQA 

      1210       1220       1230       1240       1250       1260 
GVEKILSALE IPDVGNLSQV VVMKSKNDQG ITNKCKMNLQ DNNGNDIGFI GFHQFNNIAK 

      1270       1280       1290 
LVASNWYNRQ IERSSRTLGC SWEFIPVDDG WGERPL

« Hide

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References

[1]"The complete amino acid sequence of the Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin, deduced by nucleotide sequence analysis of the encoding gene."
Thompson D.E., Brehm J.K., Oultram J.D., Swinfield T.-J., Shone C.C., Atkinson T., Melling J., Minton N.P.
Eur. J. Biochem. 189:73-81(1990) [PubMed: 2185020] [Abstract]
Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA].
Strain: Type A / NCTC 2916.
[2]"The complete sequence of botulinum neurotoxin type A and comparison with other clostridial neurotoxins."
Binz T., Kurazono H., Wille M., Frevert J., Wernars K., Niemann H.
J. Biol. Chem. 265:9153-9158(1990) [PubMed: 2160960] [Abstract]
Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA].
Strain: Type A / 62A.
[3]"Organization and phylogenetic interrelationships of genes encoding components of the botulinum toxin complex in proteolytic Clostridium botulinum types A, B, and F: evidence of chimeric sequences in the gene encoding the nontoxic nonhemagglutinin component."
East A.K., Bhandari M., Stacey J.M., Campbell K.D., Collins M.D.
Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46:1105-1112(1996) [PubMed: 8863443] [Abstract]
Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] OF 1-66.
Strain: Type A / 62A.
[4]"Molecular characterization of two forms of nontoxic-nonhemagglutinin components of Clostridium botulinum type A progenitor toxins."
Fujita R., Fujinaga Y., Inoue K., Nakajima H., Kumon H., Oguma K.
FEBS Lett. 376:41-44(1995) [PubMed: 8521962] [Abstract]
Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] OF 1-19.
Strain: Type A / NIH.
[5]"Partial amino acid sequence of the heavy and light chains of botulinum neurotoxin type A."
Schmidt J.J., Sartymoorthy V., Dasgupta B.R.
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 119:900-904(1984) [PubMed: 6370252] [Abstract]
Cited for: PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-17.
[6]"Partial sequence of the light chain of botulinum neurotoxin type A."
Dasgupta B.R., Foley J., Niece R.
Biochemistry 26:4162-4162(1987)
Cited for: PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-47.
[7]"Botulinum neurotoxin type A: sequence of amino acids at the N-terminus and around the nicking site."
Dasgupta B.R., Dekleva M.L.
Biochimie 72:661-664(1990) [PubMed: 2126206] [Abstract]
Cited for: PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-6 AND 445-457.
[8]"Botulinum neurotoxin type A: cleavage of the heavy chain into two halves and their partial sequences."
Sathymoorthy V., Dasgupta B.R., Foley J., Niece R.L.
Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 266:142-151(1988) [PubMed: 3178218] [Abstract]
Cited for: PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 449-475 AND 873-896.
[9]"Inactivation of Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin by trypsin and purification of two tryptic fragments. Proteolytic action near the COOH-terminus of the heavy subunit destroys toxin-binding activity."
Shone C.C., Hambleton P., Melling J.
Eur. J. Biochem. 151:75-82(1985) [PubMed: 3896784] [Abstract]
Cited for: PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 449-483.
[10]"Botulinum neurotoxins serotypes A and E cleave SNAP-25 at distinct COOH-terminal peptide bonds."
Schiavo G., Santtuci A., Dasgupta B.R., Mehta P.P., Jontes J., Benfenati F., Wilson M.C., Montecucco C.
FEBS Lett. 335:99-103(1993) [PubMed: 8243676] [Abstract]
Cited for: IDENTIFICATION OF SUBSTRATE.
[11]"Site-directed mutagenesis identifies active-site residues of the light chain of botulinum neurotoxin type a."
Rigoni M., Caccin P., Johnson E.A., Montecucco C., Rossetto O.
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 288:1231-1237(2001) [PubMed: 11700044] [Abstract]
Cited for: MUTAGENESIS OF GLU-262; PHE-266 AND TYR-366.
[12]"SV2 is the protein receptor for botulinum neurotoxin A."
Dong M., Yeh F., Tepp W.H., Dean C., Johnson E.A., Janz R., Chapman E.R.
Science 312:592-596(2006) [PubMed: 16543415] [Abstract]
Cited for: INTERACTION WITH SV2.
[13]"Crystal structure of botulinum neurotoxin type A and implications for toxicity."
Lacy D.B., Tepp W., Cohen A.C., Dasgupta B.R., Stevens R.C.
Nat. Struct. Biol. 5:898-902(1998) [PubMed: 9783750] [Abstract]
Cited for: X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (3.3 ANGSTROMS).
+Additional computationally mapped references.

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Cross-references

Sequence databases

EMBL
GenBank
DDBJ		X52066 Genomic DNA. Translation: CAA36289.1.
M30196 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAA23262.1.
X92973 Genomic DNA. Translation: CAA63551.1.
D67030 Genomic DNA. Translation: BAA11051.1.
M27892 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAA23269.1.
PIRBTCLAB. A35294.

3D structure databases

PDBe
RCSB PDB
PDBj
EntryMethodResolution (Å)ChainPositionsPDBsum
1UEEmodel-A2-545[»]
2ILPX-ray1.90A/B1-424[»]
2IMAX-ray1.94A/B1-424[»]
2IMBX-ray2.41A/B1-424[»]
2IMCX-ray2.00A/B1-424[»]
2ISEX-ray2.20A/B1-420[»]
2ISGX-ray2.00A/B1-420[»]
2ISHX-ray2.00A/B1-420[»]
2NYYX-ray2.61A2-1295[»]
2NZ9X-ray3.79A/B2-1295[»]
2VU9X-ray1.60A876-1296[»]
2VUAX-ray1.70A876-1296[»]
3BOKX-ray1.25A3-425[»]
3BONX-ray1.20A3-425[»]
3BOOX-ray1.40A3-425[»]
3BTAX-ray3.20A2-1296[»]
3BWIX-ray1.70A1-424[»]
3C88X-ray1.60A1-424[»]
3C89X-ray1.58A1-424[»]
3C8AX-ray1.52A1-424[»]
3C8BX-ray1.47A1-424[»]
3DDAX-ray1.50A1-424[»]
3DDBX-ray1.60A1-424[»]
3DS9X-ray1.76A1-417[»]
3DSEX-ray1.90A1-417[»]
3FUOX-ray1.80A871-1296[»]
SMRP10845. Positions 1-423.
ModBaseSearch...

Protein family/group databases

TCDB1.C.8.1.1. botulinum and tetanus toxin (BTT) family.

Enzyme and pathway databases

BRENDA3.4.24.69. 19133.
Pathway_Interaction_DBbotulinumtoxinpathway. Effects of Botulinum toxin.
ReactomeREACT_11184. Botulinum neurotoxicity.

Family and domain databases

InterProIPR008985. ConA-like_lec_gl.
IPR013320. ConA-like_subgrp.
IPR011065. Kunitz_inhibitor_ST1-like.
IPR000395. Peptidase_M27.
IPR013104. Toxin_rcpt_bd_C.
IPR012928. Toxin_rcpt_bd_N.
IPR012500. Toxin_trans.
[Graphical view]
Gene3DG3DSA:2.60.120.200. ConA_like_subgrp. 1 hit.
G3DSA:3.90.1240.10. Peptidase_M27. 1 hit.
PfamPF01742. Peptidase_M27. 1 hit.
PF07951. Toxin_R_bind_C. 1 hit.
PF07953. Toxin_R_bind_N. 1 hit.
PF07952. Toxin_trans. 1 hit.
[Graphical view]
PRINTSPR00760. BONTOXILYSIN.
PROSITEPS00142. ZINC_PROTEASE. 1 hit.
[Graphical view]
ProtoNetSearch...

Other Resources

DrugBankDB00083. Botulinum Toxin Type A.

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Entry information

Entry nameBXA1_CLOBO
AccessionPrimary (citable) accession number: P10845
Secondary accession number(s): P01561, P18639
Entry history
Integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: July 1, 1989
Last sequence update: January 23, 2007
Last modified: January 19, 2010
This is version 123 of the entry and version 4 of the sequence. [Complete history]
Entry statusReviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
Annotation projectHAMAP (High-quality Automated and Manual Annotation of microbial Proteomes)

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Relevant documents

PDB cross-references

Index of Protein Data Bank (PDB) cross-references

Peptidase families

Classification of peptidase families and list of entries

SIMILARITY comments

Index of protein domains and families

Names and origin · Protein attributes · General annotation (Comments) · Ontologies · Sequence annotation (Features) · Sequences · References · Web resources · Cross-references · Entry information · Relevant documents